Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
- The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Section 1 The Underpinnings of Sex and Gender and How to Study Them
- Section 2 Developmental Perspectives of the International Psychology of Women
- 6 Sex Differences in Early Life
- 7 Gender and Adolescent Development across Cultures
- 8 Fertility, Childbirth, and Parenting
- 9 Three Ways that Aging Affects Women Differently from Men
- Section 3 Cognitive and Social Factors
- Section 4 Work and Family Issues
- Section 5 Inequality and Social Justice
- Section 6 Health and Well-Being
- Epilogue Some Final Thoughts and Take-Home Messages
- Index
- References
8 - Fertility, Childbirth, and Parenting
Defining Sexual and Gender Relations
from Section 2 - Developmental Perspectives of the International Psychology of Women
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 July 2020
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
- The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Section 1 The Underpinnings of Sex and Gender and How to Study Them
- Section 2 Developmental Perspectives of the International Psychology of Women
- 6 Sex Differences in Early Life
- 7 Gender and Adolescent Development across Cultures
- 8 Fertility, Childbirth, and Parenting
- 9 Three Ways that Aging Affects Women Differently from Men
- Section 3 Cognitive and Social Factors
- Section 4 Work and Family Issues
- Section 5 Inequality and Social Justice
- Section 6 Health and Well-Being
- Epilogue Some Final Thoughts and Take-Home Messages
- Index
- References
Summary
Major historical shifts in the field of fertility, childbirth, and parenting have implications for feminist psychologists working on these topics. These shifts include approaches to sexuality and reproduction: a population control emphasis in the late 1940s, a reproductive rights paradigm in the 1990s, and progression from reproductive rights to reproductive justice. Feminist psychologists have to traverse the political landscape created by these broad approaches. In this chapter, we suggest ways in which such engagement may be facilitated through examination of mainstream assumptions and outcomes and the use of nuanced feminist research. Drawing from transnational feminisms, the principles of reproductive justice, and examples of research and interventions in reproductive decision-making, abortion, obstetric violence, "deviant" (m)others, early reproduction, and contraception, we argue that feminist psychology should attend to both global and cross-cutting power relations concerning fertility and reproduction, as well as localized dynamics.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women , pp. 110 - 123Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Suggested Readings
This chapter is based on research supported by the South African Research Chairs initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa, grant number 87582.
Catriona Ida Macleod is Distinguished Professor of Psychology and SARChI Chair of the Critical Studies in Sexualities and Reproduction research programme at Rhodes University, South Africa. Her major scholastic contributions have been in two main areas: sexual and reproductive health, and feminist theory in psychology. She has written extensively in national and international journals in relation to teenage pregnancy, abortion, sexuality education, pregnancy support, feminist psychology, and postcolonialist and poststructural theory. She is author of the multi-award winning book “Adolescence”, pregnancy and abortion: Constructing a threat of degeneration (2011), co-author (with Tracy Morison) of the book Men’s pathways to parenthood: Silence and heterosexual gendered norms (2015) and lead editor of the Palgrave handbook of ethics in critical research (2018). She is editor-in-chief of the international journal Feminism & Psychology. She is vice-chairperson of the Sexual and Reproductive Justice Coalition Board. Macleod was born and raised in South Africa. She attended what was then University of Natal and the University of Cape Town. She has worked extensively throughout South Africa.
Tracy Morison is a Social and Health Psychology lecturer in the School of Psychology at Massey University (New Zealand) and an Honorary Research Associate in the Critical Studies in Sexualities and Reproduction research programme at Rhodes University (South Africa). Morison’s research focus falls within the broad area of sexual and reproductive health, with a particular interest in reproductive “choice,” stigma, and marginalized identities. She works with critical feminist theories and qualitative methodologies. She is the co-author (with Catriona Mcleod) of Men’s pathways to parenthood: Silence and heterosexual gendered norms (2015) and lead editor of Queer kinship: South African perspectives on the sexual politics of family-making and belonging (2019). She is a co-editor of the International Society for Critical Health Psychology weblog. Morison was born and grew up in South Africa. She studied at Rhodes University in Grahamstown. She moved to New Zealand in 2016 to take up a post at Massey University, where she now teaches courses in social psychology and health psychology. She is a feminist health psychologist.
Chadwick, R. (2018). Bodies that birth: Vitalizing birth politics. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coxon, K., Scamell, M., & Alaszewski, A. (2017). Risk, pregnancy and childbirth. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Denbow, J. M. (2015). Governed through choice: Autonomy, technology, and the politics of reproduction. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hollway, W. (2016). Feminism, psychology and becoming a mother. Feminism & Psychology, 26(2), 137–152.Google Scholar
Lind, E. R. M., & Deveau, A. (2017). Interrogating pregnancy loss: Feminist writings on abortion, miscarriage, and stillbirth. Bradford, Ont.: Demeter Press.Google Scholar
Lowe, P. (2016). Reproductive health and maternal sacrifice: Women, choice and responsibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Macleod, C. (2011). “Adolescence”, pregnancy and abortion: Constructing a threat of degeneration. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ross, L., & Solinger, R. (2017). Reproductive justice: An introduction. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
References
Amico, J. R., Bennett, A. H., Karasz, A., & Gold, M. (2016). “She just told me to leave it”: Women’s experiences discussing early elective IUD removal. Contraception, 94(4), 357–361. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.012Google Scholar
Bailey, A. (2011). Reconceiving surrogacy: Toward a reproductive justice account of Indian surrogacy. Hypatia, 26(4), 715–741. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01168.xGoogle Scholar
Bélanger, D., & Flynn, A. (2009). The persistence of induced abortion in Cuba: exploring the notion of an “abortion culture.” Studies in Family Planning, 40(1), 13–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beynon-Jones, S. M. (2017). Untroubling abortion: A discourse analysis of women’s accounts. Feminism & Psychology, 27(2), 225–242.Google Scholar
Campbell, C., & Mannell, J. (2016). Conceptualising the agency of highly marginalised women: Intimate partner violence in extreme settings. Global Public Health, 11(1–2), 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, J. C., Baty, M. L., Ghandour, R. M., Stockman, J. K., Francisco, L., & Wagman, J. (2008). The intersection of intimate partner violence against women and HIV/ AIDS: A review, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 15(4), 221–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, W. (2015). Exploring “glorious motherhood” in Chinese abortion law and policy. Feminist Legal Studies, 23(3), 295–318.Google Scholar
Chadwick, R. (2017). Ambiguous subjects: Obstetric violence, assemblage and South African birth narratives. Feminism & Psychology, 27(4), 489–509.Google Scholar
Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V., & Michaud, P. A. (2013). WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 517–522.Google Scholar
Chattopadhyay, S., Mishra, A., & Jacob, S. (2018). Safe, yet violent? Women’s experiences with obstetric violence during hospital births in rural Northeast India. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(7), 815–829.Google Scholar
Chiweshe, M., Mavuso, J., & Macleod, C. (2017). Reproductive justice in context: South African and Zimbabwean women’s narratives of their abortion decision. Feminism & Psychology, 27(2), 203–224.Google Scholar
Combahee River Collective. (1982). A Black feminist statement. In Hull, G. T., Bell Scott, P., and Smith, B. (Eds.), But some of us are brave (pp. 13–22). New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY.Google Scholar
Eager, P. W. (2017). Global population policy: From population control to reproductive rights. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Edwards, C. P. (2016). Styles of mothering, methods of engagement: Anthropology, psychology and education to inform policy. In Hay, M. C. (Ed.), Methods that matter: Integrating mixed methods for more effective social science research (pp. 353–365). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Figueroa-Perea, J. (2003). A gendered perspective on men’s reproductive health. International Journal of Men’s Health, 2(2), 111–130.Google Scholar
Foley, E. E., & Hendrixson, A. (2011). From population control to AIDS: Conceptualising and critiquing the global crisis model. Global Public Health, 6(supplement 3), S310–S322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilliam, M. L., Neustadt, A., & Gordon, R. (2009). A call to incorporate a reproductive justice agenda into reproductive health clinical practice and policy. Contraception, 79(4), 243–246. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girard, F. (2014). Taking ICPD beyond 2015: Negotiating sexual and reproductive rights in the next development agenda. Global Public Health, 9(6), 607–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez, A. M., Mann, E. S., & Torres, V. (2018). “It would have control over me instead of me having control”: Intrauterine devices and the meaning of reproductive freedom. Critical Public Health, 28(2), 190–200. doi:10.1080/09581596.2017.1343935Google Scholar
Grabe, S. (2018). Transnational feminism in psychology: Women’s human rights, liberation, and social justice. In Hammack, P. L. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social psychology and social justice (pp. 193–204). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hanschmidt, F., Linde, K., Hilbert, A., Riedel‐Heller, S. G., & Kersting, A. (2016). Abortion stigma: A systematic review. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 48(4), 169–177.Google Scholar
Harrington, E. K., Dworkin, S., Withers, M., Onono, M., Kwena, Z., & Newmann, S. J. (2016). Gendered power dynamics and women’s negotiation of family planning in a high HIV prevalence setting: A qualitative study of couples in western Kenya. Culture, health & sexuality, 18(4), 453–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heitlinger, A. (1991). Pronatalism and women’s equality policies. European Journal of Population, 7, 343–375. doi:10.1007/BF01796873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J. A., Kramer, R. D., & Ryder, K. M. (2016). Provider bias in long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) promotion and removal: Perceptions of young adult women. American Journal of Public Health, 106(11), 1932–1937. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303393Google Scholar
Higgins, J. A., Ryder, K., Skarda, G., Koepsel, E., & Bennett, E. A. (2015). The sexual acceptability of intrauterine contraception: A qualitative study of young adult women. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 47(3), 115–122. doi:10.1363/47e4515Google Scholar
Hill Collins, P. (2017) On violence, intersectionality and transversal politics. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(9), 1460–1473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoggart, L. (2017). Internalised abortion stigma: Young women’s strategies of resistance and rejection. Feminism & Psychology, 27(2), 186–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollway, W. (2016). Feminism, psychology and becoming a mother. Feminism & Psychology, 26(2), 137–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izugbara, C. O., Ochako, R., & Izugbara, C. (2011). Gender scripts and unwanted pregnancy among urban Kenyan women. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(9), 1031–1045.Google Scholar
Jacobstein, R., Curtis, C., Spieler, J., & Radloff, S. (2013). Meeting the need for modern contraception: Effective solutions to a pressing global challenge. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 121(S1).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jearey-Graham, N. (2016). A critical discursive and formative evaluation of two aspects of an alcohol and pregnancy intervention in the Eastern Cape. Unpublished PhD proposal, Rhodes University, South Africa.Google Scholar
Jiang, Q., Yu, Q., Yang, S., & Sanchez-Barricarte, J. (2017). Changes in sex ratio at birth in China: A decomposition by birth order. Journal of Biosocial Science, 49, 826–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, C. E. (1997). Reproductive control in South Africa (Vol. 97). New York: Population Council, Policy Research Division.Google Scholar
Khanna, R., & Thukral, E. G. (2018). Strengthening systems for prevention of child marriages. In Sudarshan, R. M. & Nandi, R. (Eds.), Voices and values: The politics of feminist evaluation (non-paginated). New Delhi: Zubaan.Google Scholar
Kirby, D. (2011). Sex education: Access and impact on sexual behaviour of young people. New York: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.Google Scholar
Klausen, S. M. (2018). Eugenics and the maintenance of White supremacy in modern South Africa. In Paul, D. B., Stenhouse, J., & Spencer, H. G. (Eds.), Eugenics at the edges of empire (pp. 289–309). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kumar, A. (2018). Disgust, stigma, and the politics of abortion. Feminism & Psychology, 27(2), 186–202. 0959353518765572.Google Scholar
Kumar, A., Hessini, L., & Mitchell, E. M. H. (2009). Conceptualising abortion stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(6), 625–639.Google Scholar
Leask, M. (2013). From bad women to mad women: A genealogical analysis of abortion discourses in Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Sociology, 28(2), 104.Google Scholar
Leask, M. (2015). An exceptional choice? Australian Feminist Studies, 30(84), 179–198. doi:10.1080/08164649.2015.1046305Google Scholar
Lowe, P. (2005). Contraception and heterosex: An intimate relationship. Sexualities, 8(1), 75–92. doi:10.1177/1363460705049575Google Scholar
Lowe, P. (2016). Reproductive health and maternal sacrifice: Women, choice and responsibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lynch, I., Morison, T., Macleod, C. I., Mijas, M., Toit, R., & Shivakumar, S. T. (2018). From deviant choice to feminist issue: An historical analysis of scholarship on voluntary childlessness (1920–2013). In Sappleton, N. (Ed.), Voluntary and involuntary childlessness: The joys of otherhood? (pp. 11–47). Bingley: Emerald.Google Scholar
Macleod, C. (2011). “Adolescence”, pregnancy and abortion: Constructing a threat of degeneration. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Macleod, C. (2012). Feminist health psychology and abortion: towards a politics of transversal relations of commonality. In Horrocks, C. and Johnson, S. (Eds.), Advances in health psychology (pp. 153–168). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Macleod, C. (2014). “Adolescent pregnancy”: A feminist issue. In Cherry, A. L & Dillon, M. E. (Eds.), International handbook of adolescent pregnancy: Medical, psychosocial, and public health responses (pp. 129–145). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Macleod, C. (2016a). Public reproductive health and “unintended” pregnancies: Introducing the construct “supportability.” Journal of Public Health, 38(3), e384–e391. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macleod, C. (2016b). “Adolescent” sexual and reproductive health: Controversies, rights and justice. In A. L Cherry, L. Baltag, , & Dillon, M. E. (Eds.), An international handbook on adolescent health and development: The public health response (pp. 169–181). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Macleod, C., Sigcau, N., & Luwaca, P. (2011). Culture as a discursive resource opposing legal abortion. Critical Public Health, 21(2), 237–245.Google Scholar
Makiwane, M., & Udjo, E. (2006). Is the child support grant associated with an increase in teenage fertility in South Africa? Evidence from national surveys and administrative data. Pretoria: HSRCGoogle Scholar
Maluleke, T., & Hadzhi, S. V. (2013). Gauging awareness of the right to terminate pregnancy. HSRC Review, 11(5), 27–28.Google Scholar
Mann, E. S., & Grzanka, P. R. (2018). Agency-without-choice: The visual rhetorics of long-acting reversible contraception promotion. Symbolic Interaction, 41(3), 334–356. doi:10.1002/symb.349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marston, C., Renedo, A., & Nyaaba, G. N. (2018). Fertility regulation as identity maintenance: Understanding the social aspects of birth control. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(2), 240–251.Google Scholar
McCulloch, A., & Weatherall, A. (2017). The fragility of de facto abortion on demand in New Zealand Aotearoa. Feminism & Psychology, 27(1), 92–100.Google Scholar
Morison, T. (2013). Heterosexual men and parenthood decision making in South Africa: Attending to the invisible norm. Journal of Family Issues, 34(8), 1125–1144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morison, T., Lynch, I., & Reddy, V. (2018). Queer kinship in South Africa: An introduction. In Morison, T., Lynch, I., & Reddy, V. (Eds.), Queer kinship: South African perspectives on the sexual politics of family-making and belonging. Pretoria: Unisa Press & Routledge.Google Scholar
Morison, T., & Macleod, C. (2015). Men’s pathways to parenthood: Silence and heterosexual gendered norms. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Morris, C., & Munt, S. R. (2019). Classed formations of shame in White, British single mothers. Feminism & Psychology, 29(2), 231–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouffe, C. (1992/2013). Democratic citizenship and the political community. In Martin, J. (Ed.), Dimensions of radical democracy: Pluralism, citizenship, community (pp. 103–114). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Moultrie, T. A. (2005). Racism and reproduction: Population rhetoric in South Africa, 1900–1974. African Studies, 64(2), 217–242.Google Scholar
Nath, A., & Garg, S. (2008). Adolescent friendly health services in India: A need of the hour. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 62(11), 465.Google Scholar
Nie, J. B. (2004). Feminist bioethics and the language of human rights in the Chinese context. In Tong, R., Donchin, A., & Dodds, S. (Eds.), Linking visions: Feminist bioethics, human rights, and the developing world (pp. 73–88). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Paul, D. B., Stenhouse, J., & Spencer, H. G. (2018) Introduction: Eugenics as a transnational subject: The British dominions. In Paul, D. B., Stenhouse, J., & Spencer, H. G. (Eds.), Eugenics at the edges of empire (pp. 1–20). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Prakash, R., Singh, A., Pathak, P. K., & Parasuraman, S. (2011). Early marriage, poor reproductive health status of mother and child well-being in India. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, 37, 136–145. doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0080.Google Scholar
Richardson, D. (2000). Constructing sexual citizenship: Theorizing sexual rights. Critical Social Policy, 20(1), 105–135. doi:10.1177/026101830002000105Google Scholar
Richardson, D. (2017). Rethinking sexual citizenship. Sociology, 51(2), 208–224. doi:10.1177/0038038515609024Google Scholar
Riggs, D. W., & Bartholomaeus, C. (2018). “It’s just what you do”: Australian middle-class heterosexual couples negotiating compulsory parenthood. Feminism & Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0959353516675637Google Scholar
Roseneil, S., Crowhurst, I., Santos, A. C., & Stoilova, M. (2013). Reproduction and citizenship/reproducing citizens: Editorial introduction. Citizenship Studies, 17, 901–911. doi:10.1080/13621025.2013.851067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, L. J. (2017). Conceptualising reproductive justice theory: A manifesto for activism. In Ross, L., Derkas, E., Peoples, W., Roberts, L., & Bridgewater, P. (Eds.), Radical reproductive justice: Foundation, theory, practice, critique. New York: Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Ross, L., & Solinger, R. (2017). Reproductive justice: An introduction. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ruhl, L. (2002). Dilemmas of the will: Uncertainty, reproduction, and the rhetoric of control. Signs, 27(3), 641–663.Google Scholar
Sadler, M., Santos, M. J., Ruiz-Berdún, D., Rojas, G. L., Skoko, E., Gillen, P., & Clausen, J. A. (2016). Moving beyond disrespect and abuse: Addressing the structural dimensions of obstetric violence. Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, A. (2011). Aboriginal mothering, FASD prevention and the contestations of neoliberal citizenship. Critical Public Health, 21(2), 165–178.Google Scholar
Santelli, J. S., Lindberg, L. D., Orr, M. G., Finer, L. B., & Speizer, I. (2009). Toward a multidimensional measure of pregnancy intentions: Evidence from the United States. Studies in Family Planning, 40(2), 87–100.Google Scholar
Santhya, K. G., & Jejeebhoy, S. J. (2003). Sexual and reproductive health needs of married adolescent girls. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(41), 4370–4377.Google Scholar
Sappleton, N. (2018). Voluntary and involuntary childlessness: The joys of otherhood? Bingley: Emerald. doi:10.2514/3.48853Google Scholar
Sedgh, G., Bearak, J., Singh, S., Bankole, A., Popinchalk, A., Ganatra, B., … Johnston, H. B. (2016). Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: Global, regional, and subregional levels and trends. The Lancet, 388(10041), 258–267.Google Scholar
Sedgh, G., Singh, S., & Hussain, R. (2014). Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends. Studies in Family Planning, 45(3), 301–314.Google Scholar
Shefer, T. (2016). Resisting the binarism of victim and agent: Critical reflections on 20 years of scholarship on young women and heterosexual practices in South African contexts. Global Public Health, 11(1–2), 211–223. doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1029959Google Scholar
Silva, M., McNeill, R., & Ashton, T. (2010). Ladies in waiting: The timeliness of first trimester services in New Zealand. Reproductive Health, 7(19), 8.Google Scholar
Sisson, G., & Kimport, K. (2017). Depicting abortion access on American television, 2005–2015. Feminism & Psychology, 27(1), 56–71.Google Scholar
Smith, L. (2014). “You’re 16 … you should probably be on the pill”: Girls, the non-reproductive body, and the rhetoric of self-control. Studies in the Maternal, 6(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
StatsSA (2018). Marriages and divorces 2016. Pretoria: StatsSA. www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0307/P03072016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Trueman, K. A., & Magwentshu, M. (2013). Abortion in a progressive legal environment: The need for vigilance in protecting and promoting access to safe abortion services in South Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 103(3), 397–399.Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund. (1995). International Conference on Population and Development – ICPD – Programme of Action. In (A/CONF. 171/13/Rev. 1) – Report of the International Conference on Population and Development. New York.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, U. D., Gipson, J. D., Withers, M., Lewis, S., Ciaraldi, E. J., Fraser, A., … Prata, N. (2014). Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 115, 111–120.Google Scholar
Vacaflor, C. H. (2016). Obstetric violence: A new framework for identifying challenges to maternal healthcare in Argentina. Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 65–73.Google Scholar
Varga, C. (2003). How gender roles influence sexual and reproductive health among South African adolescents. Studies in Family Planning, 34(3), 160–172.Google Scholar
Wanhalla, A. (2007). To “better the breed of men”: Women and eugenics in New Zealand, 1900–1935. Women’s History Review, 16(2), 163–182. doi:10.1080/09612020601048779Google Scholar
Wigginton, B., Harris, M. L., Loxton, D., Herbert, D., & Lucke, J. (2014). The feminisation of contraceptive use: Australian women’s accounts of accessing contraception. Feminism & Psychology, 25(2), 178–198. doi:10.1177/0959353514562802Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018). Adolescent pregnancy: Key facts. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy.Google Scholar