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Post-traumatic stress disorder

from Medical topics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2014

By
Donna Posluszny ,
Stacie Spencer  and
Andrew Baum
Edited by
Susan Ayers ,
Andrew Baum ,
Chris McManus ,
Stanton Newman ,
Kenneth Wallston ,
John Weinman  and
Robert West
Donna Posluszny
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Stacie Spencer
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Andrew Baum
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Susan Ayers
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Andrew Baum
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Chris McManus
Affiliation:
St Mary's Hospital Medical School
Stanton Newman
Affiliation:
University College and Middlesex School of Medicine
Kenneth Wallston
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University School of Nursing
John Weinman
Affiliation:
United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's
Robert West
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London
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Summary

The history of medicine, occupational health and psychiatry has been punctuated by recurring themes related to what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For several centuries, aversions to, and maladies from, extremely stressful events have been described, but clues to their causes have only recently been discovered. Previously called ‘railway spine’, ‘battle fatigue’ and ‘shellshock’, post-traumatic stress syndromes have been a topic for speculation and diagnosis when no other label will suffice. Over the past 30 years, investigation of traumatic stress has exploded and a substantial mass of research evidence has been gathered. Initially, this was primarily due to an interest in the uniquely pervasive symptoms of Vietnam veterans. However, tragedy is not limited to war and the development of PTSD is not limited to soldiers. The recent proliferation of PTSD research in diverse populations has added to the understanding of PTSD as a mental health disorder, to our understanding of human reactions to stress, and to knowledge about possible links between mental and physical health.

PTSD first appeared in the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1980) and was clarified in DSM-IIIR (APA, 1987). Prior to this time, it was believed that prolonged reaction to a traumatic event was due to pre-existing personal weakness (McFarlane, 1990; Tomb, 1994). However, with the accumulation of data indicating a consistency in reactions to combat and non-combat traumatic events, it became apparent that the nature of the traumatic event plays an important role in the reaction to that event.

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Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine , pp. 814 - 820
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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