Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T10:56:56.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Prosocial Behavior in Infancy and Early Childhood

from Part I - Development of Prosociality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2023

By
Dale F. Hay
Edited by
Tina Malti  and
Maayan Davidov
Tina Malti
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Maayan Davidov
Affiliation:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Get access

Summary

Early forms of empathy and sharing appear before the first birthday. In the second year, toddlers cooperate and help or comfort others, as they begin to recognize other people’s needs. The different types of early prosocial behavior are not necessarily correlated with each other or with measures of infants’ temperament. Individual differences and gender differences in prosocial behavior begin to emerge in early childhood, when prosocial behavior becomes associated with children’s developing skills and their social understanding.

Keywords

prosocialempathysharinghelpinginfantstoddlersindividual differences
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Prosociality
Development, Mechanisms, Promotion
 , pp. 127 - 144
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bates, E., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1975). The acquisition of performatives prior to speech. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 21, 205–226.Google Scholar
Brownell, C. A. (2013). Early development of prosocial behavior: Current perspectives. Infancy, 18, 1–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Finfa.12004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, C. A., Iesue, S. S., Nichols, S. R., & Svetlana, M. (2013). Mine or yours? Development of prosocial behavior in relation to ownership understanding. Child Development, 84, 906–920. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fcdev.12009Google Scholar
Brownell, C. A., Ramani, G. B., & Zerwas, S. (2006). Becoming a social partner with peers: Cooperation and social understanding in one- and two-year-olds. Child Development, 77, 803–821. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2006.00904.xGoogle Scholar
Brownell, C. A., Svetlana, M., & Nichols, S. R. (2009). To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? Infancy, 14, 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15250000802569868Google Scholar
Bruner, J., & Sherwood, V. (1976). Peekaboo and the learning of rule structures. In Bruner, J. S., Jolly, A., & Sylva, K. (Eds.), Play: Its role in evolution and development (pp. 277–285). Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Cairns, R. B. (1979). The analysis of social interactions. Halstead.Google Scholar
Callaghan, T., & Corbit, J. (2018). Early prosocial development across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 102–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.039Google Scholar
Callaghan, T., Moll, H., Rakoczy, H., Warneken, F., Liszkowski, U., Behne, T., Tomasello, M., & Collins, W. A. (2011). Early social cognition in three cultural contexts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(2), i–142. www.jstor.org/stable/41261529Google ScholarPubMed
Campbell, S. B., Leezenbaum, N. B., Schmidt, E. N., Day, T. N., & Brownell, C. A. (2015). Concern for another’s distress in toddlers at high and low genetic risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 3594–3605. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-015-2505-7Google Scholar
Carpenter, M., Uebel, J., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Being mimicked increases prosocial behavior in 18-month-old infants. Child Development, 84, 1511–1518. doi:10.1111/cdev.12083Google Scholar
Church, J., Ed. (1966). Three babies: Biographies of cognitive development. Crown Publishing Group, Random House.Google Scholar
Dahl, A., Satlof-Bedrick, E. S., Hammond, S. I., Drummond, J., Waugh, W. E., & Brownell, C. A. (2017). Explicit scaffolding increases simple helping in younger infants. Developmental Psychology, 53, 407–416. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fdev0000244Google Scholar
Davidov, M., Paz, Y., Roth-Hanania, R., Uzefovsky, F., Orlitsky, T., Mankuta, D., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2021). Caring babies: Concern for others in distress during infancy. Developmental Science, 24(2), e13016. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13016Google Scholar
Davidov, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Roth-Hanania, R., & Knafo, A. (2013). Concern for others in the first year of life: Theory, evidence, and avenues for research. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12028Google Scholar
Demetriou, H., & Hay, D. F. (2004). Toddlers’ reactions to the distress of familiar peers: The importance of context. Infancy, 6, 299–319. doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in0602_9Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279–300. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625Google Scholar
Dondi, M., Simion, F., & Caltran, G. (1999). Can newborns discriminate between their own cry and the cry of another newborn infant? Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.35.2.418Google Scholar
Drummond, J., Paul, E. F., Waugh, W. E., Hammond, S. I., & Brownell, C. A. (2014). Here, there and everywhere: Emotion and mental state talk in different social contexts predicts empathic helping in toddlers. Frontiers in Psychology. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00361Google Scholar
Dunfield, K. (2014). A construct divided: Prosocial behavior as helping, sharing, and comforting subtypes. Frontiers in Psychology. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00958Google Scholar
Dunfield, K., Kulhmeier, V. A., O’Connell, L., & Kelley, E. (2011). Examining the diversity of social behavior: Helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy, 16, 227–247. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2010.00041.xGoogle Scholar
Dunfield, K. A., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2013). Classifying prosocial behavior: Children’s responses to instrumental need, emotional distress, and material desire. Child Development, 84(5), 1766–1776. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12075Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1991). Explaining sex differences in social behavior: A meta-analytic perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 306–315. doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167291173011Google Scholar
Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Kao, K., Spinrad, T. L., Bolnick, R., Hofer, C., Kupfer, A. S., & Fabricius, W. V. (2011). Emotion understanding, theory of mind, and prosocial orientation. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 4-16. doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536776CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic cognition, emotion, and behavior. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial behavior. In Damon, W. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701–778). Wiley.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70, 1360–1372. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00100CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100–131. doi/10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Taylor, Z. E., & Liew, J. (2017). Relations of inhibition and emotion-related parenting to young children’s prosocial and vicariously induced distress behavior. Child Development, 90, 846–858. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12934Google Scholar
Ensor, R., Spencer, D., & Hughes, C. (2011). “You feel sad?” Emotion understanding mediates effects of verbal ability and mother-child mutuality on prosocial behaviors. Findings from 2 years to 4 years. Social Development, 20, 93–110. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00572.xGoogle Scholar
Fantasia, V., Fasulo, A., Costall, A., & López, B. (2014). Changing the game: Exploring infants’ participation in early play routines. Frontiers in Psychology. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00522Google Scholar
Field, T., Guy, L., & Umbel, V. (1985). Infants’ responses to mothers’ imitative behaviors. Infant Mental Health Journal, 6(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(198521)Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1949). An outline of psychoanalysis. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Garvey, C. (1974). Some properties of social play. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 20, 163–180.Google Scholar
Goldman, B., & Ross, H. (1978). Social skills in action: An analysis of early peer games. In Glick, J. & Clarke-Stewart, A. (Eds.), The development of social understanding (pp. 177–212). Gardner.Google Scholar
Gross, R., Drummond, J., Satlof-Bedrick, E., Waugh, W. E., Svetlova, M., & Brownell, C. A. (2015). Individual differences in toddlers’ social understanding and prosocial behavior: Disposition or socialization? Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00600Google Scholar
Hay, D. F. (1979). Cooperative interactions and sharing between very young children and their parents. Developmental Psychology, 15, 647–653. doi/10.1037/0012-1649.15.6.647Google Scholar
Hay, D. F. (2006). “Yours and mine”: Toddlers’ talk about possession with familiar peers. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151005X68880CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, D. F., Castle, J., & Davies, L. (2000). Toddlers’ use of force against familiar peers: A precursor of serious aggression? Child Development, 71, 457–467. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00157Google Scholar
Hay, D. F., Castle, J., Davies, L., Demetriou, H., & Stimson, C. A. (1999). Prosocial action in very early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(6), 906–916. doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00508CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, D. F., & Murray, P. (1982). Giving and requesting: Social facilitation of infants’ offers to adults. Infant Behavior and Development, 5, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163–6383(82)80039-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, D. F., Nash, A., & Pedersen, J. (1981). Responses of six-month-olds to the distress of their peers. Child Development, 52, 1071–1076. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, D. F., Paine, A. L., Perra, O., Cook, K. V., Hashmi, S., Robinson, C., Kairis, V., & Slade, R. (2021). Prosocial and aggressive behavior: A longitudinal study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 86, Serial No. 341. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12427Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 11, 607–622. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.11.5.607Google Scholar
Knafo, A., Zahn-Waxler, C., Van Hulle, C., Robinson, J. L., & Rhee, S. H. (2008). The developmental origins of a disposition toward empathy: Genetic and environmental contributions. Emotion, 8, 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köster, M., Itakura, S., Omori, M., & Kärtner, J. (2019). From understanding others’ needs to prosocial action: Motor and social abilities promote infants’ helping. Developmental Science, 22, e12804. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12804Google Scholar
Kuhlmeier, V. A., Dunfield, K. A., & O’Neill, A. C. (2014). Selectivity in early prosocial behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00836Google Scholar
Kuhnert, R.-L., Begeer, S., Fink, E., & de Rosnay, M. (2017). Gender-differentiated effects of theory of mind, emotion understanding, and social preference on prosocial behavior development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 154, 13–27. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.10.001Google Scholar
Laible, D., Carlo, G., Murphy, T., Augustine, M., & Roesch, S. (2014). Predicting children’s prosocial and co-operative behavior from their temperamental profiles: A person-centered approach. Social Development. doi:10.1111/sode.12072Google Scholar
Lamb, S., & Zakhireh, B. (1997). Toddler’s attention to the distress of peers in a day care setting. Early Education & Development, 8, 105–118. doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed0802_1Google Scholar
Legerstee, M., Anderson, D., & Schaffer, A. (1998). Five- and eight-month-old infants recognize their faces and voices as familiar and social stimuli. Child Development, 69, 37–50. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06131.xGoogle Scholar
Leung, E. H., & Rheingold, H. L. (1981). Development of pointing as a social gesture. Developmental Psychology, 17, 215–220. doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.17.2.215Google Scholar
Liddle, M.-J. E., Bradley, B., & McGrath, A. (2015). Baby empathy: Infant distress and peer prosocial responses. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 446–458. doi:10.1002/imhj.21519Google Scholar
McHarg, G., Fink, E., & Hughes, C. (2019). Crying babies, empathic toddlers, responsive mothers and fathers: Exploring parent-toddler interactions in an empathy paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 23–37. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.002Google Scholar
Murchison, C., & Langer, S. (1927). Tiedemann’s observations on the development of the mental faculties of children. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 34(2), 205–230. http://doi.org/10.1080/08856559.1927.10532379Google Scholar
Nantel-Vivier, A., Kokko, K., Caprara, G. V., Pastorelli, C., Gerbino, M. G., Paciello, M., Côté, S., Pihl, R. O., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009). Prosocial development from childhood to adolescence: A multi-informant perspective with Canadian and Italian longitudinal studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 590–598. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02039.xGoogle Scholar
Nantel-Vivier, A., Pihl, R. O., Côté, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2014). Developmental association of prosocial behaviour with aggression, anxiety and depression from infancy to preadolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12235Google Scholar
Newton, E. K., Goodman, M., & Thompson, R. A. (2013). Why do some toddlers help a stranger? Origins of individual differences in prosocial behavior. Infancy, 1–13. doi:10.1111/infa.12043Google Scholar
Nichols, S. R., Svetlova, M., & Brownell, C. A. (2014). Toddlers’ responses to infants’ negative emotions. Infancy, 1–28. doi:10.1111/infa.12066Google Scholar
Ornaghi, V. Brazzelli, E., Grazzani, I., Agliati, A., & Lucarelli, M. (2017). Does training toddlers in emotion knowledge lead to changes in their prosocial and aggressive behavior toward peers at nursery? Early Education and Development, 28. doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1238674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulus, M. (2014). The emergence of prosocial behavior: Why do toddlers help, comfort, and share? Child Development Perspectives, 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12066Google Scholar
Paulus, M., Kuhn-Popp, N., Licata, M., Sodian, B., & Meinhardt, J. (2013). Neural correlates of prosocial behavior in infancy: Different neurophysiological mechanisms support the emergence of helping and comforting. Neuroimage, 66, 522–530. https://doi.org/10:1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.041.EpubGoogle Scholar
Radke-Yarrow, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Chapman, M. (1983). Children’s prosocial dispositions and behavior. In Mussen, P. (Series Ed.) & Hetherington, E. M. (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4: Socialization, personality and social development (4th ed., pp. 469–545). Wiley.Google Scholar
Rheingold, H. L. (1973). Independent behavior of the human infant. In Pick, A. D. (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (vol. 7). University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Rheingold, H. L. (1982). Little children’s participation in the work of adults, a nascent prosocial behavior. Child Development, 53, 114–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129643Google Scholar
Rheingold, H., Hay, D., & West, M. (1976). Sharing in the second year of life. Child Development, 47, 1148–1158. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128454Google Scholar
Ross, H. S., & Lollis, S. P. (1987). Communication within infant social games. Developmental Psychology, 23, 241–248. doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.2.241Google Scholar
Roth-Hanania, R., Davidov, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2011). Empathy development from 8 to 16 months: Early signs of concerns for others. Infant Behavior and Development, 34(3), 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.04.007Google Scholar
Sagi, A., & Hoffman, M. L. (1976). Empathic distress in the newborn. Developmental Psychology, 12(2), 175–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.12Google Scholar
Schuhmacher, N., Collard, J., & Kärtner, J. (2017). The differential role of parenting, peers, and temperament for explaining interindividual differences in 18-months-olds’ comforting and helping. Infant Behavior and Development, 46, 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.01.002Google Scholar
Schuhmacher, N., Köster, M., & Kärtner, J. (2019). Modeling prosocial behavior increases helping in 16-month-olds. Child Development, 90, 1789–1801. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13054Google Scholar
Simner, M. L. (1971). Newborn’s response to the cry of another infant. Developmental Psychology, 5, 136–150. doi/10.1037/h0031066Google Scholar
Sommerville, J. A., Enright, E. A., Horton, R. O., Lucca, K., Sitch, M. J., & Kirchner-Adelhart, S. (2018). Infants’ prosocial behavior is governed by cost-benefit analyses. Cognition, 177, 12–20. doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2018.03.021Google Scholar
Song, Y., Broekhuizen, M. L., & Dubas, J. S. (2020). Happy little benefactor: Prosocial behaviors promote happiness in young children from two cultures. Frontiers in Psychology. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01398Google Scholar
Thompson, R. A., & Newton, E. K. (2013). Baby altruists? Examining the complexity of prosocial motivation in young children. Infancy, 18, 120–133. doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00139.xGoogle Scholar
Tiedemann, D. (1787). Beobachtungen über die Entwicklung der Seelenfährigkeiten beiKindern. Hassischen Beitrage zur Gelehrsamkeit und Kunst, 2–3, 313–486.Google Scholar
Uzefovsky, F., Shalev, I., Israel, S., Edelman, S., Raz, Y., Mankuta, D., Knafo-Noam, A., & Ebstein, R. P. (2015). Oxytocin receptor and vasopressin receptor 1a genes are respectively associated with emotional and cognitive empathy. Hormonal Behavior, 67, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.11.007Google Scholar
Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Sympathy through affective perspective-taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 534–543. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0014322Google Scholar
Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2010). Young children selectively avoid helping people with harmful intentions. Child Development, 81, 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01500.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Graaf, J., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2018). Prosocial behavior in adolescence: Gender differences in development and links with empathy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1086–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–017-0786-1Google Scholar
Van der Mark, I. L., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11, 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00210Google Scholar
Warneken, F., Chen, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77, 640–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01500.xGoogle Scholar
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301–1303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121448Google Scholar
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00227.xGoogle Scholar
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1785–1788. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0013860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712608X379061Google Scholar
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116(2), 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.002Google Scholar
Winnicott, D. W. (1960). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 585–595.Google Scholar
Wu, N., & Su, Y. (2015). Oxytocin receptor gene relates to theory of mind and sharing in children. Journal of Cognition and Development, 16(2), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2013.858042Google Scholar
Young, S. K., Fox, N. A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1999). The relations between temperament and empathy in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1189–1197. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1189Google Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50(2), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129406Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×