Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T22:00:20.856Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Grammars, Dictionaries and Other Metalinguistic Texts in the Context of Language Standardization

from Part II - Legitimacy, Authority and the Written Form

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2021

By
Nicola McLelland
Edited by
Wendy Ayres-Bennett  and
John Bellamy
Wendy Ayres-Bennett
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
John Bellamy
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

This chapter analyses the role of grammars, dictionaries and other metalinguistic texts in the history and present practice of language standardization, with examples and case studies taken from a broad range of European and non-European languages. The chapter presents a typology of codification types, with examples: standard-creating, modernizing, archaizing and standard-descriptive. It argues that dictionaries, grammars and related texts participate in a historical discourse tradition, with a number of shared features, but where participation in that discourse tradition does not necessarily indicate the presence of a standard language ideology. It presents that discourse tradition in five broad (and inevitably sometimes overlapping) phases: early practical (professional or pedagogical) codifications; patriotic codifications (from the sixteenth century onwards in Europe); public-orientated codifications (rationalist, democratizing codifications, with a wider intended reach, from the late eighteenth century); national and nationalist codifications; and post-national(ist) challenges to standard ideologies. It also looks at the important role of grammars and dictionaries for foreign language learners in the history of language standardizations and the connections to language purism. Finally, the chapter presents a framework to evaluate the difficult question of the authority, reach and ultimate influence of grammars, dictionaries and related texts on usage.

Keywords

dictionariesdiscourse traditiongrammarshistory of linguisticslanguage codificationlanguage columnslanguage purismlanguage standardizationlexicography
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization , pp. 263 - 293
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aichinger, C. F. (1754). Versuch einer teutschen Sprachlehre, anfa¨nglich nur zu eignem Gebrauche unternommen, endlich aber, um den Gelehrten zu fernerer Untersuchung Anlaß zu geben, ans Liecht gestellt. Frankfurt/Leipzig: Kraus.Google Scholar
Albertus, L. (1573 [1895]). Teutsch Grammatick oder Sprach-Kunst. Augsburg: Michaël Manger. Reprint Strasbourg: Trübner, ed. Müller-Fraureuth, C..Google Scholar
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Árnason, K. (2003). Icelandic. In Deumert, A. & Vandenbussche, W., eds., Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present. Benjamins: Amsterdam, pp. 245–79.Google Scholar
Auroux, S. (2000a). La langue de l’état: l’Académie française. In Auroux, S., Koerner, K., Niederehe, H.-J. & Versteegh, K., eds., History of the Language Sciences: An International Handbook, Vol I. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 852–62.Google Scholar
Auroux, S. (2000b). Port-Royal et la tradition française de la grammaire générale. In Auroux, S., Koerner, K., Niederehe, H.-J. & Versteegh, K., eds., History of the Language Sciences. An International Handbook, Vol I. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 1022–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auroux, S., Koerner, K., Niederehe, H.-J. & Versteegh, K., eds. (2000–06). History of the Language Sciences: An International Handbook. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, W. (2011). Metaphors in metalinguistic texts: the case of observations and remarks on the French language. In Haßler, G., ed., History of Linguistics 2008: Selected Papers from the Eleventh International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 239–49.Google Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, W. (2016). Codification and prescription in linguistic standardisation: myths and models. In Nadal, J. M. & Feliu, F., eds., Constructing Languages: Norms, Myths and Emotions. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 99–129.Google Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, W. & Seijido, M. (2011). Remarques et observations sur la langue franc¸aise: Histoire et évolution d’un genre. Paris: Éditions Classiques Garnier.Google Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, W. & Seijido, M. (2013). Bon usage et variation sociolinguistique: Perspectives diachroniques et traditions nationales. Lyon: ENS Editions.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bembo, P. (1525). Prose, nelle quali si ragiona della volgar lingua, scritte al Cardinale de Medici, in tre libri. Venice: G. Tacuino.Google Scholar
Bergeron, L. (1982). The Québécois Dictionary. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co.Google Scholar
Berthele, R. (2020). The selective celebration of linguistic diversity: evidence from the Swiss language policy discourse. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, DOI: 10.1080/01434632.2020.1715989.Google Scholar
BICRES I–V (1994, 1999, 2005, 2012, 2015). Bibliografı´a cronológica de la lingu¨ı´stica, la grama´tica y la lexicografı´a del espan˜ol. Five volumes by Niederehe, H. J. (I, II, III, V) and Esparza Torres, M. A. & Niederehe, H. J. (IV). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Branner, D. (2006). What are rimes tables and what do they mean? In Branner, D., ed., The Chinese Rime-Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Calhoun, D. (2017). Reading paratexts in missionary linguistic works: an analysis of the preface to the Holy Ghost Fathers’ (1855) Dictionnaire français-wolof et wolof-français. Language & History, 60, 53–72.Google Scholar
Campe, J. H. (1801). Wo¨rterbuch zur Erkla¨rung und Verdeutschung der unserer Sprache aufgedrungenen fremden Ausdru¨cke. Braunschweig: in der Schulbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Chappell, H. & Peyraube, A. (2014). The history of Chinese grammars in Chinese and Western scholarly traditions. Language & History, 57, 107–36.Google Scholar
Clajus, J. (1578 [1894]). Grammatica Germanicae Linguae. Leipzig: Johannes Rhamba. Reprint Strasbourg: Trübner.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1992). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Colombat, B., Fournier, J.-M. & Ayres-Bennett, W., eds. (2011). Grand Corpus des grammaires et des remarques sur la langue franc¸aise (XIVe–XVIIe s.). URL for subscribers: www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-bases/grammaires. Paris: Classiques Garnier Numérique.Google Scholar
Considine, J. (2008). Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Considine, J. (2014). Academy Dictionaries 1600–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coupland, N. & Kristiansen, T. (2011). SLICE: critical perspectives on language (de)standardisation. In Kristiansen, T. & Coupland, N., eds., Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe. Oslo: Novus, pp. 11–35.Google Scholar
Davies, W. & Langer, N. (2006). The Making of Bad Language: Lay Linguistic Stigmatisations in German: Past And Present. Frankfurt am Main, etc.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Del Valle, J., ed. (2013). A Political History of Spanish: The Making of a Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
DesRuisseaux, P. (2009 [1979]). Dictionnaire des expressions québécoises, 2nd expanded edn. Quebec: Bibliothèque québécoise.Google Scholar
Du Bellay, J. (1549). Défense et illustration de la langue franc¸aise (1549). Text available online at www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/francophonie/Du_Bellay.htm, following edition of Paris, Nelson, 1936 [complété par l’édition Louis Humbert chez Garnier].Google Scholar
Eichinger, L. (2005). Norm und regionale Variation: zur realen Existenz nationaler Varietäten. In Mattheier, K. J. & Lenz, A. N., eds., Varieta¨ten – Theorie und Empirie. Frankfurt: Lang, pp. 141–62.Google Scholar
Fortunio, G. F. (1516). Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua. Ancora: B. Vercellese.Google Scholar
García, O. & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gardt, A. (1999). Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft in Deutschland vom Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gardt, A. (2000). Sprachnationalismus zwischen 1850 und 1945. In Gardt, A., ed., Nation und Sprache: Die Diskussion ihres Verha¨ltnisses in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 247–71.Google Scholar
Geeraerts, D. (2003). Culture models of linguistic standardization. In Dirven, R., Frank, R. & Pütz, M., eds., Cognitive Models in Language and Thought: Ideology, Metaphors and Meanings. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 25–68.Google Scholar
Geraghty, M. (2017). Linguistic ideology and the ‘correct’ use of language in Camilo Ortuzar’s Diccionario manual de locuciones viciosas (1893). Language & History, 60(2), 129–45.Google Scholar
Gianninoto, M. (2014). The development of Chinese Grammars and the classification of the parts of speech. Language & History, 57, 137–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilliver, P. (2016). The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1998). An Annotated Bibliography of 19th-Century Grammars of English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Haß-Zumkehr, U. (2000). Das Deutsche Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm als Nationaldenkmal. In Gardt, A., ed., Nation und Sprache: Die Diskussion ihres Verha¨ltnisses in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 247–72.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. (1950). First Grammatical Treatise. The earliest Germanic phonology. Language, 26(4), 4–64.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. (1966). Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist, 68, 929–35.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. (1972). First Grammatical Treatise: The Earliest Germanic Philology. An Edition, Translation and Commentary, 2nd edn. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hausmann, F. J., Reichmann, O., Wiegard, H. E. & Zgusta, L., eds. (1989–91, 2013). Wo¨rterbu¨cher: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Havinga, A. (2018). Invisibilising Austrian German: On the Effect of Linguistic Prescriptions and Educational Reforms on Writing Practices in 18th-Century Austria. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Havinga, A. & Langer, N., eds. (2015). Invisible Languages in the Nineteenth Century. Frankfurt am Main, etc.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Hayden, D. (2011). Poetic law and the medieval Irish linguist: Contextualising the vices and virtues of verse composition in Auraicept na néces. Language & History, 54, 1–34.Google Scholar
Herrwegen, A. (2002). De ko¨lsche Sproch. Cologne: J. P. Bachem (new edition 2017).Google Scholar
Hodson, J. (2006). The problem of Joseph Priestley’s (1733–1804) descriptivism. Historiographia Linguistica, 33, 57–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houdebine-Gravaud, A.-M. (2002). L’Imaginaire linguistique: Un niveau d’analyse et un point de vue théorique. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Huesman, A. (1997). Standardisierung und Destandardisierung am Beispiel des österreichischen Wörterbuches. In Mattheier, K. J. & Radtke, E., eds., Standardisierung und Destandardisierung europa¨ischer Nationalsprachen. Frankfurt: Lang, pp. 193–99.Google Scholar
Humphries, E. (2019). #JeSuisCirconflexe: the French spelling reform of 1990 and 2016 reactions. Journal of French Language Studies, 29, 1–17.Google Scholar
Jaffe, A. (2008). Language ecologies and the meaning of diversity: Corsican bilingual education and the concept of ‘polynomie’. In Creese, A., Martin, P. & Hornberger, N. H., eds., Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd edn. Vol. IX: Ecology of Language. New York: Springer, pp. 225–35.Google Scholar
Jahr, E. H. (2003). Norwegian. In Deumert, A. & Vandenbussche, W., eds., Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 331–53.Google Scholar
Jellinek, M. (1913–14). Geschichte der neuhochdeutschen Grammatik von den Anfa¨ngen bis auf Adelung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Jones, W. J. (1999). Images of Language: German Attitudes to European Languages from 1500 to 1800. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Jones, W. J. (2000). German Lexicography in the European Context: A Descriptive Bibliography of Printed Dictionaries and Word Lists Containing German Language (1600–1700). Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jungmann, J. (1834–39). Slovnı´k cˇesko-neˇmecky´. Prague: Academia Praha.Google Scholar
Karttunen, F. (1983). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Klöter, H. (2010). The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, P. V. (2010). Language ideologies – evolving perspectives. In Jaspers, J., Östman, J.-O. & Verscheuren, J., eds., Society and Language Use. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 192–211.Google Scholar
Kubler, C. C. (1985). A Study of Europeanized Grammar in Modern Written Chinese. Doctoral thesis. Student Book Co.Google Scholar
Langer, N. (2001). Linguistic Purism in Action: How Auxiliary Tun Was Stigmatized in Early New High German. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurendeau, P. (2004). Un remarqueur canadien de l’entre-deux-guerres: Louis-Philippe Geoffrion et ses Zigzags autour de nos parlers. In Caron, P., ed., Les Remarqueurs sur la langue franc¸aise du XVIe sie`cle a` nos jours. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, pp. 211–35.Google Scholar
Law, C. (2007). Sprachratgeber und Stillehren in Deutschland (1923–1967): Ein Vergleich der Sprach- und Stilauffassung in vier politischen Systemen. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Law, V. (2003). The History of Linguistics in Europe from Plato to 1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linn, A. R. (1998). Ivar Aasen and V.U. Hammershaimb: towards a stylistics of standardization. Ivar Aasen-Studiar, 1, 93–118.Google Scholar
Marcellesi, J.-B. (1989). Corse et théorie sociolinguistique: reflets croisés. In Ravis-Giordani, G., ed., L’Iˆle miroir. Ajaccio: La Marge, pp. 165–74.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2001). Albertus (1573) and Ölinger (1574): creating the first grammars of German. Historiographia Linguistica, 28, 7–38.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2005). Authority and audience in seventeenth-century German grammatical texts. Modern Language Review, 100, 1025–42.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2008). Approaches to the semantics and syntax of the adverb in German foreign language grammars. Beitra¨ge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, 18, 37–58.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2011a). J. G. Schottelius’s Ausfu¨hrliche Arbeit von der Teutschen Haubtsprache (1663) and Its Place in Early Modern European Vernacular Language Study. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2011b). Lessons from literary theory: applying the notion of transtextuality (Genette, 1982) to early modern German grammars. In Hassler, G., ed., History of Linguistics 2008. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 187–200.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2012). Rules for the neighbours: prescriptions of the German language for British learners. In Percy, C., ed., The Languages of Nation: Attitudes and Norms. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 245–70.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2014). Language description, prescription and usage in seventeenth-century German. In Rutten, G., Vosters, R. & Vandenbussche, W., eds., Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A Sociolinguistic and Comparative Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 251–76.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2015). German through English Eyes: A History of Language Teaching and Learning in Britain, 1500–2000, Fremdsprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2018a). Deutsch als Fremdsprache und die deutsch-englische Lexikographie bis 1900. In Engelberg, S., Kämper, H. & Storjohann, P., eds., Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft um 2020. Mannheim: Institut Deutsche Sprache, Vol. 2, pp. 295–320.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. (2018b). Mining foreign language teaching manuals for the history of pragmatics. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 19, 28–54.Google Scholar
McLelland, N. & Zhao, H., eds. (forthcoming). Language Standards, Norms, and Variation in Multilingual Contexts – Asian Perspectives. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Medina, A. (2013). The institutionalization of language in eighteenth-century Spain. In Del Valle, J., ed., A Political History of Spanish: The Making of a Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–92.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. & Milroy, L. (1999 [1985]). Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Moeimam, S. & Steinhauer, H. (2007). The Dutch–Indonesian Dictionary Project. International Journal of Lexicography, 20, 275–93.Google Scholar
Moulin, C. (2006). Grammatisierung und Standardisierung des Luxemburgischen: eine grammatikographisch-sprachhistorische Annäherung. In Moulin, C. & Nübling, D., eds., Perspektiven einer linguistischen Luxemburgistik: Studien zu Diachronie und Synchronie. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pp. 305–39.Google Scholar
Moulin-Fankhänel, C. (1994, 1997). Bibliographie der deutschen Grammatiken und Orthographielehren. Vol I: Von den Anfa¨ngen der U¨berlieferung bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Vol II: Das 17. Jahrhundert. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Müller, J. (1969 [1882]). Quellenschriften und Geschichte des deutschsprachlichen Unterrichts bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts. Hildesheim: Olms.Google Scholar
ó Murchadha, N. (2016). The efficacy of unitary and polynomic models of codification in minority language contexts: ideological, pragmatic and pedagogical issues in the codification of Irish. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37, 199–215.Google Scholar
O¨linger, A. (1573 [1975]). Underricht der HochTeutschen Spraach. Strasbourg: Nicolaus Vuyriot. Reprint Hildesheim: Olms.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, B. & Pujolar, J. (2013). From native speakers to ‘new speakers’: problematizing nativeness in language revitalization contexts. Histoire, épistémologie, Langage, 35, 47–67.Google Scholar
Ortúzar Montt, C. (1893). Diccionario manual de locuciones viciosas y de correcciones de lenguaje. Santiago: Imprenta Salesiana.Google Scholar
Padley, G. A. (1985, 1988). Grammatical Theory in Western Europe 1500–1700: Trends in Vernacular Grammar. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Paffey, D. (2012). Language Ideologies and the Globalization of ‘Standard’ Spanish. London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Puff, H. (1995). ‘Von dem schlu¨ssel aller Ku¨nsten/nemblich der Grammatica.’: Deutsch im lateinischen Grammatikunterricht 1480–1560. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.Google Scholar
Pytlowany, A. (2018). Ketelaar Rediscovered: The First Dutch Grammar of Persian and Hindustani (1698). Doctoral thesis. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Quesada Pacheco, M. Á. (2002). El espan˜ol de América: historia de un concepto, 2nd edn. Cartago: Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Remysen, W. (2005). La Chronique de langage à la lumière de l’expérience canadienne française: un essai de définition. In Gauvin, K., Remysen, W. & Bérubé, J., eds., Les Journées de linguistique: Actes du 18e colloque 11–12 mars 2004. Quebec: Centre interdisciplinaire de recherches sur les activités langagières, pp. 267–81.Google Scholar
Remysen, W. (2011). L’Application du modèle de l’imaginaire linguistique à des corpus écrits: le cas des chroniques de langage dans la presse québécoise. Langage et société, 135, 47–65.Google Scholar
Remysen, W. (2013). Comment définir le bon usage au Canada français? Le point de vue des chroniqueurs du langage. In Ayres-Bennett, W. & Seijido, M., eds., Bon usage et variation sociolinguistique: Perspectives diachroniques et traditions nationales. Lyon: ENS Editions, pp. 179–93.Google Scholar
Rojas, D. (2015). El Diccionario de chilenismos (1875) de Zorobabel Rodríguez: ideologías lingüísticas e intertextualidad. Revista de Humanidades, 32, 82–116.Google Scholar
Rosier-Catach, I. (2000). La Grammaire spéculative du Bas Moyen-Age. In Auroux, S., Koerner, K., Niederehe, H.-J. & Versteegh, K., eds., History of the Language Sciences. An International Handbook, Vol I. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 541–51.Google Scholar
Ross, C. & Sheng Ma, J. (2006). Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutten, G. (2009). Grammar to the people: the Dutch language and the public sphere in the 18th century. Beitra¨ge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, 19, 55–86.Google Scholar
Rutten, G. (2016). Teaching the genitive: variation of genitival constructions in Dutch ‘national’ grammar (1800–1830). Beitra¨ge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, 26, 123–38.Google Scholar
Scheuringer, H. (2001). Die deutsche Sprache in Österreich. In Knipf-Komlösi, E. & Berend, N., eds., Regionale Standards: Sprachvariationen in den deutschsprachigen La¨ndern. Budapest: Pecs.Google Scholar
Schieffelin, B. B., Woolard, K. A. & Kroskrity, P. V. (1998). Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schottelius, J.-G. (1663 [1967]). Ausfu¨hrliche Arbeit von der teutschen Haubtsprache. Braunschweig: Zilliger. Reprint Tübingen: Niemeeyer, ed. Hecht, W..Google Scholar
Simmons, R. (2016). The evolution of the Chinese Sìhū 四呼 concept of syllable classification. Historiographia Linguistica, 43, 251–84.Google Scholar
Société du parler français au Canada (1930). Glossaire du parler franc¸ais au Canada. Quebec: L’Action sociale.Google Scholar
Stukenbrock, A. (2005). Sprachnationalismus: Sprachreflexion als Medium kollektiver Identita¨tsstiftung in Deutschland (1617–1945). Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Swiggers, P., & Vanvolsem, S. (1987). Les premières grammaires vernaculaires de l’italien, de l’espagnol et du portugais. Histoire, épistémologie, Langage, 9, 157–81.Google Scholar
Thomas, G. (1991). Linguistic Purism. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I., ed. (2008). Grammars, Grammarians and Grammar-Writing in Eighteenth-century England, with editor’s introduction ‘Grammars, grammarians, and grammar-writing’ (pp. 1–14). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. & Percy, C. (2016). Prescription and Tradition in Language: Establishing Standards across Time and Space. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Usito (2009–). Dictionnaire Usito. Quebec: Les Éditions Delisme; online University of Sherbrooke. Retrieved March 2019 from www.usito.com.Google Scholar
Villa, L. (2013). The officialization of Spanish in mid-nineteenth-century Spain: the Academy’s authority. In Del Valle, J., ed., A Political History of Spanish: The Making of a Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–105.Google Scholar
Walsh, O. (2016a). Les Chroniques de langage and the development of linguistic purism in Québec. Nottingham French Studies, 55, 132–57.Google Scholar
Walsh, O. (2016b). Linguistic Purism: Language Attitudes in France and Quebec. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Wang, Li. 王力. (1990). ‘Hanyu yufashi hanyu cihuishi’ 汉语语法史汉语词汇史 [The histories of Chinese grammars and Chinese words]. In Hongxin, W. 王洪信 & Qiancun, S. 隋千存, eds., Collected Works of Wang Li, Vol. XI. Jinan: Shandong Education Press.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2008). Grammar writers in eighteenth-century Britain: a community of practice or a discourse community? In Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I., ed., Grammars, Grammarians and Grammar Writing in Eighteenth-Century England. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 37–56.Google Scholar
Wiegand, E. P. (2000a). Altes und Neues zur Makrostruktur alphabetischer Printwörterbücher. In Kammerer, M. & Wolski, W., eds., Herbert Ernst Wiegand: Kleine Schriften, Vol II. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 1428–53.Google Scholar
Wiegand, E. P. (2000b). Wörterbuchartikel als Text. In Kammerer, M. & Wolski, W., eds., Herbert Ernst Wiegand: Kleine Schriften, Vol II. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 877–950.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, P. (2000). Nation und Sprache in Österreich. In Gardt, A., ed., Nation und Sprache: Die Diskussion ihres Verha¨ltnisses in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 525–62.Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A. & Schiefflin, B. B. (1994). Language ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23, 55–82.Google Scholar
Zgusta, L. (2006). Lexicography Then and Now: Selected Essays, eds. Dolezal, F. & Creamer, T.. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, K. & Kellermeier-Rehbein, B., eds. (2015). Colonialism and Missionary Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zwartjes, O. (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550–1800. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×