Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T01:56:32.080Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Korean Kugyŏl

from Part I - Korean Overview

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2022

By
Jae-Young Chung  and
John Whitman
Edited by
Sungdai Cho  and
John Whitman
Sungdai Cho
Affiliation:
Binghamton University, State University of New York
John Whitman
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Get access

Summary

Chapter 6 focuses on loan character transcription systems. Loan character transcription systems for Korean started with the transcribing of proper names. The next step involved the practice of interpreting or reading Chinese characters in the vernacular; finally, methods were developed for writing sentences in the vernacular using Chinese characters. These practices represent a widespread phenomenon, found in many nations and periods of history, whereby a foreign writing system is used to write a local vernacular, beginning with the simple practice of reading the foreign writing in that vernacular, a practice which has been called “vernacular reading”. In Korea, the initial stage of sentence-unit transcriptions involved simply transposing Chinese character (sinograph) texts from Chinese word order into Korean; this evolved to a stage where grammatical particles and endings, so-called t’o in the Korean writing tradition, were inserted into the text. Korean kugyŏl developed as a method of facilitating the vernacular reading of Chinese texts in Korean as they are read. Kugyŏl appears to date from the Shilla period.

Keywords

Kugyŏlsymbol-Kugyŏlseokdok-Kugyŏleumdok-KugyŏlKugyŏl charactereumgajahungajaloan character transcription systemsKnna
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Korean Linguistics , pp. 133 - 174
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, P’yŏng-hŭi 安秉禧. 1977. Chungse kugŏ kugyŏ̆l ŭ̆i yŏn’gu中世國語口訣의硏究. [Research on Middle Korean Kugyĕl. Seoul: Ilchisa. Google Scholar
Ahn P’yŏng-hŭi 安秉禧. 1987. Kyunyŏ ŭi pangŏn bon chŏsul e taehayŏ 均如의 方言本 著述에 대하여 [On Kyunyŏ’s writing in the pangŏn (vernacular) bon]. Kugŏhak 16: 41–54.Google Scholar
Choi, Ŭnkyu 崔銀圭. 1993. Sanggyojŏng bon jabidojang ch‘ambŏp ŭi kugyŏl e taehayŏ『詳校正本慈悲道場懺法』의 口訣에 대하여 [On kugyŏl in Sanggyojŏng bon jabidojang ch‘ambŏp]. Kugŏ sa charyo wa kugŏ hak ŭi yŏn’gu ≪國語史 資料와 國語學의 硏究≫ [Research on Korean linguistics and the materials of Korean language history]. Seoul: Munhakkwajisŏngsa, pp. 660–89.Google Scholar
Chung, Jaeyoung 鄭在永. 1996. Haeje 解題 [Bibliographical notes] Kugyŏl charyojip 2 ≪口訣資料集≫二 [Collection of kugyŏl materials 2] Seoul: The Academy of Korean Studies, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
Chung, Jaeyoung 鄭在永. 1998. Happu Kŭmgangmyŏnggyŏng (3) Sŏkdok Kugyŏl ŭi p‘yogibŏp kwa han‘gŭl chŏnsa 合部金光明經(卷三) 釋讀口訣의 表記法과 한글 轉寫 [Orthography of Kŭmgangmyŏnggyŏng 3 Sŏkdok Kugyŏl and han‘gŭl transcription]. Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 3: 113–93.Google Scholar
Fujimoto, Yukio 藤本幸夫. 1977. Chōsen ban Senjimon to sono chihōsei 朝鮮版『千字文』とその地方性. [The Korean edition of the Thousand Character Classic and its regional characteristics]. Kokugo kokubun 『國語國文』 46.4, 287–297. Kyoto: Faculty of Literature, Department of Japanese Language and Literature. Google Scholar
Fujimoto, Yukio 藤本幸夫. 1980. Chōsen ban Senjimon no keitō sono ichi 朝鮮版『千字文』の系統 - 其一 -」. [The Korean edition of the Thousand Character Classic: its lineage]. Chōsen gakuhō 朝鮮学報 94, 63–117.Google Scholar
Kanno, Hirōmi 菅野裕臣. 1996. Chōsen no gengo to moji 朝鮮の言語と文字 [Korean language and writing]. Takeda, Yukio 武田幸男 (ed.) Chōsen no rekishi to bunka 武朝鮮の歴史と文化 [Korean language and culture], 99–112. Tokyo: Hōsō Daigaku Kyōiku Shinkōkai.Google Scholar
Kim, Tong-so 김동소. 1998. Han’gugŏ pyŏnch’ŏnsa 한국어변천사 [History of the Changes in the Korean Language]. Seoul: Hyŏngsŏl Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Kim, Tu-ch’an 金斗燦. 1987. Chikchi shimch’e yojŏl ŭi kugyŏl e taehayŏ 直指心體 要節의 口訣에 대하여 [On the kugyŏl in the Chikchi simch’e yojŏl]. Kugŏhak 16: 125–49.Google Scholar
Kim, Tu-ch’an 金斗燦. 1989. Pulsŏl sashibijang-gyŏng ŭi kugyŏl e taehayŏ 佛說 四十二章經의 口訣에 대하여 [On the kugyŏl in the Pulsŏl sashibijang-gyŏng]. Kugŏhak 18: 64–88.Google Scholar
Kim, Tu-ch’an 金斗燦. 1997. Kuyŏk Inwang-gyŏng kugyŏl haedok sigo 舊譯仁王經 口訣 解讀 試攷 [An essay on reading the kugyŏl in the Kuyŏk Inwang-gyŏng.] Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 2: 161–241.Google Scholar
Ko, Jŏng-ŭi 高正儀. 2004. Kugyŏl yŏngu ŭi hyŏnhwang kwa kwaje 口訣硏究의 現況과 課 題 [The current state and leading issues of kugyŏl research]. Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 12: 5–46.Google Scholar
Ko, Yŏng-gŭn 고영근. 1998. Sŏkdok kugyŏl ŭi kugŏsajŏk kach’i 석독구결의 국어적가치 [The value of sŏkdok kugyŏl from the standpoint of the study of Korean language history]. Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 3: 1–28.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, Yoshinori 小林芳規. 2002. Kankoku no kakuhitsu ten to Nihon no kokunten to no kankei 韓国の角筆点と日本の古訓点との関係 [The relation between kakuhitsu glosses in Korea and old kunten glosses in Japan]. Kugyŏl yŏngu 口訣硏究 8, 50–76. Google Scholar
Kobayashi, Yoshinori 小林芳規. 2004. Kakuhitsu Bunken no Kokugogakuteki Kenkyū (Jō kan: Higashi Azia hen). 角筆文献研究導論』(上巻東アジア篇) [Japanese Linguistic Research on Kakuhitsu Documents. Volume 1: East Asia]. Tokyo: Kyūko shoin. Google Scholar
Kobayashi, Yoshinori 小林芳規 and Hiroko Nishimura 西村浩子. 2001. Kankoku ison no kakuhitsu bunken chōsa hōkoku 韓国遺存の角筆文献調査報告 [Report on a survey of surviving kakuhitsu materials in Korea]. Kuntengo to kunten shiryō 訓点語と訓点資料 107, 36–68.Google Scholar
Kugŏsa yŏn’guhoe 國語史硏究會 eds. 1993. Kugŏsa Charyo wa Kugŏhak ŭi Yŏn’gu. 國語史 資料와 國語學의 硏究 [Research on Korean Language and Materials on Korean Language History]. Seoul: Munhak kwa Chisŏng-sa.Google Scholar
Kugyŏl Research Society口訣學會 eds. 1997. Asia Cheminjok ŭi muncha 아시아 諸民族의 文字 [The Writing Systems of the Peoples of Asia]. Seoul: Taehak-sa.Google Scholar
Kungnip kugŏ yŏn’guwŏn 국립국어연구원 eds. 1998. Kugŏ ŭi shidaebyŏl pyŏnch’ŏn yŏn’gu 3 (kodae kugŏ) 국어의 시대별 변천 연구3 -고대 국어. [Historical Changes in Korean by Period 3: Old Korean]. Seoul: Korean Language Research Institute.Google Scholar
Kwŏn, Yong-gyŏng 권용경. 2002. Sŏkdok kugyŏl ŭi ‘(ㅅ)’ e taehayŏ 석독구결의 ’ (ㅅ)’ 에 대하여 [On ‘3 (-s)’ in sŏkdok kugyŏl]. Hyŏngt’aeron (Morphology) 2(2): 307–22.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-Jae 이승재. 1990. Koryŏ bon Pŏmmanggyŏng ŭi kugyŏl 高麗本 梵網經의 口訣 [Kugyŏl in Pŏmmanggyŏng in the edition of Koryŏ]. Aesan hakpo 9: 117–47.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-Jae 李丞宰. 1993. Ryŏmalsŏnch‘o ŭi kugyŏl charyo 麗末鮮初의 口訣資料 [Kugyŏl materials in the late Koryŏ and early Chosŏn]. Kugŏ sa charyo wa kugŏ hak ŭi yŏn’gu ≪國語史 資料와 國語學의 硏究≫ [Research on Korean linguistics and the materials on Korean language history]. Seoul: Munhakkwajisŏngsa, pp. 56–76.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-Jae 李丞宰. 1995. Namkwŏnhŭi bon Nŭngŏmgyŏng ŭi haeje 南權熙本 楞嚴經의 解題 [Bibliographical notes on Nŭngŏmgyŏng in the edition of Namkwŏnhŭi]. Kugyŏl charyojip 1 ≪口訣資料集≫一 [Collection of kugyŏl materials 1]. Seoul: The Academy of Korean Studies, pp. 335–48.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-Jae 李丞宰. 1996. Koryŏ chunggi kugyŏl charyo ŭi chuch‘egyŏngŏbŏp sŏnŏmalŏmi ‘-kyŏ’ 高麗中期 口訣資料의 主體敬語法 先語末語尾 ‘-겨-’ [Subject honorifics pre-final ending ‘-kyŏ’ in kugyŏl materials of the mid- Koryŏ era]. Ikimun kyosu chŏngnyŏn t‘oeim kinyŏm nonch‘ong 李基文敎授 停年退任紀念念論叢 [Collection of writings for the commemoration of Professor I Kimun’s retirement]. Seoul: Shin‘gumunhwasa, pp. 517–56.Google Scholar
Lee, Sŭng-Jae 이승재. 1998. Kodae kugŏ munbŏp hyŏngt‘ae 고대 국어 형태 [The form of old Korean language]. Kugŏ ŭi shidaebyŏl pyŏnch’ŏn yŏn’gu 3 (kodae kugŏ) 국어의 시대별 변천 연구 3 -고대 국어 [Historical Changes in Korean by Period 3: Old Korean]. Seoul: Korean Language Research Institute, pp. 41–75.Google Scholar
Nam, Kwŏnhŭi 南權熙. 2002. Koryŏ sidae kirok munhwa yŏn’gu [Research on archival culture in the Koryŏ period]. Ch’ungbuk Ch’ŏngju-si: Ch’ŏngju Ko Inswae Pangmulgwan. Google Scholar
Nam, Kwŏnhŭi 南權熙. 1993. Koryŏbon chabidojangch‘ambŏp kwŏnjeil ~ o wa kŭ kugyŏl sogae 高麗本 ≪慈悲道場懺法≫ 卷第一∼五와 그 口訣 紹介 [Introduction of ~ o and the kugyŏl in the chabidojangch‘ambŏp 1 of the Koryŏ edition]. Kyegan sŏjihakpo 11: 5–36.Google Scholar
Nam, Kwŏnhŭi 南權熙. 1997. Ch‘aja p‘yogi charyo ŭi sŏji 차자 표기 자료의 서지 [A bibliography of borrowed character materials]. Sae kugŏ saenghwal 7(4): 147–94.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn 南豊鉉. 1993. Koryŏbon yugasajiron ŭi sŏkdok kugyŏl e taehayŏ 高麗本 瑜伽師地論의 釋讀口訣에 대하여 [On sŏkdok kugyŏl in yugasajiron ŭi of the Koryŏ edition]. Tongbanghakchi 81.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn 南豊鉉. 1995. Paktongsŏp bon nŭngŏmgyŏng ŭi haeje 朴東燮本 楞嚴經의 解題 [Bibliographical notes on nŭngŏmgyŏng in the edition of Paktongsŏp]. Kugyŏl charyojip 1 ≪口訣資料集≫ [Collection of kugyŏl materials 1]. Seoul: The Academy of Korean Studies, pp. 9–20.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn 南豊鉉. 1998a. Yugasajiron (20) sŏkdok kugyŏl ŭi p‘yogibŏp kwa han‘gŭl chŏnsa 『瑜伽師地論』(卷 20) 釋讀口訣의 表記法과 한글 轉寫 [Notation of sŏkdok kugyŏl in yugasajiron (20) and han‘gŭl decalcomania]. Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 3: 253–336.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn 南豊鉉. 1998b. Kodae kugŏ charyo 고대 국어 자 료 [Old Korean language materials]. Kugŏ ŭi shidaebyŏl pyŏnch’ŏn yŏn’gu 3 (kodae kugŏ) 국어의 시대별 변천 연구 3 -고대 국어. [Historical Changes in Korean by Period 3: Old Korean]. Seoul: Korean Language Research Institute, pp. 207–41.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn 南豊鉉. 1999a. Kugŏsa rŭl wihan kugyŏl yŏngu ≪國語史를 위한 口訣 硏究≫ [Kugyŏl research for the history of Korean Language]. Seoul: Taehak-sa.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn 南豊鉉. 1999b. Yugasajiron sŏkdok Kugyŏl yŏngu ≪<瑜伽師地論> 釋讀口訣의 硏究≫ [Research on sŏkdok kugyŏl in the Yugasajiron]. Seoul: Taehak-sa.Google Scholar
Nam, P‘unghyŏn, Yun, Haengsun 南豊鉉, 尹幸舜. 1997. Kankoku ni okeru kuketsu kenkyū no kaiko to tenbō 韓国における口訣研究の回顧と展望 [Review and prospects of kugyŏl research in Korea]. Kunten to kunten shiryō 100 訓点と訓点資料 100: 1–23 (Korean); 24–44 (Japanese).Google Scholar
Nam, Sŏngu ・Chung, Jaeyŏng 南星祐・鄭在永. 1998. Kuyŏk Inwanggyŏng sŏkdok kugyŏl ŭi p‘yogibŏp kwa han‘gŭl chŏnsa 舊譯仁王經 釋讀口訣의 表記法과 한글 轉寫 [Orthography of the old translation Inwanggyŏng sŏkdok kugyŏl and han‘gŭl decalcomania]. Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 3: 195–251.Google Scholar
Nishida, Tatsuo 西田龍雄. 1997. Seika okoku no gengo to bunka 西夏王国の言語と文化 [The Language and Culture of the Xixia Kingdom]. Tokyo: Iwanami.Google Scholar
Park, Jinho 박진호. 1996. Kyujanggak sojang kugyŏl charyo Nŭngŏmgyŏng 2 chong e taehayŏ 奎章閣 所蔵 口訣資料 楞厳経 2種에 대하여 [On two types of the Nŭngŏmgyŏng archived in the Kyujanggak]. Kugyŏl yŏn’gu 1: 73–93.Google Scholar
Park, Jinho 박진호. 1997. Ch‘aja p‘yogi charyo e taehan t‘ongsaronjŏk kŏmt‘o 借字表記 資料에 대한 통사론적 검토 [Syntax review on borrowed character materials]. Sae kugŏ saenghwal 7(4): 117–45.Google Scholar
Park, Jinho 박진호. 1998. Kodae kugŏ munbŏp 고대 국어 문법 [Grammar on old Korean language]. Kugŏ ŭi shidaebyŏl pyŏnch’ŏn yŏn’gu 3 (kodae kugŏ) 국어의 시대별 변천 연구3 -고대 국어 [Historical Changes in Korean by Period 3: Old Korean]. Seoul: Korean Language Research Institute, pp.121–205.Google Scholar
Park, Sŏng-chong 朴盛鍾. 1996. Haeje 解題 [Bibliographical notes]. Kugyŏl charyojip 3 ≪口訣資料集≫三 [Collection of kugyŏl materials 3]. Seoul: The Academy of Korean Studies, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Poser, William. 1992. The structural typology of phonological writing. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Linguistics Society of America. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sim, Jaeki 沈在箕. 1975. Kuyŏg inwanggyŏng sang kugyŏl e taehayŏ 舊譯仁王經上 口訣에 대하여 [On kugyŏl in old translation inwanggyŏng]. Misul charyo 18: 19–35.Google Scholar
Song, Ki-jung . 1997. Ch’aja p’yogi ŭi munchalonjŏk sŏnggyŏk 借字表記의 文字論的 성격 [The graphological characteristics of loan character writing]. Sae kugŏ saenghwal 9: 5–29.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×