Practice of Intercultural Training

doi:10.1017/9781108854184.013

Part II - Practice of Intercultural Training

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 September 2020

Edited by

Dan Landis and

Dharm P. S. Bhawuk

Show author details

Dan Landis: Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Hilo
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk: Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training , pp. 355 - 494

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108854184.013 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACE. (2008). College bound students’ interests in study abroad and other international learning activities. American Council on Education, Art and Science Group LLC, and the College Board. Available at www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=3997 Google Scholar

ACE. (2017). Mapping internationalization on US campuses: 2017 edition. American Council on Education. Available at www.acenet.edu/Research-Insights/Pages/Internationalization/Mapping-Internationalization-on-U-S-Campuses.aspx Google Scholar

Albert, R., & Triandis, H (1985). Intercultural education for multicultural societies: Critical issues. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9(3), 319–337.Google Scholar

Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Banks, J. A. (2004a). Introduction. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.). Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. xi–xiv). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Banks, J. A. (2004b). Multicultural Education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 3–29). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Banks, J. A. (2004c). Race, knowledge construction, and education in the United States: Lessons from history. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 228–239). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Benedict, R. (1934). Patterns of culture. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Bennett, M. (2013). Turning cross-cultural contact into intercultural learning. A presentation at the China Annual Conference for International Education, Beijing, Feb 2, 2013. Retrieved from www.idrinstitute.org/allegati/IDRI_t2_allegati/77/FILE_Allegato_CACIA_Beijing_2013rev.pdf.Google Scholar

Berlo, D. (1960). The process of communication: An introduction to theory and practice. New York, NY: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.Google Scholar

Boas, F. (1911). The mind of primitive man. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Boix Mansilla, V. & Jackson, A. (2011) Educating for global competence: Preparing our youth to engage the world. New York, NY: Asia Society.Google Scholar

Caffrey, M. M. (1989). Ruth benedict: Stranger in this land. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, A. D., Paige, R. M., Shively, R. L., Emert, H. A., & Hoff, J. G. (2005). Maximizing study abroad through language and culture strategies: Research on students, study abroad program professionals, and language instructors. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, Office of International programs, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from www.carla.umn.edu/maxsa/research.html.Google Scholar

CSIET (Council on Standards for International Educational Travel). (2014). 2012–2013 International Youth Exchange Statistics: Semester and Academic Year Programs 2012–2013 Cycle. Alexandria, VA: CSIET. Retrieved January 9, 2014 from www.csiet.org/documents/CSIETStatsReport2012-13-FINAL.pdf Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Mahon, J. (2009). Developing the intercultural competence of educators and their students: Creating the blueprints. In Deardorff, D. (Ed.). Sage handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 304–320). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Dodd, C. (1998). Dynamics of intercultural communication (5th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Dunne, C. (2009). Host students' perspectives of intercultural contact in an Irish university. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13, 222–239.Google Scholar

Engle, L., & Engle, J. (2012). Beyond immersion: The American University Center in Provence Experiment in Holistic Intervention. In Vande Berg, M., Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. (Eds.), Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it (pp. 284–307). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar

Fondazione Intercultura. (n.d.). Forum on intercultural learning and exchange. Available at www.fondazioneintercultura.org/en/Conferences/Forum-on-intercultural-learning-and-exchange/Google Scholar

Forum on Education Abroad. (n.d.). Curriculum Resources. Available at https://forumea.org/resources/curriculum/curriculum-resources/Google Scholar

Gay, G. (2004). Curriculum theory and multicultural education. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 30–49). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Grant, C. A., & Brueck, S. (2010). A global invitation: Toward the expansion of dialogue, reflection and creative engagement for intercultural and multicultural education. In Grant, C. A. & Portera, A. (Eds.), Intercultural and multicultural education: Enhancing global interconnectedness (pp. 3–11). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Groeppel-Klein, A., Germelmann, C., & Glaum, M. (2010). Intercultural interaction needs more than mere exposure: search for drivers of student interaction at border universities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 253–267.Google Scholar

Gundara, J. (2000). Interculturalism, education and inclusion. London, UK: Paul Chapman Publishing.Google Scholar

Halualani, R. (2008). How do multicultural university students define and make sense of intercultural contact? A qualitative study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 1–16.CrossRef Google Scholar

Halualani, R., Chitgopekar, A., Morrison, J., & Dodge, P. (2004). Who’s interacting? And what are they talking about? – intercultural contact and interaction among multicultural university students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 353–372.Google Scholar

Hammer, M., Bennett, M., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421–443.Google Scholar

Hansel, B. (2008). AFS Long Term Impact Study Report 2: Looking at Intercultural Sensitivity, Anxiety, and Experience with Other Cultures. New York, NY: AFS International.Google Scholar

Hanvey, R.G. (1975). An attainable global perspective. New York, NY: Center for War/Peace Studies.Google Scholar

Headland, T. N, Pike, K. L., & Harris, M. (Eds.). (1990). Emics and etics: The insider/outsider debate. Newbury, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Hill, I. (2007). Multicultural and international education: Never the twain shall meet? Review of Education, 53, 245–264.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (1986). Cultural differences in teaching and learning. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(3), 301–320.Google Scholar

Hoopes, D. (1979). Intercultural communication concepts and the psychology of intercultural experience. In Pusch, M. (Ed.), Multicultural education: A cross-cultural approach (pp. 9–38). LaGrange Park, IL: Intercultural Network.Google Scholar

Hoopes, D., & Pusch, M. (1979). Definition of terms. In Pusch, M. (Ed.), Multicultural education: A cross-cultural approach (pp. 2–9). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Hyde, C., & Ruth, B. (2002). Multicultural content and class participation: do students self-censor? Journal of Social Work Education, 38, 241–256.Google Scholar

IBO (International Baccalaureate Organization). (2014). Retrieved from www.ibo.org/mission/Google Scholar

IIE (Institute of International Education). (2001). Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange. Retrieved from www.iie.org/opendoor Google Scholar

IIE (Institute of International Education). (2018). Open Doors Report on“Fast Facts.” Retrieved from www.iie.org/Research-and-Publications/Open-Doors.Google Scholar

Kappler Mikk, B., Cohen, A., & Paige, R. M. (2009). Maximizing study abroad: An instructional guide to strategies for language and culture learning and use. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition.Google Scholar

Khoja-Moolji, S. (2013). Intercultural education. In Cortés, C. E. (Ed.), Multicultural America: A multimedia encyclopedia (pp. 1206–1209). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Klineberg, O. (1980). Historical perspectives: Cross-cultural psychology before 1960. In Triandis, H. & Lambert, W. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol. 1. Perspectives (pp. 31–68). Boston, MA: Allyn-Bacon.Google Scholar

Knight, J., (2003, fall). Updated internationalization definition. International Higher Education, 33, 2–3.Google Scholar

Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Kroeber, A., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.Google Scholar

Ladson-Billings, G. (2004). New directions in multicultural education: Complexities, boundaries and critical race theory. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 50–65). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1990). Notes in the history of intercultural communication: The Foreign Service Institute and the mandate for intercultural training. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 76, 262–281.Google Scholar

Le Roux, J. (2001). Social dynamics of the multicultural classroom. Intercultural Education, 12, 273–288.Google Scholar

Longview Foundation. (2008). Teacher preparation for the global age: The imperative for change. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Lou, K. H., & Bosley, G. W. (2012). Facilitating intercultural learning abroad: The intentional, targeted intervention model. In Vande Berg, M., Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. (Eds.), Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it (pp. 335–359). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar

McGee Banks, C. A. (2004). Intercultural and intergroup education, 1929-1959: Linking schools and communities. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 228–239). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

McLaren, P. (2015). Life in schools (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mead, M. (1926). Coming of age in Samoa. New York, NY: William Morrow.Google Scholar

NAFSA (2014). Curriculum integration: Best practices. Retrieved from www.nafsa.org/Find_Resources/Supporting_Study_Abroad/Network_Resources/Education_Abroad/Curriculum_Integration__Best_Practices/Google Scholar

NAFSA (2017). 2017 Global Learning Colloquia Presentations and handouts. Retrieved from: www.nafsa.org/programs-and-events/2017-global-learning-colloquia-presentations-and-handouts Google Scholar

Nesdale, D., & Todd, P. (1993). Internationalising Australian universities: the intercultural contact issue. Journal of Tertiary Education Administration, 15, 189–202.Google Scholar

Nieto, S. (2009). Language, culture, and teaching: Critical perspectives (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Paige, R. M., Harvey, T. A., & McCleary, K. S. (2012). The Maximizing Study Abroad Project: Toward a pedagogy for culture and language learning. In Berg, M. Vande, Paige, R. M., & Lou, K., (Eds.), Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it (pp. 308–334). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar

Peacock, N., & Harrison, N. (2009). “It’s so much easier to go with what’s easy”: ‘mindfulness’ and the discourse between home and international students in the UK. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13, 487–508.Google Scholar

Pusch, M. (1979). Multicultural education: A cross-cultural training approach. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Pusch, M. D., & Merrill, M. (2008). Reflection, reciprocity, responsibility, and committed relativism. In Savicki, V. (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation: Theory, research, and application in international education (pp. 53–73). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar

Robinson, J. M. (2012). Learning abroad and the scholarship of teaching and learning. In Vande Berg, M., Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. (Eds.), Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it (pp. 239–257). Sterling, VA: Stylus,Google Scholar

Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes and values: A theory of organizational change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company.Google Scholar

Spencer-Rodgers, J. (2001). Consensual and individual stereotypic beliefs about international students among American host nationals. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 639–657.Google Scholar

Spencer-Rodgers, J., & McGovern, T. (2002). Attitudes towards the culturally different: The role of intercultural communication barriers, affective responses, consensual stereotypes, and perceived threat. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 609–631.Google Scholar

Stephan, W. G., & White Stephan, C. (2004). Intergroup relations in multicultural education programs. In Banks, J. A. & McGee Banks, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 782–798). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Stocking, G. (1968). Race, culture and evolution: Essays in the history of anthropology. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Tylor, E. B. (1867). Primitive culture (Vol. 1). London, UK: John Murray.Google Scholar

Vande Berg, M. (2009). Intervening in student learning abroad: A research-based inquiry. Intercultural education, 20, 15–27.Google Scholar

Vande Berg, M., Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. (2012). Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it. Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar

Vande Berg, M., Quinn, M., & Menyhart, C. (2012). An experiment in developmental teaching and learning: The Council on International Educational Exchange’s seminar on living and learning abroad. In Berg, M. Vande, Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. (Eds.), Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it (pp. 383–407). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar

Ward, C., Masgoret, A.-M., Ho, E., Holmes, P., Newton, J., & Crabbe, D. (2005). Interactions with international students: Report prepared for Education New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Center for Applied Cross-cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington.Google Scholar

References

Albert, R. D. (1983). The intercultural sensitizer or culture assimilator: A cognitive approach. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 186–217). New York, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar

Batchelder, D., & Warner, E. G. (Eds.). (1977). Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education. Brattleboro, VT: Experiment Press.Google Scholar

Beck, A. T., & Weishaar, M. E. (1989). Cognitive therapy. In Corsini, R. & Wedding, D. (Eds.), Current pyschotherapies (4th ed., pp. 285–322). Itasca, IL: Peacock.Google Scholar

Bennett, J. M. (1986). Modes of cross-cultural training: Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as education. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 117–134.Google Scholar

Bernal., M. E., & Padilla, A. M. (1982). Status of minority curricula and training in clinical psychology. American Psychologist, 37, 780–787.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1996). Development of a culture theory-based assimilator: Application of individualism and collectivism in cross-cultural training. Best Paper Proceedings (pp. 147–150), Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Cincinnati.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2001). Evolution of culture assimilators: Toward theory-based assimilators. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 141–163.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. W. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 162–191.Google Scholar

Bright, M. I. (2005). Can Japanese mentoring enhance understanding of Western mentoring? Employee Relations, 27(4), 325–339.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (1993). Culture-general assimilator: Preparation for various types of sojourners. In Paige, R. M. (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 281–299). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C., & Yong, M. (1986). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Yoshida, T. (1994). Intercultural communication training: An introduction. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Bryden, C. (2005). Dancing with dementia: My story of living positively with dementia. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar

Casas, J. M. (1982). Counseling psychology in the marketplace: The status of ethnic minorities. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 61–67.Google Scholar

Casas, J. M. (1984). Policy, training, and research in counseling psychology: The racial/ethnic minority perspective. In Brown, S. & Lent, R. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 785–831). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Casas, J. M., Ponterotto, J. G., & Guttierrez, J. M. (1986). An ethical indictment of counseling research and training: The cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 347–349.Google Scholar

Casse, P. (1981). Training for the cross-cultural mind (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Society of Intercultural Education.Google Scholar

Cave, P. (2004). Bukatsudo: The educational role of Japanese school clubs. Journal of Japanese Studies, 30(2), 383–415.Google Scholar

Chemers, M. M. (1969). Cross-cultural training as a means of improving situational favorableness. Human Relations, 22, 531–546.CrossRef Google Scholar

Cole, J. (1996). Beyond prejudice: Teaching tools, a Triad Model approach for reduction of prejudicial behavior. Ellensburg, WA: Growing Images.Google Scholar

Cook, V. (2001). Using the first language in the classroom. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(3), 402–423.Google Scholar

Corrigan, J., Dell, D. M., Lewis, K. N., & Schmidt, L. D. (1980). Counseling as a social influence process: A review [Monograph]. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Corsini, R. J. (Ed.). (1981). Handbook of innovative psychotherapies. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1995).Intercultural interactions: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Landis, D. (1996). The intercultural sensitizer. In Landis, D. & Bhagat, R. S. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 185–202). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Davies, R. J., & Ikeno, O. (2002). The Japanese mind: Understanding contemporary Japanese culture. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing.Google Scholar

DeMello, C. (1995). Acting the culture contrast. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 59–68). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1975). Psychology of the Mexican: Culture and personality. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Fiedler, F. E., Mitchell, T., & Triandis, H. C. (1970). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training (Technical Report 70-5). Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Navy.Google Scholar

Fiedler, F. E., Mitchell, T., & Triandis, H. C. (1971). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 95–102.Google Scholar

Flanagan, J. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327–358.Google Scholar

Fowler, S., & Blohm, J. M. (2004). An analysis of methods for intercultural training. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 37–84). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Freud, S. (1995). The basic writings of Sigmund Freud (Psychopathology of everyday life, the interpretation of dreams, and three contributions to the theory of sex). New York, NY: Modern Library.Google Scholar

Fujimoto, D. (2004). Adapting the contrast culture method to the classroom. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 7, 43–61.Google Scholar

Gochenour, T. (1977a). The albatross. In Batchelder, D. & Warner, E. G. (Eds.), Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education (pp. 131–136). Brattleboro, VT: Experiment Press.Google Scholar

Gochenour, T. (1977b). The owl. In Batchelder, D. & Warner, E. G. (Eds.), Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education (pp. 125–130). Brattleboro, VT: Experiment Press.Google Scholar

Goldfried, M. R. (1988). Application of rational restructuring to anxiety disorders. The Counseling Psychologist, 16, 50–68.Google Scholar

Goodyear, R., & Robyack, J. (1981). Counseling as an interpersonal influence process: A perspective for counseling practice. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 60, 654–657.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1983). Basic training design: Approaches to intercultural training. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Issues in theory and design (Vol. 1, pp. 118–154). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture, New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Harper, F. D., & McFadden, J. (Eds.). (2003). Culture and counseling: New approaches. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.Google Scholar

Harrison, R., & Hopkins, R. L. (1967). The design of cross-cultural training: An alternative to the university model. Journal of Behavioral Science, 3, 431–460.Google Scholar

Hines, A. B., & Pedersen, P. (1980). The cultural grid: Matching social system variables and cultural perspectives. Asian Pacific Training Development Journal, 1, 5–11.Google Scholar

Hiratsuka, H., & Fujimoto, D. (2012). A training evaluation of the Contrast Culture Method workshop for international graduate students in Japan. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 15, 93–108.Google Scholar

Hofner-Saphiere, D. (1997). Ecotonos: A simulation dealing with problem solving and decision making in multicultural groups. Cultural Detective. Retrieved from www.culturaldetective.com/relatedproducts.shtml Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (1986). Cultural differences in teaching and learning. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 301–320.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind – Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. J., Pedersen, P. B., & Hofstede, G. (2002). Exploring culture: Exercises, stories and synthetic cultures. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Ibrahim, F. A., & Arredondo, P. M. (1986). Ethical standards for cross-cultural counseling: Counseling preparation, practice, assessment, and research. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 349–352.Google Scholar

Irvin, R., & Pedersen, P. (1995). The internal dialogue of culturally different clients: An application of the Triad Training Model. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 23, 4–11.Google Scholar

Ito, K., & Triandis, H. C. (1989). Culture assimilator for Japanese visiting the United States. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois.Google Scholar

Jackson, M. A. (1999). Stereotype reversal and triad methods of counselor training: Expanding perspective taking in conceptualizing presenting problems of racial/ethnic minority clients [Doctoral Dissertation]. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943672).Google Scholar

James, D. M., Collins, L. C., & Samoylova, E. (2012). A moment of transformative learning: Creating a disorientating dilemma for a health care student using video feedback. Journal of Transformative Education, 10(4), 236–256.Google Scholar

King, J. (2013). Silence in the second language classroom. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Kohls, R. L., & Knight, J. M. (1994). Developing intercultural awareness: A cross-cultural training handbook (2nd ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Krueger, R. A. (1998). Analyzing and reporting focus group results. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Landis, D., & Miller, A. (1973). The army culture assimilator: Interaction with black soldiers. Philadelphia, PA: Center for Social Development.Google Scholar

Lefley, H. P., & Pedersen, P. B. (1986). Cross-cultural training for mental health professionals. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar

Loo, C. (1980a). Bicultural contextualizer model for cultural sensitivity in counseling: Transcript, understanding ethnic identity. Santa Cruz, CA: Chinatown Research Center and the University of California.Google Scholar

Loo, C. (1980b). Bicultural contextualizer model for cultural sensitivity in counseling: Transcript, harmful assumptions. Santa Cruz, CA: Chinatown Research Center and the University of California.Google Scholar

Luria, A. R. (1961). The role of speech in regulation of normal and abnormal behavior (Tizzard, J. Ed.). New York, NY: Liverwright.Google Scholar

Malpass, R. S., & Salancik, G. R. (1977). Linear and branching formats in culture assimilator training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1(2), 76–87.Google Scholar

Mead, G. H. (1982). The individual and the social self: Unpublished work of George Herbert Mead (Miller, D. L., Ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Morisaki, S., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1994). Face in Japan and the United States. In Ting-Toomey, S. (Ed.). The challenge of facework, (pp. 47–93). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Mumford, M. G., & Fowler, S. M. (1999). Intercultural sourcebook. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Neimeyer, G. J., Fukuyama, M. A., Bingham, R. P., Hall, L. E., & Mussenden, M. E. (1986). Training cross-cultural counselors: A comparison of the pro and anti-counselors triad models. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 437–439.Google Scholar

Nelson, L. J.,^, Potrac, P., & Groom, R. (2014). Receiving video-based feedback in elite ice-hockey: A player’s perspective. Sport, Education & Society, 19(1), 19–40.Google Scholar

Nishiyama, K. (1996/2006). Welcoming the Japanese visitor: Insights, tips, tactics. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar

Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177–182.CrossRef Google Scholar

O’Brien, G. E., Fiedler, F. E., & Hewett, T. (1970). The effects of programmed culture training upon the performance of volunteer medical teams in Central America. Human Relations, 24, 209–231.Google Scholar

Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., Pan, X., Takai, J., & Wilcox, R. (2001). Face and facework in conflict: a cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Communication Monographs, 68(3), 235–258.Google Scholar

Paige, R. M. (Ed.). (1993). Education for the intercultural experience (2nd ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (1976). A cross-cultural triad training model for counselors. International Student Advisors Office, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (1977). The triad model of cross-cultural counselor training. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 56, 94–100.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (1983). Intercultural training of mental-health providers. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training, Volume 2: Issue in training methodology (pp. 325–352). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (1984). Levels of intercultural communication using the rehearsal demonstration model. Journal of Non-White Concerns, 57–68.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (1988). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (1997). Culture-centered counseling interventions: Striving for accuracy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (2000). Hidden messages in culture-centered counseling: A triad training model. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B. (2004). 110 experiences for multicultural learning. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B., & Brooks-Harris, J. (2005). Pedersen’s triad training model: Five vignettes of culturally different counselors interviewing a single client. Alexandria, VA: Micro Training.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B., Crethar, H., & Carlson, J. (2008). Inclusive cultural empath: Making relationships central in counseling and psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B., Draguns, J. G., Lonner, W. J., & Trimble, J. E. (1976). Counseling across cultures. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B., Fukuyama, M., & Heath, A. (1989). Client, counselor, and contextural variables in multicultural counseling. In Pedersen, P. B., Draguns, J. B., Lonner, W. J., & Trimble, J. E. (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (pp. 23–52). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B., & Hernandez, D. (1997). Decisional dialogues in a cultural context: Structured exercises. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. B., & Ivey, A. (1993). Culture-centered counseling and interviewing skills: A practical guide. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Pike, R. W. (2003). Creative training techniques handbook: Tips, tactics, and how-to’s for delivering effective training (3rd ed.). Human Resource Development Press.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., & Casas, J. M. (1987). In search of multicultural competence within counselor education programs. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 430–434.Google Scholar

President’s Commission on Mental Health (1978). Report from the President’s Commission on Mental Health. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Pusch, M. D. (2004). Intercultural training in historical perspective. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 1–36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. London, UK: Constable.Google Scholar

Roysircar, G., Sandhu, D. S., & Bibbins, V. E. Sr. (2003). Multicultural competencies: A guidebook of practices. Alexandria, VA: Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.Google Scholar

Seelye, H. N. (1996). Experiential activities for intercultural learning. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Shirts, G. (1973). BAFA-BAFA: A cross-cultural simulation. Del Mar, CA: Simile 11.Google Scholar

Singelis, T. (1997). Teaching about culture, ethnicity, and diversity: Exercises and planned activities. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Smith, E. J. (1982). Counseling psychology in the marketplace: The status of ethnic minorities. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 61–67.Google Scholar

Stewart, E. C. (1966). The simulation of cultural differences. Journal of Communication, 16, 291–304.Google Scholar

Stewart, E. C. (1972). American cultural patterns: A cross-cultural approach. Pittsburgh, PA: Regional Council for International Education.Google Scholar

Stewart, E. C. (1995). Contrast-culture training. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 47–57). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural.Google Scholar

Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stringer, D. M., & Cassiday, P. A. (2009). 52 activities for improving cross-cultural communication. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey.Google Scholar

Strous, M. (1997). Counsellor inner dialogue as an impediment or facilitation of therapeutic alliance in multicultural counselling. [Research proposal for a dissertation]. University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W. (1980). Evaluation report from DISC 1978–1979. Honolulu, HI: East–West Center.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E., & Vasquez-Nuttal, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 45–52. In P. B. Pedersen (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural counseling and therapy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1981). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1990). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Sue, S., Akutsu, P. D., & Higashi, C. (1985). Training issues in conducting therapy with ethnic minority-group clients. In Pedersen, P. B. (Ed.), Handbook on cross-cultural counseling and therapy (pp. 275–280). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Sue, S., Allen, D., & Conaway, L. (1975). The responsiveness and equality of mental health care to Chicanos and Native Americans. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45, 111–118.Google Scholar

Sue, S., & McKinney, H. (1974). Delivery of community health services to black and white clients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 794–801.Google Scholar

Sue, S., McKinney, H., Allen, D., & Hall, J. (1974). Delivery of community health services to black and white clients. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 41, 794–801.Google Scholar

Sueda, K. (2014). Negotiating multiple identities: Shame and pride among Japanese returnees. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar

Thiagarajan, S. T., & Thiagarajan, R. (2011). Barnga 25th anniversary edition: A simulation game on cultural clashes [Kindle edition]. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Tolbert, A. S. S. (1990). Venezuelan culture assimilator: Incidents designed for training US professionals conducting business in Venezuela [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (1995a). Culture-specific assimilators. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 179–186). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (1995b). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), 323–338.Google Scholar

Trifonovitch, G. (1977). On cross-cultural orientation techniques. In Brislin, R. W. (Ed.), Culture learning: Concepts, applications, and research (pp. 213–222). Honolulu, HI: East–West Center, University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934/1986). Thought and language (Kozulin, A., Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Original work published in 1934).Google Scholar

Wadden, P. (1993). A handbook for teaching English at Japanese universities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wade, P., & Bernstein, B. L. (1991). Culture sensitivity training and counselor’s race: Effects on black female clients’ perceptions and attrition. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 9–15.Google Scholar

Weeks, W. H., Pedersen, P. B., & Brislin, R. W. (1979). Manual of structured experiences for cross-cultural learning. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Yoshida, T. (1994). Interpersonal versus non-interpersonal realities: An effective tool individualists can use to better understand collectivists. In Brislin, R. & Yoshida, T. (Eds.). Improving intercultural interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Yoshida, T., Gimbayashi, R., Suzuki, S., & Tamura, Y. (2015). The Triad Training Model for collectivists. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 19, 151–165.Google Scholar

Yum, J. O. (1988). The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in east Asia. Communication Monographs, 55(4), 374–388.Google Scholar

References

Abreu, J. M., Gim Chung, R. H., & Atkinson, D. R. (2000). Multicultural counseling training: Past, present, and future directions. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 641–656. DOI: 10.1177/0011000000285003Google Scholar

American Counseling Association (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.Google Scholar

American Psychological Association (1993). Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations. American Psychologist, 48, 45–48. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.45Google Scholar

American Psychological Association (1996). Guidelines and principles for accreditation of programs in professional psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

American Psychological Association (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377–402. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.5.377Google Scholar

American Psychological Association (2013). Guidelines and principles for accreditation of programs in professional psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Arrendondo, P., & Arciniega, G. M. (2001). Strategies and techniques for counselor training based on the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29, 263–273. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2001.tb00469.xGoogle Scholar

Arthur, N. (Ed.). (2018). Counseling in cultural context: Identity and social justice. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Google Scholar

Arthur, N., & Achenbach, K. (2002). Developing multicultural competencies through experiential learning. Counselor Education and Supervision, 42, 2–14. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01299.xGoogle Scholar

Behrnd, V., & Porzelt, S. (2012). Intercultural competence and training outcomes of students with experiences abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 213–223. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.04.005Google Scholar

Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp.147–165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Bennett, J. M., Bennett, M. J., & Landis, D. (2004). Introduction and overview. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp.1–10). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2009). Intercultural communication in a dynamic environment: Preparing managers of developing and developed countries using cultural standard. Psychology & Developing Societies, 21, 161–181. DOI: 10.1177/097133360902100201Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. W. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 413–436.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. W. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied psychology: An international review, 49, 162–191. DOI: 10.1111/1464-0597.00009Google Scholar

Bieschke, K., Perez, R. M., & DeBord, K. A. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (2nd ed.). Washington, DC. American Psychological Association. DOI: org.ezproxy.uwindsor.ca/10.1037/11482-000 Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Horvath, A. M. (1997). Cross-cultural training and multicultural education. In Berry, J. W., Segall, M. H., & Kağıtçıbaşi, C. (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Social behaviors and applications (pp. 327–369). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Yoshida, T. (1994a). Intercultural communication training: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Yoshida, T. (Eds.). (1994b). Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs (Vol. 2). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Canadian Psychological Association (1996). Guidelines for non-discriminatory practice. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Canadian Psychological Association (2011). Accreditation standards and procedures for doctoral programmes and internships in professional psychology (Fifth revision).Google Scholar

Carter, R. T. (Ed.). (2005). Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Casas, J. M. (2017). The history of multicultural psychology: From the perspective of two opposing forces. In Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., Alexander, C. M., & Jackson, M. A. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (4th ed., pp. 3–16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., Alexander, C. M. & Jackson, M. A. (2017) (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural counseling (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Constantine, M. G., & Ladany, N. (1996). New visions for defining and assessing multicultural competence. In Pope-Davis, D. & Coleman, H. L. K. (Eds.), Multicultural counseling competencies: Assessment, education and training, and supervision (pp. 482–498). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Constantine, M. G., Miville, M. L., & Kindaichi, M. M. (2008). Multicultural competence in counseling psychology practice and training. In Brown, S. D. & Lent, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology, (4th ed., pp. 141–158). New Jersey: Wiley.Google Scholar

Cooke, R. A., & Lafferty, J. C. (1983). The organizational culture inventory. Plymouth, MI: Human Synergistics.Google Scholar

Cooke, R. A., & Lafferty, J. C. (1995). Culture for diversity inventory. Arlington Heights, IL: Human Synergistics/Center for Applied Research.Google Scholar

Cushner, K. (2011). Intercultural research in teacher education: An essential intersection in the preparation of globally competent teachers. Action in Teacher Education, 33, 601–614 DOI: 10.1080/01626620.2011.627306Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1996). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1997). Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs (Vol. 2). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Dana, R. H., & Allen, J. (2008) (Eds.). Cultural competency training in a global society. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar

D’Andrea, M., Daniels, J., & Heck, R. (1991). Evaluating the impact of multicultural counseling training. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 45–52. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01576.xGoogle Scholar

Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Owen, J., Hook, J. N., Rivera, D. P., Choe, E., Van Tongeren, D. R., Worthington, E. L. Jr., & Placeres, V. (2018). The multicultural orientation framework: A narrative review. Psychotherapy, 55, 89–100. DOI: 10.1037/pst0000160Google Scholar

Detweiler, R. (1975). On inferring the intentions of a person from another culture. Journal of Personality, 43, 591–611.Google Scholar

Detweiler, R. (1978). Culture, category width, and attributions: A model building approach to the reasons for cultural effects. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 9, 259–284.Google Scholar

Fowler, S. M. (2006). Training across cultures: What intercultural trainers bring to diversity training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 401–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.12.001Google Scholar

Fowler, S. M., & Blohm, J. M. (2004). An analysis of methods for intercultural training. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp.37–84). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Gerstein, L. H., Heppner, P. P., Ægisdóttir, S., Leung, S. A., & Norsworthy, K. L. (2009). International handbook of cross-cultural counseling: Cultural assumptions and practices worldview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421–443.Google Scholar

Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano, V. L., Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 224–235. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224Google Scholar

Hays, P. A. (1996). Addressing the complexities of culture and gender in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 332–338. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01876.xGoogle Scholar

Heppner, P. P., Casas, J. M., Carter, J., & Stone, G. L. (2000). The maturation of counseling psychology: Multifaceted perspectives, 1978–1998. In Brown, S. D. & Lent, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology, (3rd, ed., pp. 3–49). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Hipolito-Delgado, C. P., Cook, J. M., Avrus, E. M., & Bonham, E. J. (2011). Developing counseling students’ multicultural competence through the Multicultural Action Project. Counselor Education and Supervision, 50, 402–421. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6978.2011.tb01924.xGoogle Scholar

Jackson, M. L. (1995). Multicultural counseling: Historical perspectives. In Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M., (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 3–16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Kim, B. S. K., & Abreu, J. M. (2001). Acculturation measurement: Theories, current instruments, and future directions. In Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M., (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 394–424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Kim, B. S. K., & Lyons, H. Z. (2003). Experiential activities and multicultural counseling competence training. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81, 400–408. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00266.xGoogle Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H. (2012). Situating multicultural counseling in the Canadian cultural context: A reflection on Clemmont Vontress’s Works. In Moodley, R., Epp, L., & Yusuf, H. (Eds.), Counseling across the Cultural Divide: The Clemmont E. Vontress Reader (pp. 261–275). United Kingdom: PCCS Books, UKGoogle Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H. (2014). Coping, acculturation, and psychological adaptation among migrants: A theoretical and empirical review and synthesis of the literature. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal, 2, 16–33. DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2013.843459Google Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H. (2018a). Refugee-serving multicultural therapy practicum: An example of a culture- infused, service-based training program. In Arthur, N. (Ed.), Counseling in cultural context: Identity and social justice (pp. 359–379). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Google Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H. (2018b). Responding to refugee mental health needs by training Canadian psychologists in cultural clinical competence. Psynopsis, 4, 4–7.Google Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H., & Arcuri, A. (2014). Multicultural therapy practicum involving refugees: Description and illustration of a training model. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 1021–1052. DOI: 10.1177/0011000013491610Google Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H., & Boucher, C. M. (2020). Training and preparing therapist trainees to work with refugee clients through a multicultural psychotherapy practicum: The training model and its learning impacts. In Kottler, J., Banu, S., & Jani, S. (Eds.), Handbook of refugee experience: Trauma, resilience, and recovery (pp. 330–342). San Diego, CA: Cognella Academic Publishing.Google Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H., & Roysircar, G. (2004). Predictors of acculturation for Chinese adolescents in Canada: Age of arrival, length of stay, social class, and English reading ability. Journal of Multicultural Counselling and Development, 32, 143–154. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2004.tb00367.xGoogle Scholar

Kuo, B. C. H., Soucie, K., & Huang, S. (2019). Developing clinical trainees’ multicultural counseling competencies through working with refugees in a multicultural psychotherapy practicum: A mixed-methods investigation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. DOI: 10.1007/s10447-019-09392-8Google Scholar

LaFromboise, T. D., Coleman, H. L. K., & Hernandez, A. (1991). Development and factor structure of the Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory-Revised. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 380–388. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.22.5.380Google Scholar

Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). (Eds.). Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Landis, D., & Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2004). Synthesizing theory building and practice in intercultural training. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.). Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 453– 468). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Leong, F. T. L., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2003). A proposal to internationalizing counseling psychology in the United States: Rationale, recommendations, and challenges. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 381–395. DOI: 10.1177/0011000003031004001Google Scholar

Littrell, L. N., Salas, E., Hess, K. P., Paley, M., & Reidel, S. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 355–388. DOI: 20.2277/2534484306290106Google Scholar

Malott, K. M. (2010). Multicultural counselor training in a single course: Review of research. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 38, 51–63. DOI:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00113.xGoogle Scholar

McAuliffe, G. J. & Associates (2020). Culturally alert counseling: A comprehensive introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K., Ehnert, I., Oddou, G., Osland, J. S., & Kuhlmann, T. M. (2004). Evaluation studies of cross-cultural training programs: A review of the literature from 1988 to 2000. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 129–143). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Mosher, D. K., Hook, J. N., Captari, L. E., Davis, D. E., & DeBlaere, C. (2017). Cultural humility: A therapeutic framework for engaging diverse clients. Practice Innovations, 2, 221–233. DOI: 10.1037/pri0000055Google Scholar

Paige, R. M. (2004). Instrumentation in intercultural training. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp.85–128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. (1987). Handbook of cross-cultural counseling and therapy. NY. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. (1991). Multiculturalism as a fourth force in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 5–25.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. (1994). Multicultural counseling. In Brislin, R.W. & Yoshida, Tomoko (Eds.), Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs (pp. 221–240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. (2000). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness (3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P. (2003). “Walking the talk”: Simulations in multicultural training. In Roysircar, G., Sandhu, D. S., & Bibbins, V. E. Sr. (Eds.), Multicultural competencies: A guidebook of practices (pp. 29–37). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P., Draguns, J., Lonner, W., Trimble, J., & Scharron-del Rio, M. R., (Eds.). (2015). Counseling across cultures (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pieterse, A. L., Evans, S. A., Risner-Butner, A., Collins, N. M., & Mason, L. B. (2009). Multicultural competency and social justice training in counseling psychology and counselor education: A review and analysis of a sample of multicultural course syllabi. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 93–115. DOI: 10.1177/0011000008319986Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G. (2002). Qualitative research methods: The fifth force in psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 394–406.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G. (2008). Theoretical and empirical advances in multicultural counseling and psychology. In Brown, S. D. & Lent, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology, (4th, ed., pp. 121–140). NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., Alexander, C. M., & Grieger, I. (1995). A multicultural competency checklist for counseling training programs. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 23, 11–20.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (1995) (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (2001) (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (2010) (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural counseling (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S. O., Rieger, B., & Austin, R. (2000). A construct validity study of the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale (MCAS). Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S. O., Rieger, B., & Austin, R. (2002). A revision of the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30, 153–180. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2002.tb00489.xGoogle Scholar

Pope, M., Pangelinan, J. S., & Coker, A. D. (2011). Handouts for experiential activities for teaching multicultural competency in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.Google Scholar

Pope-Davis, D. B., Coleman, H. L. K., Liu, W. M., & Toporek, R. L. (2003 ). Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pope-Davis, D. B., Liu, W. M., Nevitt, J., & Toporek, R. L. (2000). The development and initial validation of the Multicultural Environmental Inventory: A preliminary investigation. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 57–64.Google Scholar

Priester, P. E., Jones, J. E., Jackson-Bailey, C. M., Jana-Masri, A., Jordan, E. X., & Metz, A. (2008). An analysis of content and instructional strategies in multicultural counseling courses. Journal Multicultural Counseling and Development, 36, 29–39. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2008.tb00067.xGoogle Scholar

Richard, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (Eds.) (2014). Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity (2nd ed.). Washington, DC. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Ridley, C. R., & Kleiner, A. J. (2003). Multicultural counseling competence: History, themes, and issues. In Pope-Davis, D. B., Coleman, H. L. K., Liu, W. M., & Toporek, R. L. (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology (pp. 3–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Ridley, C. R., Mendoza, D. W., & Kanitz, B. E. (1994). Multicultural training: Re-examination, operationalization, and integration. The Counseling Psychologist, 22, 227–289. DOI: 10.1177/0011000098266001Google Scholar

Rost-Roth, M. (2009). Intercultural training. In Kotthoff, H. & Spencer-Oatey, H. (Eds.). Hanbook of intercultural communication (pp. 491–518). Berlin, Germany: Mouton deGruyter.Google Scholar

Roysircar, G., Gard, G., Hubbell, R., & Ortega, M. (2005). Development of counseling trainees’ multicultural awareness through mentoring English as Second Language students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 17–36. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00002.xGoogle Scholar

Roysircar, G., Webster, D. R., Germer, J., Palensky, J., Lynne, E., Campbell, G. R., et al. (2003). Experiential training in multicultural counseling: Implementation and evaluation. In Roysircar, G., Sandhu, D. S., & Bibbins, V. E. Sr. (Eds.), Multicultural competencies: A guidebook of practices (pp. 39–50). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.Google Scholar

Sheu, H. B., & Lent, R. W. (2007). Development and initial validation of the Multicultural Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale – Racial Diversity Form. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44, 30–45. DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.44.1.30Google Scholar

Smith, T. B., Constantine, M. G., Dunn, T. W., Dinehart, J. M., & Montoya, J. A. (2006). Multicultural education in the mental health professions: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 132–145. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.132Google Scholar

Smith, T. B., & Silva, L. (2011). Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 42–60. DOI: 10.1037/a0021528Google Scholar

Smith, T. B., & Trimble, J. E. (2016). Foundations of multicultural psychology: Research to inform effective practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Sodowsky, G. R., Taffe, R. C., Gutkin, T., & Wise, S. L. (1994). Development of the multicultural counseling inventory: A self-report of multicultural competencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 137–148. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.41.2.137Google Scholar

Speight, S. L., & Vera, E. M. (2008). Social justice and counseling psychology: A challenge to the profession. In Brown, S. D. & Lent, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology, (4th, ed., pp. 54–67). New Jersey: Wiley.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 477–486. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.1992.tb00563.xGoogle Scholar

Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. B., Durran, M., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E., & Vasquez-Nuttall, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 45–52. DOI: 10.1177/0011000082102008Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling culturally diverse: Theory and practice (5th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Sue, D. W., & Torino, G. C. (2005). Racial-cultural competence: Awareness, knowledge and skills. In Carter, R. T. (Ed.), Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling (pp. 3–18). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Toporek, R. L., Gerstein, L. H., Fouad, N. A., Roysircar, G., & Israel, T. (2006) (Eds.). Handbook of social justice in counseling psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

United Nations Higher Commission of Refugees (2019). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2018. www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/5d08d7ee7/unhcr-global-trends-2018.html Google Scholar

Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2008). Research foundation of cultural competency training. In Dana, R. H. & Allen, J. (Eds.). International and cultural psychology cultural competency training in a global society (pp. 117–133). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar

Van der Zee, K., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2000). The multicultural personality questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309.Google Scholar

Van der Zee, K., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2001). The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: Reliability and validity of self- and other ratings of multicultural effectiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 278–288.Google Scholar

Vera, E. M., & Speight, S. L. (2003). Multicultural competence, social justice, and counseling psychology: Our expanding roles. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 253–272 DOI: 10.1177/0011000002250634Google Scholar

Wrenn, C. G. (1962). The culturally encapsulated counselor. Harvard Educational Review, 32, 444–449.Google Scholar

Yoon, E., Langrehr, K., & Ong, L. Z. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22-year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 83–96. DOI: 10.1037/a0021128Google Scholar

References

86th Airlift Wing Public Affairs (2018, April 12). An opportunity for multilingual Airmen. Retrieved July 9, 2018. www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1491589/an-opportunity-for-multilingual-airmen/Google Scholar

361 Interactive (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2011, from www.361interactive.com/Google Scholar

Abbe, A., Gulick, L. M. V., & Herman, J. L. (2007). Cross-cultural competence in Army leaders: A conceptual and empirical foundation (ARI Study Report 2008–01). Arlington, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.Google Scholar

Aytug, Z. G., Rua, T., Brazeal, D. V., Almaraz, J. A., & González, C. B. (2018). A socio-cultural approach to multicultural experience: Why interactions matter for creative thinking but exposures don’t. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 64, 29–42.Google Scholar

Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity. In Landis, D., Bennett, J., & Bennett, M. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 147–165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. (1998). The role of culture theory in cross cultural training: A multi method study of culture specific, culture general, and culture theory-based assimilators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 630–655.Google Scholar

Blascovich, J. J., & Hartel, C. R. (2008). Intercultural competence. In Blascovich, J. J. & Hartel, C. R. (Eds.), Human behavior in military contexts (pp. 20–28). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved November 8, 2011, from www.nap.edu/catalog/12023.html Google Scholar

Briscoe, J., & Hall, D. (1999). Grooming and picking leaders using competency frameworks: Do they work? An alternative approach and new guidelines for practice. Organizational Dynamics, 28, 37–52.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (1986). A culture general assimilator: Preparation for various types of sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 215–234.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (1970, Nov.). The content and evaluation of cross-cultural training programs. Arlington, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses Science and Technology Division. Paper P-671.Google Scholar

Brugman, C., Reinhart, G., Feinberg, E., Glazer, S., Falk, M., & Castle, S. (2010, Sept.). Cross-cultural and diversity training: A literature review and application to US military operational readiness. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language.Google Scholar

Center for Information Warfare Training Public Affairs (2017, Feb.). New CLREC app offers culture, language tips. Retrieved, July 9, 2018, from www.militaryspot.com/news/new-clrec-app-offers-culture-language-tips Google Scholar

Chief of Naval Operations (2008, Jan.). US Naval Language Skills, Regional Expertise and Cultural Awareness Strategy. Retrieved November 9, 2011 from, www.navy.mil/maritime/Signed_Navy_LREC%20Strategy.pdf Google Scholar

Major.Connable, B. (2018). Human Terrain Systems is dead, long live … what? Building and sustaining military cultural competence in the aftermath of the Human Terrain System. Military Review, Jan.–Feb., 25–33. Retrieved July 9, 2018 from www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/January-February-2018/Human-Terrain-System-is-Dead-Long-Live-What/Google Scholar

Cushner, K. (1989). Assessing the impact of a culture-general assimilator. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 125–146.Google Scholar

Dansby, M. R., & Landis, D. (1996). Intercultural training in the United States military. In Landis, D. & Bhagat, R. S. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 203–215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Day, H. R. (1983). Race relations training in the US military. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. W., (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Volume 2): Issues in training methodology (pp. 241–289). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Defense Foreign Language Steering Committee (2005, Jan.). Defense language transformation roadmap. Retrieved May 2011 from www.defense.gov/news/Mar2005/d20050330roadmap.pdf Google Scholar

Department of Defense (2007a, Oct.). DoD regional and cultural capabilities: The way ahead (OMB No. 0704-0188). Retrieved May 2011 from http://dodreports.com/pdf/ada488851.pdf Google Scholar

Department of Defense (2007b, June). DoD Instruction Number 5160.70 Subject: Management of DoD Language and Regional Proficiency Capabilities. Retrieved from www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/516070p.pdf Google Scholar

Department of Defense (2011, Feb.). Strategic plan for language skills, regional expertise, and cultural capabilities: 2011–2016. Retrieved October 18, 2011, from http://prhome.defense.gov/READINESS/DLO/files/STRAT%20PLAN.pdf Google Scholar

Dinges, N. (1983). Intercultural competence. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.). Handbook of intercultural training, Volume 1: Issues in theory and design (pp. 176–202). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Fallon, S. J. (2014, Feb. 23). Some recent approaches to cultural intelligence gathering. Small Wars Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/some-recent-approaches-to-cultural-intelligence-gathering Google Scholar

Fiedler, F. E., Mitchell, T., & Triandis, H. C. (1971). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(2), 95–102.Google Scholar

Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327–358.Google Scholar

Fosher, K., Mackenzie, L., Tarzi, E., Post, K., & Gauldin, E. (2017). Culture general guidebook for the military professional. Quantico, VA: Center for Advanced Operational Culture Learning. www.usmcu.edu/culture-general-guidebook.Google Scholar

Fowler, S. A., & Blohm, J. M. (2004). An analysis of methods for intercultural training. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.). Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 37–84). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar

Friedland, L., Shaeff, G. W., & Turnley, J. G. (2007). Socio-cultural perspectives: A new intelligence paradigm. Report on the conference at The MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia, September 12, 2006 (MITRE Technical Report MTR70244). Retrieved July 5, 2011, from www.mitre.org/work/tech_papers/tech_papers_08/07_1220 /07_1220.pdf Google Scholar

Gabrenya, W. K. Jr. (2018). Cross-cultural competence to cultural intelligence: Measuring that certain global something. Part 三 [3]: What have we done to deserve the Cultural Intelligence Scale? In D. Thomas (Chair), Cross-cultural competence to cultural intelligence: Measuring that certain global something. Symposium presented at the 24th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Guelph, Canada.Google Scholar

Gabrenya, W. K. Jr., Griffith, R. L., Moukarzel, R. G., Pomerance, M. H., & Reid, P. (2013). Theoretical and practical advances in the assessment of cross-cultural competence. In Schmorrow, D. D. & Nicholson, D. M. (Eds.), Advances in design for cross-cultural activities. Part I (pp. 317–331). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Gallus, J. A., Gouge, M., Antolic, E., Fosher, K., Jasparro, V., Coleman, S. … Klafehn, J. L. (2014). Cross-cultural competence in the Department of Defense: An annotated bibliography. (Special Report 71). Fort Belvoir, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Retrieved July 8, 2018, from www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA599260.Google Scholar

Gelfand, M. (2008). Culture and negotiations. In Blascovich, J. J. & Hartel, C. R. (Eds.), Human behavior in military contexts (pp. 85–105). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved November 8, 2011, from www.nap.edu/catalog/12023.html.Google Scholar

Glazer, S., Hamedani, N., Kayton, K., Maloney, S., & Weinberg, A. (2011, November). Regional expertise and culture throughout the Department of Defense: The Department of Defense research landscape. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language.Google Scholar

Glazer, S., Hamedani, N., Kayton, K., & Weinberg, A. (2014). Culture research landscape throughout the United States Department of Defense. In Jackson, L. T. B., Meiring, D., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Idemoudia, E. S., & Gabrenya, W. K. Jr. (Eds.), Toward sustainable development through nurturing diversity: Selected papers from the Twenty-First International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Melbourne, FL: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from www.iaccp.org/sites/default/files/stellenbosch_pdf/Glazer.pdf Google Scholar

Glazer, S., Saner, L., Paletz, S., Pavisic, I., & Mathis, A. (2014, July). Attitudes and performance implications of cross-cultural training. In W. Gabrenya & C. Ward (co-Chairs). Expats, repats, students and the rest: Studies along the lifecycle of generation globalization. Symposium presented at the 22nd International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Reims, France.Google Scholar

Glazer, S., Saner, L., Pavisic, I., & Barnes, M. (2014). Cross-cultural training and education for detection. In Egeth, J. D., Schmorrow, D., & Klein, G. L. (Eds.), Sociocultural behavior sensemaking: State-of-the-art in understanding the operational environment. McLean, VA: MITRE.Google Scholar

Greene Sands, R. R. (2016). Assessing special operations forces language, region, and culture needs: Leveraging digital and LRC learning to reroute the “roadmap” from human terrain to human domain. Joint Special Operations University Report 16–8. MacDill Airforce Base, FL: The JSOU Press. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from www.hsdl.org/?view&did=794565 Google Scholar

Hajjar, R. (2006). The Army’s new TRADOC culture center. Military Review, Nov.–Dec., 89–92.Google Scholar

Hardison, C. H., Sims, C. S., Ali, F., Villamizar, A., Mundell, B. F., & Howe, P. (2009). Cross-cultural skills for deployed Air Force personnel: Defining cross-cultural performance. (Air Force Research Number: MG-811-AF). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. As of November 2, 2011: www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG811.Google Scholar

Headquarters, Department of the Army (2008, October 6). Stability Operations (Publication Field Manual No. 3-07). Valid as of November 9, 2011: www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-07.pdf Google Scholar

Headquarters, Department of the Army (2009, December). Army Culture and Foreign Language Strategy. Valid as of March 23, 2011: https://atn.army.mil/dsp_template.aspx?dpID=2 Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Howcroft, J. (2013, June 25). Things Americans need to know: How to be better partners. Small Wars Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/things-americans-need-to-know-how-to-be-better-partners Google Scholar

Howcroft, J. (2014, May 3). Things that partners need to know about working with Americans. Small Wars Journal. Retrieved January 4, 2015, from http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/things-that-partners-need-to-know-about-working-with-americans Google Scholar

Jex, S. M., & Bliese, P. D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 349–361.Google Scholar

Kirkpatrick, R. (1975). Evaluating training programs. Madison, WI: American Society for Training and Development.Google Scholar

Kobus, D. A., & Viklund, E. P. (2013). Assessing changes in decision making as a result of training. In Schmorrow, D. D. & Nicholson, D. M. (Eds.), Advances in design for cross-cultural activities. Part I (pp. 77–85). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Kruse, J. E., McKenna, S., Bleicher, N. B., Hawley, T. E., Hyde, A., Rogers, S., & Fenner, L. M. (2008, Nov.). Building language skills and cultural competencies in the military: DOD’s challenge in today’s educational environment. Report for the US House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Oversight & Investigations. Retrieved May 2011, from http://prhome.defense.gov/READINESS/ DLO/files/LanguageCultureReportNov08_HASC.pdf Google Scholar

Kwantes, C. T., & Glazer, S. (2017). Culture, organizations, and work: Clarifying concepts. In Glazer, S. & Kwantes, C. T. (Series Eds.), SpringerBriefs in culture, organizations, & work. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.Google Scholar

Lacefield, M., Tarr, R., & Malone, N. (2013). Instructional strategies for cross-cultural perceptual skills in military training. In Schmorrow, D. D. & Nicholson, D. M. (Eds.), Advances in design for cross-cultural activities. Part I (pp. 23–34). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Leung, A. K.-y., Lee, S., & Chiu, C.-y. (2013). Meta-knowledge of culture promotes cultural competence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 992–1006.Google Scholar

Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (2004). Social axioms: A model for social beliefs in multicultural perspective. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 36, pp. 119–197). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Littrell, L. N., & Salas, E. (2005). A review of cross-cultural training: Best practices, guidelines, and research needs Human Resource Development Review, 4, 3–5, 334.Google Scholar

Mackenzie, L., Gauldin, E., & Tarzi, E. (2018). 2018 military cross-cultural competence: An annotated bibliography. Center for Advanced Operational Learning, Quantico, VA. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059390.pdf Google Scholar

MacMillan, J., Freeman, J., Zacharias, G. L., Bullock, B., & Pfautz, J. (2010, August). Strategic roadmap for human social, cultural, and behavioral science and technology. Washington, DC: Aptima.Google Scholar

MacMillan, J., Walker, A., Clarke, E., & Marc, Y. (2013). Cultural awareness training or Marine Corps Operations: The CAMO [Cultural Awareness for Marine Operations] Project. In Schmorrow, D. D. & Nicholson, D. M. (Eds.), Advances in design for cross-cultural activities. Part I (pp. 277–286). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Maloney, S., & Bloomfield, A. (2012, Aug.). Regional Proficiency Assessment Tool: Providing the capacity to characterize the RP of military personnel. (CASL Fact Research Fact Sheet). College Park, MD: Center for Advanced Study of Language. Contract No. TTO 81235. Retrieved January 6, 2015, from www.casl.umd.edu/sites/default/files/FS_81235_2012-08_FINAL.pdf Google Scholar

Marine Corps Vision and Strategy 2025 (2008). Retrieved May 2011, from www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/Vision%20Strat%20lo%20res.pdf Google Scholar

Mason, M. C. (2017). Strategic insights: Lost in translation. Strategic Studies Institute. Retrieved July 8, 2018, from https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/index.cfm/articles/Lost-In-Translation/2017/08/17 Google Scholar

Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., & Schaab, B. (in review). Evaluation of GlobeSmart Commander (GSC). Arlington, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.Google Scholar

McCloskey, M. J., Behymer, K. J., Papautsky, E. L., Ross, K. G., & Abbe, A. (2010). A developmental model of cross-cultural competence at the tactical level. (Technical Report No. 1278). Alexandria, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.Google Scholar

McFate, M. (2005) Anthropology and counterinsurgency: The strange story of their curious relationship. Military Review, March–April, 24–38.Google Scholar

Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management, 10, 39–47.Google Scholar

Mendenhall, M. E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G., & Maznevski, M. (2008). Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar

Military Intelligence (2014, Jan.–Mar.). TRADOC Culture Center. Retrieved December 28, 2014, from www.fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/2014_01.pdf Google Scholar

Miyoshi Jager, S. (2007, Nov.). On the uses of cultural knowledge. Valid as of November 9, 2011: www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB817.pdf Google Scholar

Morris, M. W., Savani, K., Mor, S., & Cho, J. (2014). When in Rome: Intercultural learning and implications for training. Research in Organizational Behavior, 34, 189–215.Google Scholar

Myers, M. (2018, June 5). Good news, soldiers: The Army has slashed even more mandatory training requirements. Army Times. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/06/05/good-news-soldiers-the-army-has-slashed-even-more-mandatory-training-requirements/Google Scholar

Naval Aviation Enterprise (2006). Science and technology strategic plan. Retrieved from Office of Naval Research, Valid as of November 9, 2011, from www.navair.navy.mil/osbp /atc/presentation/NAE_S&T_Plan_final_wdistro.pdf Google Scholar

Office of Naval Research (2011). Broad Agency Announcement: Human Social Cultural and Behavioral Sciences (HSCB) Applied Research and Advanced Technology Development. ONR BAA Announcement #ONRBAA11–014Google Scholar

Office of Naval Research (2014). Broad Agency Announcement: Minerva Research Initiative. ONR BAA Announcement #14-013. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from www.onr.navy.mil/~/media/Files/Funding-Announcements/BAA/2014/14-013-FINAL.ashx Google Scholar

Office of the Secretary of Defense (2018). Minerva Research Initiative. WHS-AD-FOA-18. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=305546 Google Scholar

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (2017, Feb. 14). Defense intelligence foreign language and regional and culture capabilities. DoD Instruction 3300.07. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from www.hsdl.org/?view&did=798958 Google Scholar

Paletz, S. B. F., Hughes, M. M., & Brugman, C. (2014). RPAT face validity report. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language.Google Scholar

Paletz, S. B. F., Hughes, M. M., Sumer, A., Brugman, C. M., & Bunting, M. (2018). A preliminary validation of the Regional Proficiency Assessment Tool (RPAT). Military Psychology, 30, 528–546.Google Scholar

Pomerleau, M. (2018, Dec. 27). How DIA can recreate the stress of learning in a foreign country. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2018/12/27/how-dia-can-recreate-the-stress-of-learning-in-a-foreign-country/Google Scholar

Pool, R. (2011). Socio-cultural data to accomplish department of defense missions: Toward a unified social framework. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, L. J., & Sieck, W. R. (2013). Metacognitive underpinnings of 3C development. In Schmorrow, D. & Nicholson, D. (Eds.), Advances in design for cross-cultural activities 1 (pp. 332–341). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Reinhart, G., Maloney, S., Brugman, C., Berens, M., Bloomfield, A., Brecht, R., Falk, M., Feinberg, E., Golonka, E., Hefright, B., Karuzis, V., Morrison, M., Slater, R. O., & Strong, R. (2011, Sept). Assessing regional proficiency. College Park, MD: Center for Advanced Study of Language. Contract No. TTO 81234. Retrieved January 6, 2015, from www.casl.umd.edu/sites/default/files/download_5.pdf Google Scholar

Rentsch, J. R., Mot, I., & Abbe, A. (2009, June). Identifying the core content and structure of a schema for cultural understanding. Technical Report 1251 (Army Project Number 622785A790). Arlington, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.Google Scholar

Ross, K. G. (2008, Spring). Toward an operational definition of Cross-Cultural Competence from interview data. DEOMI Internal Report CCC-08-1.Google Scholar

Rotkoff, S. (2013, Nov. 7). Educating the force for strategic land power. Small Wars Journal. Retrieved January 2, 2015, from http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/educating-the-force-for-strategic-land-power Google Scholar

Salmoni, B. A., & Holmes-Eber, P. (2008). Operational culture for the warfighter: Principles and applications. Quantico, VA: Marine Corps University Press.Google Scholar

Sassenrath, C., Hodges, S. D., & Pfattheicher, S. (2016). It’s all about the self: When perspective taking backfires. Current Directions in Psychology, 25(6), 405–410. DOI: 10.1177/0963721416659253Google Scholar

Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychologist, 45, 109–119.Google Scholar

Schmitt, E. (2004, Aug. 26). The reach of war: Abu Ghraib report; abuses at prison tied to officers in intelligence. The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2018, from https://nyti.ms/2kZzgDJ Google Scholar

Schmorrow, D., & Nicholson, D. (Eds.) (2013). Advances in design for cross-cultural activities 1 Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Schroeder, B. (2018, May 8). Soldiers bridge language, cultural barriers at combined resolve exercise. US Department of Defense. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1514673/soldiers-bridge-language-cultural-barriers-at-combined-resolve-exercise/Google Scholar

Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48, 23–47.Google Scholar

Segall, M. H., Lonner, W. J., & Berry, J. W. (1998). Cross-cultural psychology as a scholarly discipline: On the flowering of culture in behavioral research. American Psychologist, 53, 1101–1110.Google Scholar

Selmeski, B. (2009). Quality enhancement plan: Cross-culturally competent airmen. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University.Google Scholar

Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2013). Metacognitive strategies for making sense of cross-cultural encounters. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1007–1023.Google Scholar

Soeters, J. L., & Recht, R. (2001). Convergence or divergence in the multinational classroom? Experiences from the military. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 423–440.Google Scholar

Sutton, J. L., & Gundling, E. (2005). Enabling cultural adaptability. In Strategies to Maintain Combat Readiness during Extended Deployments – A Human Systems Approach (pp. 12.1–12.10). Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-HFM-124, Paper 12. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: RTO. Available from www.rto.nato.int/abstracts.asp.Google Scholar

Sutton, J. L., & Pierce, L. G. (2003, April). A Framework for Understanding Cultural Diversity in Cognition and Teamwork. Paper presented at the 8th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Vienna, VA.Google Scholar

Taliaferro, A., Hinkle, W. P., & Gallo, A. O. (2014, Nov. 26). Foreign culture and its effect on US Department of Defense efforts to train and advise foreign security forces. Small Wars Journal. Retrieved December 29, 2014, from http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/foreign-culture-and-its-effect-on-us-department-of-defense-efforts-to-train-and-advise-fore Google Scholar

The Minerva Research Initiative (n.d.) Funding opportunities. Retrieved December 28, 2014, from http://minerva.dtic.mil/baa.html Google Scholar

The US Army (2017, Feb.). The US Army. functional concept for intelligence 2020–2040. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-2-1. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/tp525–2-1.pdf Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (1975). Culture training, cognitive complexity, and interpersonal altitudes. In Brislin, R., Bochner, S., & Lonner, W. (Eds.) Cross-cultural perspectives on learning (pp. 39–78). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., Brislin, R., & Hui, C. H. (1988). Cross-cultural training across the individualism–collectivism divide. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12(3), 269–289. DOI: 10.1016/0147-1767(88)90019-3Google Scholar

University of Military Intelligence (n.d.). Cultural awareness and terrorism studies. (Materials for Course 3A-F82/243/F30). Retrieved December 28, 2014, from https://rdl.train.army.mil/catalog-ws/view/100.ATSC/558A0F93-FD12–4496-87C5–83858F039AE5–1276037829519/cultural_awareness/cultural_awareness.htm Google Scholar

US Air Force (2009, May). Air Force Culture, Region & Language Flight Plan. Valid as of November 9, 2011: http://cultureandsecurity.yolasite.com/resources/ flightplan%20Gen%20Schwarz%205-09.pdf Google Scholar

US Air Force (2011, March 18). Developmental Levels for Language, Region and Culture Learning in the US Air Force. [Backgrounder from US Air Force Culture and Language Center], pp. 1–3.Google Scholar

Ward, C. (2004). Psychological theories of culture contact and their implications for intercultural training and interventions. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 185–216). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Warren, R., & Sutton, J. (2008, April). Using a computer game for research on culture and team adaptability: Lessons learned from a NATO experiment. In the Proceedings of the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO) Human Factors and Medicine Panel HFM–142 Symposium on Adaptability in Coalition Teamwork. Copenhagen, Denmark. Retrieved on January 6, 2015.Google Scholar

Wen, Z. (2012). Foreign language aptitude. ELT Journal, 66, 233–235.Google Scholar

Winkler, H., & Kerr, R. (2018, June 5). AFPAK Hands: Time for strategic review? Small Wars Journal. Retrieved July 9, 2018. http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/afpak-hands-time-strategic-review Google Scholar

Winslow, D., Kammhuber, S., & Soeters, J. L. (2004). Diversity management and training in non-American Forces. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of Intercultural Training (3rd ed.). (pp. 395–415). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Wisecarver, M., Ferro, G., Foldes, H., Adis, C., Hope, T., & Hill, M. (2012, Sept.). Regional expertise and culture proficiency. Arlington, VA: Personnel Decisions Research Institutes. Contract No. 4003-01C-45-00. Retrieved Jan 6, 2015.Google Scholar

References

Aguirre, M. (1997). Multiculturalism in a labour market with integrated economies. Management Decision, 35(7), 489–496.Google Scholar

Barney, J. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643–650.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2009). Intercultural training for the global workplace: Review, synthesis, and theoretical explorations. In Bhagat, R. S. & Steers, R. (Eds.), Handbook of culture, organization, and work (pp. 462–488). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. E., & Oddou, G. R. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16, 291–317.Google Scholar

Bond, G. (1992). Principles of the individual placement and support model: Empirical support. Psychiatric Journal, 22(1), 11–23.Google Scholar

Bowen, D. E., & Inkpen, A. C. (2009). Exploring the role of “global mindset” in leading change in international contexts. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(2), 239–260.Google Scholar

Brewster, C., Bonache, J., Cerdin, J. L., & Suutari, V. (2014). Exploring expatriate outcomes. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 1921–1937.Google Scholar

Brewster, C., & Scullion, H. (1997). A review and agenda for expatriate HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 7(3), 32–41.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (1981). Cross-cultural encounters, face-to-face interaction. New York, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., Landis, D., & Brandt, M. (1983). Conceptualizations of intercultural behavior and training. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Issues in theory and design, (Vol. 1, pp. 1–35). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Pedersen, P. (1976). Cross-cultural orientation programs. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Yoshida, T. (1994). Improving intercultural interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Brookfield Global Relocation Services (2014). Global relocation trends survey report. Woodridge, IL.Google Scholar

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2012). US Department of Labor, “The Editor's Desk, Women’s share of labour force to edge higher by 2008.” Available at: www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2000/feb/wk3/art01.htm.Google Scholar

Cappellen, T., & Janssens, M. (2005). Career paths of global managers: Towards future Research. Journal of World Business, 40, 348–360.Google Scholar

Caprar, D. V. (2011). Foreign locals: A cautionary tale on the culture of MNC local employees. Journal of International Business Studies, 42, 608–628.Google Scholar

Collings, D., & Scullion, H. (2009). Global staffing. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(6), 1249–1252.Google Scholar

Collings, D., Scullion, H., & Morely, M. (2007). Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise: Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2), 198–213.Google Scholar

Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11–28.Google Scholar

Cui, G., & Awa, N. E. (1992). Measuring intercultural effectiveness: An integrative approach. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16(3), 311–328.Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1996). Intercultural interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Cutler, J. (2005). The cross-cultural communication trainer’s manual (Vol. 1–2). Burlington, VT: Gower.Google Scholar

Deardoff, D. K. (2008). Intercultural competence – the key competence in the 21st century? Gütersloh/Milan: Bertelsmann Stiftung & Fondazione Cariplo.Google Scholar

Deardoff, D. K. (2009). Intercultural competence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Deardoff, D. K. (2012). Intercultural competence: An emerging focus in post-secondary education. In Deardoff, D. K., de Wit, H., & Heyl, J. D. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of international higher education. London, UK: Sage.Google Scholar

Doucerain, M., Dere, J., & Ryder, A. (2013). Travels in hyper-diversity: Multiculturalism and the contextual assessment of acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(6), 686–699.Google Scholar

Dowling, P. J., & Welch, D. E. (2005). International human resource management – managing people in a multinational context. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.Google Scholar

Earley, P. C. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: moving forward with cultural intelligence. In Staw, B. M. & Kramer, R. M. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior 24 (pp. 271–299). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Fantini, A., & Tirmizi, A. (2006). Exploring and assessing intercultural competence. Final Report of a Research Project conducted by the Federation of The Experiment in International Living with funding support from the Center for Social Development at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar

Feldman, D. C., & Thomas, D. C. (1992). Career management issues facing expatriates. Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 271–294.Google Scholar

Fenwick, M. (2004). On international assignment: Is expatriation the only way to go? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 42, 365–377.Google Scholar

Fernandez, B., Mutabazi, E., & Pierre, P. (2006). International executives, identity strategies and mobility in France and China. Asia Pacific Business Review, 12, 53–76.Google Scholar

Forster, N. (2000). The myth of the international manager. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1), 126–142.Google Scholar

Froese, F. J., & Peltokorpi, V. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 1953–1967.Google Scholar

Hansen, F. (2007). More women sent on international assignment. Compensation & Benefits Review, 39(2), 14–15.Google Scholar

Harvey, M. (1993). Empirical evidence of reoccurring international compensation problems. International Journal of Business Studies, 24(4), 230–241.Google Scholar

Harvey, M. (1997). Inpatriation training: the next challenge for international HRM. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(3), 393–428.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., & Buckley, M. (1997). Managing inpatriates: Building a global core competency. Journal of World Business, 32(1), 35–52.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Fisher, R., McPhail, R., & Moeller, M. (2012) Aligning global organizations’ human capital needs and global supply-chain strategies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 51, 4–21.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Kiessling, T., & Novicevic, M. (2003). Staffing marketing positions during global hypercompetitiveness. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 223–245.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., & Mejias, R. (2002). Addressing the US IT manpower shortage with inpatriates and technological training. Journal of Information Technology Management, 8(3–4), 1–14.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., & Miceli, N. (1999). Exploring inpatriate manager issues: An empirical study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(3), 339–371.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., & Moeller, M. (2009). Expatriate managers: A historical review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(3), 275–296.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., & Moeller, M. (2012). Re-entry of the global cultural “nomads”: The re-conceptualization of repatriation in a global world. In Stahl, G., & Björkman, I. (Eds.), Handbook of research in international human resource management (2nd ed., pp. 343–363). London, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., & Novicevic, M. H. (2006). The evolution from repatriation of managers in MNEs to “patriation” in global organizations. In Stahl, G. K., & Bjorkman, I. (Eds.), Handbook of research in international human resource management (pp. 323–346). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Novicevic, M., Buckley, M., & Fung, H. (2005). Reducing inpatriate managers’ “liability of foreignness” by addressing stigmatization and stereotype threats. Journal of World Business, 40(3), 267–280.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Novicevic, M., & Speier, C. (2000b). Strategic global human resource management: the role of inpatriate managers. Human Resource Management Review, 10(2), 153–175.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Ralston, D., & Napier, N. (2000). International relocation of inpatriate managers: assessing and facilitating acceptance in the headquarters organization. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(6), 825–846.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Reiche, S., & Moeller, M. (2011). Developing effective global relationships through staffing with inpatriate managers: the role of interpersonal trust. Journal of International Management, 17(2), 150–161.Google Scholar

Harvey, M., Speier, C., & Novicevic, M. (2001). A theory-based framework for SGHRM staffing policies and practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(6), 898–915.Google Scholar

Herzberg, F. (1974). Motivator-hygiene profiles: Pinpointing what ails the organization. Organizational Dynamics, 3, 18–29.Google Scholar

House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Iles, P., Ramgutty-Wong, A., & Yolles, M. (2004). HRM and knowledge migration across cultures: Issues, limitations, and Mauritian specificities. Employment Relations, 26(6), 643–662.Google Scholar

Javidan, M., Steers, R. M., & Hitt, M. A. (2007). Putting it all together: So what is global mindset and why is it so Important? In Javidan, M., Steers, R. M., & Hitt, M. A. (Eds.), Advances in international management (pp. 215–226). Oxford, UK: JAI Press Elsevier.Google Scholar

Javidan, M., Teagarden, M., & Bowen, D. (2010). Managing yourself: Making it overseas. Harvard Business Review, April issue.Google Scholar

Joshua-Gojer, A. E. (2012). Cross-cultural training and success versus failure of expatriates. Learning and Performance Quarterly, 1(2), 47–62.Google Scholar

Kedia, B., & Mukherji, A. (1999). Global managers: Developing a mindset for global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 34, 230–251.Google Scholar

Kefalas, A. (1998). Think globally, act locally. Thunderbird International Business Review, 40, 547–562.Google Scholar

Klugman, J. (2009). Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development. New York: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar

Ko, H. C., & Yang, M. L. (2011). The effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate assignments. Intercultural Communication Studies, 20(1), 158–174.Google Scholar

Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. G., & Wright, P. (1992). A competency-based model of sustainable competitive advantage: Toward a conceptual integration. Journal of Management, 18(1), 77–91.Google Scholar

Lado, A. A., & Wilson, M. (1994). Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 699–727.Google Scholar

Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Landis, D., & Brislin, R. W. (1983). Handbook of intercultural training (1st ed.). New York, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar

Latham, G. (1988). Human resource training and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 545–582.Google Scholar

Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar

Lester, S., Standifer, R. L., Schultz, N. J., & Windsor, J. M. (2012). Actual versus perceived generational differences at work: An empirical examination. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19, 341–355.Google Scholar

Linehan, M., & Scullion, H. (2002). Repatriation of European female corporate executives: an empirical study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 254–268.Google Scholar

Littrell, L. N., & Salas, E. (2005). A review of cross-cultural training: Best practices, guidelines, and research needs. Human Resource Development Review, 4, 305–335.Google Scholar

Littrell, L. N., Salas, E., Hess, K. P., Paley, M., & Riedel, S. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 5(3), 355–388.Google Scholar

Mahajan, A., & Toh, S. M. (2013). Facilitating expatriate adjustment: The role of advice-seeking from host country nationals. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 476–487.Google Scholar

Mahoney, J., & Pandian, J. (1992). The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 363–380.Google Scholar

Maley, J. (2011). The influence of various human resource management strategies on the performance management of subsidiary managers. Asia Pacific Journal of Business, 3(1), 28–46.Google Scholar

Mayerhofer, H., Hartmann, L., & Herbert, A. (2004). Career management issues for flexpatriate international staffing. Thunderbird International Business Review, 46, 647–666.Google Scholar

Mayerhofer, H., Hartmann, L. C., Michelitsch-Riedl, G., & Kollinger, I. (2004). Flexpatriate Assignments: A neglected issue in global staffing. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(8), 1372–1389.Google Scholar

Mayerhofer, H., Mueller, B., & Schmidt, A. (2010). Implications of flexpatriates’ lifecycles on HRM practices. The Interview Review of Management Studies, 2, 155–173.Google Scholar

Mayerhofer, H., Schmidt, A., Hartmann, L., & Bendl, R. (2001). Recognising diversity in managing work life issues of flexpatriates. Equality Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(7), 589–609.Google Scholar

Maznevski, M., & Lane, H. (2004). Shaping the global mindset: Designing educational Experiences for effective global thinking and action. In Boyacigiller, N., Goodman, R. M., & Phillips, M. (Eds.), Teaching and experiencing cross-cultural management: Lessons from master teachers. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

McNulty, Y. (2011, January). Organizational support for the trailing spouse during international assignments. Paper presented at the Ministry of Manpower Inaugural Talent Forum.Google Scholar

McNulty, Y., & Inkson, K, (2013). Managing expatriates: A return on investment approach. Business Expert Press.Google Scholar

McPhail, R., Fisher, R., Harvey, M., & Moeller, M. (2012). Staffing the global organization: “Cultural nomads.” Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23(2), 259–276Google Scholar

Mendenhall, M., Dunbar, E., & Oddou, G. (1987). Expatriate selection, training and career-pathing: a review and critique. Human Resources Management, 26, 331–345.Google Scholar

Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: a review. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39–47.Google Scholar

Minbaeva, D., & Michailova, S. (2004). Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations: The role of disseminative capacity. Employment Relations, 26(6), 663–679.Google Scholar

Moeller, M., Harvey, M., & Williams, W. (2010). Socialization of inpatriate managers to the headquarters of global organizations: A social learning perspective. Human Resource Development Review, 9(2), 169–193.Google Scholar

Morley, M., & Heraty, N. (2004). International assignments and global careers. Thunderbird International Business Review, 46, 633–664.Google Scholar

Moritz, W., & Woodward, T. S. (2007). Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: From basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 619–625.Google Scholar

Morris, M., & Robie, C. (2000). A meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5, 112–125.Google Scholar

Ng, K.-Y., Tan, M. L., & Ang, S. (2009). Culture capital and cosmopolitan human capital: The impact of global mindset and organizational routines on developing cultural intelligence & international experiences in organizations. In Burton, A. & Spender, J. C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of human capital. Oxford, UK: Oxford Press.Google Scholar

Oddou, G., Osland, J. S., & Blakeney, R. N. (2009). Repatriating knowledge: Variables influencing the “transfer” process. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 181–199.Google Scholar

O’Sullivan, S. L. (2013). The empowering potential of social media for key stakeholders in the repatriation process. Journal of Global Mobility, 1, 264–286.Google Scholar

Paul, H. (2000). Creating a global mindset. Thunderbird International Business Review, 42, 187–200.Google Scholar

Permits Foundation (2012). International mobility and dual-career survey or international employers. Published July 2012.Google Scholar

Petrovic, J. (2000). Issues coupled with international assignments. In Croner’s managing internationally mobile employees (p. 5).Google Scholar

Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competences of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, May–June, 79–91.Google Scholar

PriceWaterhouseCoopers (2005). International assignments, global policy and practice, key trends 2005. London, UK: PriceWaterhouseCoopers.Google Scholar

Reiche, B. S. (2007). Knowledge sharing through inpatriate assignments in multicultural corporations: A social capital perspective. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis).Google Scholar

Reynolds, C. (1997). Strategic employment of third country nationals: Keys to sustaining the transformation of HR functions. Human Resource Planning, 20(1), 33–40.Google Scholar

Ruben, B. (1976). The study of cross-cultural competence: Traditions and contemporary Issues. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 229–240.Google Scholar

Sanchez, R., Heene, A., & Thomas, H. (1996). Dynamics of competence-based competition. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Scullion, H. (2001). International human resource management. In Storey, J. (Ed.), Human resource management (pp. 288–313). London, UK: International Thomson Publishing.Google Scholar

Scullion, H., & Collings, D. (2006). Global staffing. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar

Scullion, H., Collings, D., & Gunnigle, P. (2007). International human resource management in the 21st century: Emerging themes and contemporary debates. Human Resource Management Journal, 17(4), 309–319.Google Scholar

Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2009). Cultural similarity and adjustment of expatriate academics. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 429–436.Google Scholar

Selye, H. (1974). Stress in health and disease. Boston, MA: Butterworth.Google Scholar

Shen, J. (2004) Cross-border urban governance in Hong Kong: The role of the state in a globalizing city-region. The Professional Geographer 56(4), 530–543.Google Scholar

Sinicrope, C., Norris, J., & Watanabe, Y. (2007). Understanding and assessing intercultural competence: A summary of theory, research, and practice (Technical report for the Foreign Language Program Evaluation Project). Second Language Studies, 26, 1–58. Retrieved from www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/26(1)/Norris.pdf Google Scholar

Spence, H. K., Leiter, M., Day, A., & Gilin, D. (2009). Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: Impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 302–311.Google Scholar

Suutari, V., & Makela, K. (2007). The career capital of managers with global careers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 628–648.Google Scholar

Tahvanainen, M., Welch, D., & Worm, V. (2005). Implications of short-term international assignments. European Management Journal, 23(6), 663–673.Google Scholar

Takeuchi, R. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects. Journal of Management, 36, 1040–1064.Google Scholar

Tharenou, P., & Harvey, M. (2006). Examining the overseas staffing options utilized by Austrian headquartered multinational corporations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(6), 1095–1114.Google Scholar

Thomas, C. H., & Lankau, M. J. (2009). Preventing burnout: the effects of LMX and mentoring on socialization, role stress, and burnout. Human Resources Management, 48(3), 417–432.Google Scholar

Thomas, D. C., Brannen, M. Yoko., & Garcia, D. (2010). Bicultural individuals and intercultural effectiveness. European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management, 1(4), 315–333.Google Scholar

Thomas, D. C., & Inkson, K. (2009). Cultural intelligence: Living and working globally. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar

Tung, R. L. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(1), 68–78.Google Scholar

Vedantam, S. (2008). Most diversity training ineffective, study finds. Retrieved April 6, 2015, from www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899.html Google Scholar

Webster, J. R., Beehr, T., & Love, K. (2011). Extending the challenge-hindrance model of occupational stress: the role of appraisal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 1–12.Google Scholar

Welch, D., & Steen, A. (2013). Repositioning global staff transfers: A learning perspective, Human Resource Management, 52(5), 793–808.Google Scholar

Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.Google Scholar

Williams, W., Moeller, M., & Harvey, M. (2010). Inpatriates’ adjustment to western cultures: A social/cultural conundrum. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 31(1–2), 71–93.Google Scholar

Book contents

Part II - Practice of Intercultural Training

Summary

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive