Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:23:15.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Social Learning and Teaching Overview

from Part IV - Social Learning and Teaching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2021

Allison B. Kaufman
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Josep Call
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
James C. Kaufman
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Get access

Summary

This chapter is an overview of the field of animal social learning (including teaching). It covers how and why social learning is studied in both captive and wild animals, by researchers from various fields with different agendas.I outline the state of play, in studies of captive and wild animals, regarding (i) the various ways in which individuals may learn socially (social learning processes), (ii) the biases they may have in this learning (social learning strategies or transmission biases), and (iii) the evidence for culture and cumulative culture.The interdisciplinary nature of the field is emphasized, through discussion of its influences on theories regarding modularity in the brain (the biological basis of social learning), the evolution of social intelligence, and animal conservation and welfare.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, J., Weinrich, M., Hoppitt, W., & Rendell, L. (2013). Network-based diffusion analysis reveals cultural transmission of lobtail feeding in humpback whales. Science, 340(6131), 485488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aplin, L. M., Sheldon, B. C., & McElreath, R. (2017). Conformity does not perpetuate suboptimal traditions in a wild population of songbirds. PNAS, 114, 78307837.Google Scholar
Apps, M. A. J., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Chang, S. W. C. (2016). The anterior cingulgate gyrus and social cognition: Tracking the motivation of others. Neuron, 90, 692707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apps, M. A. J. & Sallet, J. (2017). Social learning in the medial prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Science, 21, 151152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrachi, D., Vasas, V., Iqbal, S. J., & Alem, S. (2017. Foraging bumblebees use social cues more when the task is difficult. Behavioral Ecology, 29, 186192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Bergen, Y., Coolen, I., & Laland, K. N. (2004). Nine‐spined sticklebacks exploit the most reliable source when public and private information conflict. Procedures of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, 271, 957962.Google Scholar
Biro, D., Inoue-Nakamura, N., Tonooka, R. et al. (2003). Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. Animal Cognition, 6, 213223.Google Scholar
Boakes, R. (1984). From Darwin to Behaviourism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (2003). Is culture a golden barrier between human and chimpanzee? Evolutionary Anthropology, 12(2), 8291.Google Scholar
Bono, A. E. J., Whiten, A, van Schaik, C., Krutzen, M., Eichenberger, F., Schnider, A., & van de Waal, E. (2018). Payoff- and sex-biased social learning interact in a wild primate population. Current Biology, 28, 28002805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, J., Goodyer, W., & Lefebvre, L. (2007). Social learning and innovation are positively correlated in pigeons (Columba livia). Animal Cognition, 10, 259266.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., & Henrich, J. (2011). The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 1091810925.Google Scholar
Brakes, P., Dall, S. R. X., Aplin, L. M., Bearhop, S., Carroll, E. L., Ciucci, P., Fishlock, V., Ford, J. K. B., Garland, E. C., Keith, S. A., McGregor, P. K., Mesnick, S. L., Noad, M. J., di Sciara, G. N., Robbins, M. M., Simmonds, M. P., Spina, F., Thornton, A., Wade, P. R., Whiting, M. J., Williams, J., Rendell, L., Whitehead, H., Whiten, A., & Rutz, C. (2019). Animal cultures matter for conservation. Science, 363(6431), 10321034.Google Scholar
Buttelmann, D., Carpenter, M., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Enculturated chimpanzees imitate rationally. Developmental Science, 10(4), 3138.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. (1994). The Evolution of Intelligence. In Slater, P. J. B. & Halliday, T. R. (Eds.), Behaviour and Evolution (pp. 223265). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. (1999). Imitation without intentionality. Using string parsing to copy the organization of behaviour. Animal Cognition, 2(2), 6372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, R. W. (2002). Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean? Advances in the Study of Behavior, 31, 77-105.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1988). Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caro, T. M. & Hauser, M. D. (1992) Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? Quarterly Review of Biolology, 67, 151174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claidière, N., Smith, K., Kirby, S., & Fagot, J. (2014). Cultural evolution of systematically structured behaviour in a non-human primate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 281(1797), 20141541.Google Scholar
Coelho, C. G., Falótico, T., Izar, P., Mannu, M., Resende, B. D., Siqueira, J. O., & Ottoni, E. B. (2015). Social learning strategies for nut-cracking by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Animal Cognition, 18, 911919.Google Scholar
Coussi-Korbel, S. & Fragaszy, D. M. (1995). On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Animal Behaviour, 50, 14411453.Google Scholar
Csibra, G. (2007) Teachers in the wild. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 9596.Google Scholar
Custance, D., Whiten, A., & Fredman, T. (1999). Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113(1), 1323.Google Scholar
Davis, S. J., Vale, G. L., Schapiro, S. J., Lambeth, S. P., & Whiten, A. (2017). Foundations of cumulative culture in apes: Improved foraging efficiency through relinquishing and combining witnessed behaviours in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Science Report, 6, 35953.Google Scholar
Dawson, B. V. & Foss, B. M. (1965). Observational learning in budgerigars. Animal Behavior, 13(4), 470474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, L., Kendal, R. L., Schapiro, S., Lambeth, S., Thierry, B., & Laland, K. N. (2012). Identification of the social and cognitive processes underlying human cumulative culture. Science, 335, 11141118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, L. G., Vale, G. L., Laland, K. N., Flynn, E., & Kendal, R. L. (2014). Human cumulative culture: A comparative perspective. Biological Reviews, 89(2), 284301.Google Scholar
Duffy, G. A., Pike, T. W., & Laland, K. N. (2009). Size-dependent directed social learning in nine-spine sticklebacks. Animal Behaviour, 78, 371375.Google Scholar
Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2004) The mentality of crows: Convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and Apes. Science, 306, 1903–1907. Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Science, 361, 2343.Google Scholar
Feher, O., Wang, H., Saar, S., Mitra, P. P., & Tchernichovski, O. (2009). De novo establishment of wild-type song culture in the zebra finch. Nature, 459, 564569.Google Scholar
Franklin, E. L., Richardson, T., Sendova-Franks, A. B., & Franks, N. R. (2011). Blinkered teaching: Tandem running by visually impaired ants. Behavioral Ecological Sociobiology, 5, 569579.Google Scholar
Franks, N. R. & Richardson, T. (2006). Teaching in tandem-running ants. Nature, 439, 153.Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. (1988). Imitation in Animals: History, Definition, and Interpretation of the Data from the Laboratory. In Zentall, T. R. & Galef, B. G. (Eds.), Social Learning. Psychological and Biological Perspectives (pp. 327). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. Jr. (1992). The question of animal culture. Human Nature, 3, 157178CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gergely, G., Bekkering, H., & Kiraly, I. (2002). Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 415(6873), 755.Google Scholar
Greggor, A. L., Thornton, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2017). Harnessing learning biases is essential for applying social learning in conservation. Behavioural Ecolology and Sociobiology, 71, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruber, T., Muller, M. N., Strimling, P., Wrangham, R., & Zuberbühler, K. (2009). Wild chimpanzees rely on cultural knowledge to solve an experimental honey acquisition task. Current Biology, 19, 18061810.Google Scholar
Gruber, T., Luncz, L., Moerchen, J., Schuppli, C.Kendal, R. L., & Hockings, K. (2019). Cultural change in animals: A flexible behavioural adaptation to human disturbancePalgrave Communications5, 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haun, D. B. M., Rekers, Y., & Tomasello, M. (2012. Majority-biased transmission in chimpanzees and human children, but not orangutans. Current. Biolology, 22, 727731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, S. D. E. & Spinka, M. (2011). Animal play and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour, 81, 891899.Google Scholar
Herrmann, E., Call, J., Hernandez-Lloreda, M. V., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Science, 317, 13601366.Google Scholar
Heyes, C. M. (1994). Social learning in animals: Categories and mechanisms. Biological Reviews, 69(2), 207231.Google Scholar
Heyes, C. M. (2011). What’s social about social learning? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 126, 193202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyes, C. M. & Galef, B. G. Jr. (1996). Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Social_Learning_In_Animals/Bp_xLfDBV8AC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcoverGoogle Scholar
Hinde, R. A. & Fisher, J. (1951). Further observations on the opening of milk bottles by birds. British Birds, 44, 393396.Google Scholar
Hirata, S., Morimura, N., & Houki, C. (2009). How to crack nuts: Acquisition process in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) observing a model. Animal Cognition, 12(Suppl 1), 87101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobaiter, C., Poisot, T., Zuberbühler, K., Hoppitt, W., & Gruber, T. (2014). Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. PLoS Biology, 12(9), e1001960.Google Scholar
Hockings, K. J., McLennan, M. M., Carvalho, S., Ancrenaz, M., Bobe, R., Byrne, R. W., Dunbar, R. I. M., Matsuzawa, T., McGrew, W. C., Williams, E. A., Wilson, M. L., Wood, B., Wrangham, R. W., & Hill, C. M. (2015). Apes in the Anthropocene: Flexibility and survival. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(4), 215222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hohmann, G. & Fruth, B. (2003). Culture in bonobos? Between species and within species variation in behaviour. Current Anthropology, 44, 563609Google Scholar
Hopper, L. M. (2010). “Ghost” experiments and the dissection of social learning in humans and animals. Biological Reviews, 85, 685701.Google Scholar
Hopper, L. M., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J., & Whiten, A. (2015). The importance of witnessed agency in chimpanzee social learning of tool use. Behavioral Processes, 112, 120129.Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. (2008). Social processes influencing learning in animals: A review of the evidence. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 38, 105166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppitt, W., Brown, G. R., Kendal, R. L., Rendell, L., Thornton, A., Webster, M., & Laland, K. N. (2008). Lessons from animal teaching. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23, 486493.Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W., Samson, J., Laland, K. N., & Thornton, A. (2012). Identification of learning mechanisms in a wild meerkat population. PLoS One, 7(8), e42044.Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. (2013). Social Learning Mechanisms: An Introduction to Mechanisms, Methods and Models. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Horner, V. & Whiten, A. (2005). Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). Animal Cognition, 8 (3), 164181.Google Scholar
Horner, V., Whiten, A., Flynn, E., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2006). Faithful replication of foraging techniques along cultural transmission chains by chimpanzees and children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(37), 1387813883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horner, V., Proctor, D., Bonnie, K. E., Whiten, A., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2010). Prestige effects cultural learning in chimpanzees. PLoS One 5, e10625.Google Scholar
Iacoboni, M. (2005). Neural mechanisms of imitation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 632637.Google Scholar
Jesse, F. & Riebel, K. (2012). Social facilitation of male song by male and female conspecifics in the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. Behavioural Processes, 91(3), 262266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P. L. (2013). When to approach novel prey cues? Social learning strategies in frog-eating bats. Procedures of the Royal Society B., 280, 2330.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, P. L., Ryan, M. J., Flores, V., & Page, R. A. (2013). When to approach novel prey cues? Social learning strategies in frog-eating bats. Procedures of the Royal Society B. 28020132330Google Scholar
Jones, P. L., Ryan, M. J., & Chittka, L. (2015). The influence of past experience with flower reward quality on social learning in bumblebees. Animal Behavior, 101, 1118.Google Scholar
Kawai, M. (1965). Newly-acquired behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima islet (abs.). Primates, 6, 130.Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I., & Laland, K. N. (2004). The role of conformity in foraging when personal and social information conflict. Behavioral Ecology, 15(2), 269277.Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I., van Bergen, Y., & Laland, K. N. (2005). Trade-offs in the adaptive use of social and asocial learning. Advances in the Study of Behaviour, 35, 333379.Google Scholar
Kendal, J. R., Kendal, R, & Laland, K. N. (2007). Quantifying and modelling social learning processes in monkey populations. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 7, 123138.Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I., & Laland, K. N. (2009a). Adaptive Trade-offs in the Use of Social and Personal Information. In Dukas, R. & Ratcliffe, J. (Eds.), Cognitive Ecology: The Evolutionary Ecology of Learning, Memory and Information Use (pp. 249271). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Kendal, J. R., Hoppitt, W., & Laland, K. N. (2009b). Identifying social learning in animal populations: A new “option-bias” method. PLoS One, 4, 6541.Google Scholar
Kendal, J. R., Rendell, L., Pike, T. W., & Laland, K. N. (2009c). Nine-spined sticklebacks deploy a hill-climbing social learning strategy. Behavioral Ecology, 20, 238244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Galef, B. G., & van Schaik, C. P. (2010). Social learning research outside the laboratory: How and why? Learning & Behavior, 38, 187194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendal, R., Hopper, L. M., Whiten, A., Brosnan, S. F., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J., & Hoppitt, W. (2015). Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: Implications for cultural diversity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(1), 6572.Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Boogert, N., Rendell, L., Laland, K. N., Webster, M., & Jones, P. L. (2018). Social learning strategies: Bridge-building between fields. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(7), 651665.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. (2004). Social learning strategies. Learning & Behavior, 32, 414.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (1993). Animal social learning: Towards a new theoretical approach. Perspectives in Ethology, 10, 249277.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (1996). Developing a Theory of Animal Social Learning. In Heyes, C. M. & Galef, B. G. Jr. (Eds.), Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. & Williams, K. (1997). Shoaling generates social learning of foraging information in guppies. Animal Behaviour, 53, 11611169.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. & Janik, V. M. (2006). The animal cultures debate. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21(10), 542547.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G. Jr. (2009). The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., Kendal, J. R., & Kendal, R. L. (2009). Animal Culture: Problems and Solutions. In Laland, K. N. & Galef, K. N. (Eds.), The Question of Animal Culture (pp. 174197). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., Attton, N., & Webster, M. M. (2011). From fish to fashion: Experimental and theoretical insights into the evolution of culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 958968.Google Scholar
Langergraber, K. E., Boesch, C., Inoue, E., Inoue-Murayama, M., Mitani, J. C., Nishida, T., Pusey, A., Reynolds, V., Schubert, G., Wrangham, R. W. et al. (2010). Genetic and “cultural” similarity in wild chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1704), 408416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leadbeater, E., Raine, N., & Chittke, L. (2006). Social learning: Ants and the meaning of teaching. Current Biology, 16, R323R325.Google Scholar
Leadbeater, E. & Chittka, L. (2007). Social learning in insects: From miniature brains to consensus building. Current Biology, 17, R703R713.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Cronin., K. A., Schütte., S., Call, J., & Haun., D. B. M. (2013). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly adjust their behaviour in order to maximize payoffs, not to conform to majorities. PLoS One, 8(11), e80945.Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, E. J., Cronin, K. A., & Haun, D. B. (2014). A group-specific arbitrary tradition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Animal Cognition, 17(6), 14211425.Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Kendal, R. L., Tennie, C., & Haun, D. B. M. (2015). Conformity and its look-a-likes. Animal Behavior, 110, e1e4Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Acerbi, A.Kendal, R. L., Tennie, C., & Haun, D. B. M. (2016). A reappreciation of “conformity.” Animal Behavior. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Leeuwen, E. J. C. & Call, J. (2017). Conservatism and “copy-if-better” in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Animal Cognition, 20(3), 575579. doi: 10.1007/s10071-016-1061-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, L. & Palameta, B. (1988). Mechanisms, Ecology, and Population Diffusion of Socially-Learned, Food-Finding Behaviour in Feral Pigeons. In Zentall, T. R. & Galef, B. G. Jr. (Eds.), Social Learning. Psychological and Biological Perspectives (pp. 141164). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.Google Scholar
Lehner, S. R., Burkart, J. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2011). Can captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) be coaxed into cumulative build-up of techniques? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 125, 446455.Google Scholar
Luncz, L., Mundry, R., & Boesch, C. (2012). Evidence for cultural differences between neighboring chimpanzee communities. Current Biology, 22(10), 922926.Google Scholar
Luncz, L. V. & Boesch, C. (2014). Tradition over trend: Neighboring chimpanzee communities maintain differences in cultural behavior despite frequent immigration of adult females. American Journal of Primatology, 76(7), 649657.Google Scholar
Luncz, L. V. & Boesch, C. (2015). The extent of cultural variation between adjacent chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) communities: A microecological approach. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156(1), 6775.Google Scholar
Luncz, L. V., Wittig, R. M., & Boesch, C. (2015). Primate archaeology reveals cultural transmission in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370, 20140348.Google Scholar
Lycett, S. J. (2010). The importance of history in definitions of “culture”: Implications from phylogenetic approaches to the study of social learning in chimpanzees. Learning & Behavior, 38, 252264.Google Scholar
Marshall-Pescini, S. & Whiten, A. (2008). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the question of cumulative culture: An experimental approach. Animal Cognition, 11(3), 449456.Google Scholar
Matsuzawa, T. (1994). Field Experiments on Use of Stone Tools by Chimpanzees in the Wild. In Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., de Waal, F. B. M., & Heltne, P. G. (Eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures (pp. 351370). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mercader, J., Barton, H., Gillespie, J., Harris, J., Kuhn, S., Tyler, R., & Boesch, C. (2007). 4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104, 30433048.Google Scholar
Mesoudi, A. & Thornton, A. (2018). What is cumulative cultural evolution? Procedures of the Royal Society B, 285, 20180712.Google Scholar
Miller, I. F., Barton, R. A., & Nunn, C. L. (2019). Quantitative uniqueness of human brain evolution revealed through phylogenetic comparative analysis. eLife, 8, e41250.Google Scholar
Mineka, S. & Cook, M. (1988). Social Learning and the Acquisition of Snake Fear in Monkeys. In Galef, B. G. & Zentall, T. R. (Eds.), Social Learning: Psychological and Biological Perspectives (pp. 5173). Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Miton, H. & Charbonneau, M. (2018). Cumulative culture in the laboratory: methodological and theoretical challenges. Procedures of the Royal Society B, 285, 20180677.Google Scholar
Muller, C. A. & Cant, M. A. (2010). Imitation and traditions in wild banded mongooses. Current Biolology, 20, 11711175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolakakis, N., Sol, D., & Lefebvre, L. (2003). Behavioural flexibility predicts species richness in birds, but not extinction risk. Animal Behaviour, 65, 445452.Google Scholar
Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N., & Feldman, M. W. (2003). Niche Construction: The Neglected Evolutionary Process. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Panger, M. A., Perry, S., Rose, L., Gros-Louis, J., Vogel, E., Mackinnon, K. C., & Baker, M. (2002). Cross-site differences in foraging behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119(1), 5266.Google Scholar
Perry, S., Baker, M., Fedigan, L., Gros-Louis, J., Jack, K., MacKinnon, K. C., Manson, J. H., Panger, M., Pyle, K., & Rose, L. (2003). Social conventions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys. Current Anthropology, 44(2), 241268.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2010). The cognitive niche: Coevolution of intelligence, sociality, and language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 89938999.Google Scholar
Raihani, N. J. & Ridley, A. R. (2007). Adult vocalizations during provisioning: Offspring response and postfledging benefits in wild pied babblers. Animal Behaviour, 74, 13031309. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.02.025Google Scholar
Raihani, N. J. & Ridley, A. R. (2008). Experimental evidence for teaching in wild pied babblers. Animal Behaviour, 75(1), 311. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.024.Google Scholar
Range, F., Viranyi, Z., & Huber, L. (2007). Selective imitation in domestic dogs. Current Biology, 17, 868872.Google Scholar
Reader, S. M. & Laland, K. N. (2002). Social intelligence, innovation and enhanced brain size in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 44364441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reader, S. M. & Biro, D. (2010). Experimental identification of social learning in wild animals. Learning & Behavior, 38, 265283.Google Scholar
Reader, S. M., Hager, Y., & Laland, K. N. (2011). The evolution of primate general and cultural intelligence. Philosophica’ Transactions of the Royal Society B Biol Sci, 366, 10171027.Google Scholar
Rendell, L. & Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral Brain Science, 24, 309324.Google Scholar
Rendell, L., Fogarty, L., Hoppitt, W. J. E., Morgan, T. J. H., Webster, M. M., & Laland, K. N. (2011). Cognitive culture: Theoretical and empirical insights into social learning strategies. Trends in Cognitive Science, 15, 6876.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G. & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169192.Google Scholar
Sargeant, B. L. & Mann, J. (2009). Acquiring Culture: Individual Variation and Behavioural Development in Bottlenose Dolphins. In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G. Jr. (Eds.) The Question of Animal Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sasaki, T. & Biro, D. (2016). Cumulative culture can emerge from collective intelligence in animal groups. Nature Communications, 8, 15049.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., Ancrenaz, M., Borgen, G., Galdikas, B., Knott, C. D., Singleton, I., Suzuki, A., Utami, S. S., & Merrill, M. (2003). Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science, 299(5603), 102105.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P. & Burkart, J. M. (2011). Social learning and evolution: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions B, 366, 10081016.Google Scholar
Sherry, D. F. & Galef, B. G. (1990). Social learning without imitation. Animal Behaviour, 40, 987989Google Scholar
Spence, K. W. (1937). Experimental studies of learning and the higher mental processes in infra-human primates. Psychological Bulletin, 34(10), 806.Google Scholar
Sterelny, K. (2007). Social intelligence, human intelligence and niche construction. Procedures of the Royal Society B, 362, 719730.Google ScholarPubMed
Street, S. E., Navarrete, A. F., Reader, S. M., & Laland, K. N. (2017). Coevolution of cultural intelligence, extended life history, sociality, and brain size in primates. Procedures of the National Academy of Science, 114, 79087914.Google Scholar
Stroeymert, N., Giurfa, M., & Franks, N. R. (2017). Information certainty determines social and private information use in ants. Science Reports, 7, 43607.Google Scholar
Tan, A. W. Y., Hemelrijk, C. K., Malavijitnond, S., & Gumert, M. D. (2018). Young macaques (Macaca fascicularis) preferentially bias attention towards closer, older, and better tool users. Animal Cognition. doi: 10.1007/s10071-018-1188-9Google Scholar
Tennie, C., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Ratcheting up the ratchet: On the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 24052415.Google Scholar
Thornton, A. & McAuliffe, K. (2006). Teaching in wild meerkats. Science, 313(5784), 227229.Google Scholar
Thornton, A. & Raihani, N. J. (2015). The proximate-ultimate confusion in teaching and cooperation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38 : e69. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X14000636Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1956). Learning and Instinct in Animals. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1994). The Question of Chimpanzee Culture. In Wrangham, R., McGrew, W. C, de Waal, F. B. M., & Heltne, P (Eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures (pp. 301317). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1996). Do Apes Ape? In Heyes, C. M. & Galef, B. G. (Eds.), Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture (pp. 319346). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(5), 675691.Google Scholar
Tremblay, S., Sharika, K. M., & Platt, M. L. (2017). Social decision-making and the brain: A comparative perspective. Trends in Cognitive Science, 21, 265276.Google Scholar
Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. London: Murray.Google Scholar
Vale, G. L., Davis, S. J., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J., & Whiten, A., 2017. Acquisition of a socially learned tool use sequence in chimpanzees: Implications for cumulative culture. Evolution & Human Behaviour, 38, 635644.Google Scholar
van de Waal, E., Renevey, N., Favre, C. M., & Bshary, R. (2010). Selective attention to philopatric models causes directed social learning in wild vervet monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 277, 21052111.Google Scholar
van de Waal, E., Borgeaud, C., & Whiten, A. (2013). Potent social learning and conformity shape a wild primate’s foraging decisions. Science, 340(6131), 483485.Google Scholar
Watson, C. F. I. & Caldwell, C. A. (2010). Neighbor effects in marmosets: Social contagion of agonism and affiliation in captive Callithrix jacchus. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 549558.Google Scholar
Watson, C. F. I., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., & Caldwell, C. A. (2014). Call playback artificially generates a temporary cultural style of high affiliation in marmosets. Animal Behaviour, 93, 163171.Google Scholar
Webster, M. M. & Laland, K. N. (2011). Reproductive state affects reliance on public information in sticklebacks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B., 278, 619627.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & van Schaik, C. P. (2007). The evolution of animal “cultures” and social intelligence. Proceedings of the Royal Society B., 362, 603620.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (2009). How Might We Study Culture? In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G. Jr. (Eds.), The Question of Animal Culture (pp. 125152). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (2010). Conserving and managing animals that learn socially and share cultures. Learning & Behavior, 38, 329336Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Erdal, D. (2012). The human sociocognitive niche and its evolutionary origins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B., 367, 21192129.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Ham, R. (1992). On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 21, 239283.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G, Wrangham, R. W., & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682685Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Horner, V., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2005). Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees. Nature, 437(7059), 737740.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & van Schaik, C. P. (2007). The evolution of animal “cultures” and social intelligence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 362(1480), 603620.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Spiteri, A., Horner, V., Bonnie, K. E., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2007). Transmission of multiple traditions within and between chimpanzee groups. Current Biology, 17, 10381043.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Mesoudi, A. (2008). Establishing an experimental science of culture: Animal social diffusion experiments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 34773488.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & van de Waal, E. (2016). Social learning, culture and the “socio-cultural brain” of human and non-human primatesNeuroscience & Biobehavior Review, 82, 5875Google Scholar
Wilson, A. C. (1985). The molecular basis of evolution. Scientific American, 253, 148157.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×