Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:22:05.495Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3e - Anatolia

from 3 - The major regions of the empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
M. Mellink
Edited by
John Boardman ,
N. G. L. Hammond ,
D. M. Lewis  and
M. Ostwald
M. Mellink
Affiliation:
Bryn Mawr College
Get access

Summary

The Persian rule over Anatolia under Darius and Xerxes was a continuation of the take-over initiated by Cyrus when he pushed across the Halys to Lydia and captured Sardis, the residence of the Lydian dynasty and de facto capital of Western Anatolia after the Phrygian collapse in the early seventh century B.C. The Lydian kings gradually had claimed a small empire beyond their own ethnic boundaries, extending their authority over the Phrygian plateau west of the Halys and making use of what must have been a traditional system of control through garrisons in citadels, tax collection and safeguarding of roads.

The major problem of controlling Western Anatolia was symbiosis with the Greeks. This is also an old story. Land-bound rulers of the Anatolian plateau need to come to an understanding with the coastal and island dwellers of the Aegean to live in mutual peace and prosperity; they have to make their political status clear and strong along the borders. This was true in the second millennium B.C. of the Hittites and their Aegean neighbours (including Ahhiyawa). It was also evident to every Lydian king from Gyges on that the Ionians and Carians had to be made into constructive allies as seafaring merchants and soldiers. Struggles with the Ionians marked the rules of the kings before Croesus, concentrating on the great harbour city of Miletus with which Alyattes finally established a peaceful alliance. Miletus–Millawanda had been the key site also in the days of the Ahhiyawa and Hittites, and the major troubles of those days came from the Achaean allies of Miletus overseas in Greek territory.

Keywords

CiliciaDariusAnatoliaBronze Age heritagerock-cut tombsDascyliumSardisLydiansXerxesPhrygians
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 211 - 233
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ÅAkerström, A. Die architektonischen Terrakotten Kleinasiens (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae = Skrifter utg. av Svenska Institut i Athen 4°, 11). Lund, 1966 Google Scholar
Adamson, P. B. ‘The spread of rabies into Europe, and the probable origin of this disease in antiquity’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1977 Google ScholarPubMed
Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1957 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akurgal, E. ‘Eine Silberschale aus dem Pontus’, Antike Kunst 10 (1967)Google Scholar
Akurgal, E. ‘Griechisch-persische Reliefs aus Daskyleion’, Iranica Antiqua 6 (1966)Google Scholar
Akurgal, E. ‘Les fouilles de Daskyleion’, Anatolia 1 (1956)Google Scholar
Akurgal, E. Die Kunst Anatoliens von Homer bis Alexander. Berlin, 1961 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akurgal, E. Orient und Okzident. Baden-Baden, 1966 Google Scholar
Akurgal, E. Phrygische Kunst. Ankara, 1955 Google Scholar
Aly, W. Volksmärchen, Sage und Novelle bei Herodot und seinen Zeitgenossen. 2nd edn ed. Huber, L. . Göttingen, 1969 Google Scholar
Amandry, P. ‘Toreutique achéménide’, Antike Kunst 2 (1959)Google Scholar
Amandry, P. Collection Helène Stathatos III. Strasbourg, 1963 Google Scholar
Balcer, J. M. Sparda by the Bitter Sea: Imperial Interaction in Western Anatolia (Brown Judaic Studies 52). Chico, Ca, 1984 Google Scholar
Balkan, K. ‘Inscribed Bullae from Daskyleion-Ergili’, Anatolia 4 (1959)Google Scholar
Bean, G. E. Turkey beyond the Maeander. London, 1967 Google Scholar
Beloch, K. J. Griechische Geschichte. 4 vols, in 8. Strassburg–Berlin, 1912–27 Google Scholar
Bengtson, H. and others. The Greeks and the Persians: from the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries. London–New York, 1969 (Trans, of Griechen und Perser: die Mittelmeerwelt im Altertum. Frankfurt am Main, 1965)Google Scholar
Bittel, K. ‘Ein persischer Feueraltar aus Kappadokien’, in Satura. Früchte aus der antiken Welt Otto Weinreich dargebracht. Baden-Baden, 1952 Google Scholar
Bittel, K. ‘Fibeln in Persepolis’, in Vorderasiatische Archäologie: Studien und Aufsätze Anton Moortgat gewidmet, 39–41. Berlin, 1964 Google Scholar
Bittel, K. ‘Zur Lage von Daskyleion’, Archäologischer Anzeiger 1953 Google Scholar
Bittel, K. et al. Das Hethitische Felsheiligtum Yaztltkaya. Berlin, 1975 Google Scholar
Bivar, A. D. H. ‘A Persian monument at Athens, and its connections with the Achaemenid state seals’, W.B. Henning Memorial Volume, 43–61. London, 1970 Google Scholar
Bivar, A. D. H. ‘Achaemenid coins, weights and measures’, in Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Bivar, A. D. H. ‘Achaemenid coins’, Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Boardman, J. ‘Pyramidal stamp seals in the Persian Empire’, Iran 8 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boardman, J. The Greeks Overseas. 2nd edn. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Boer, W. . ‘Herodot und die Systeme der Chronologie’, Mnemosyne ser. iv 20 (1967)Google Scholar
Bogaert, R. Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Leiden, 1966 Google Scholar
Borchhardt, J. ‘Epichorische, gräko-persisch beeinflusste Reliefs in Kilikien’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 18 (1968)Google Scholar
Breitenbach, H. R. ‘Xenophon von Athen’ in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– ser.2, ix a 2 (1966)Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Colonisation hellénistique et populations indigènes’, Klio 60 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brixhe, C. Ledialecte grec de Pamphylie. (Bibl. de l'Institut francais d'etudes anatoliennes d'Istanbul 24). Paris, 1976 Google Scholar
Burn, A. R. Persia and the Greeks: the Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edn, with a Postscript by Lewis, D. M. . London–Stanford, 1984 Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘The Persian satrapies and related matters’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 32 (1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. Persepolis Treasury Tablets (Oriental Institute Publication 65). Chicago, 1948 Google Scholar
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, 1971 Google Scholar
Chamonard, J. ‘Bas-relief rupestre de Sondurlu’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 17 (1893) 39–51x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘The rise of the Achaemenids’, Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Cross, F. M. ‘An Aramaic inscription from Daskyleion’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 184 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demargne, P. Fouilles de Xanthos I. Les piliers funéraires. Paris, 1958 Google Scholar
Densmore Curtis, C. Sardis XIII. Jewelry and Gold Work. Rome, 1925 Google Scholar
Dentzer, J.-M. Le motif du banquet couché dans le proche-orient et le monde grec du VII au IVe siècle avant J.-C. (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 246). Rome, 1982 Google Scholar
DeVries, K. ‘Attic pottery in the Achaemenid Empire’, American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977)Google Scholar
Drews, R. ‘The fall of Astyages and Herodotus’ chronology of the eastern kingdoms’, Historia 18 (1969)Google Scholar
Drews, R. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History. Cambridge, Mass., 1973 Google Scholar
Eilers, W. ‘Kleinasiatisches’, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft 94 (1940)Google Scholar
Erzen, A. Kilikien bis zum Ende der Perserherrschaft. Leipzig, 1940 Google Scholar
Firatli, N. ‘çeçtepe (Sondurlu) Pers kaya kabartmasi’, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 19.2 (1970)Google Scholar
Fornara, C. W. Herodotus. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Francis, E. D. ‘Greeks and Persians: the art of hazard and triumph’, in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. Schmandt-Besserat, D. , 53–86. Malibu, 1980 Google Scholar
Freeman, E. A. History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy. 2nd edn. London, 1893 Google Scholar
French, D. H. Tille 1984’, Anatolian Studies 35 (1985)Google Scholar
Goetze, A. Kleinasien. Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients III. 1. Munich, 1957 Google Scholar
Goldman, H. and Hanfmann, G. M. A. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus in. Princeton, 1963 Google Scholar
Gomme, A. W. , Andrewes, A. and Dover, K. J. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides i–v. Oxford, 1945–81 Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. Das Verhältnis der ausserherodoteischen Überlieferung zu Herodot. Bonn, 1963 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Greek tyrants and Achaemenid polities’, in The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr, edd. Eadie, J. W. and Ober, J. , 79–123. Lanham, 1985 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Medism: the origin and significance of the term’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5). Locust Valley, 1975 Google Scholar
Greenewalt, C. H. Jr. Sardis Reports. American Journal of Archaeology 87 (1983) ; 88 (1984) ; 89 (1985) ; 91 (1987) ; Anatolian Studies 35 (1985)Google Scholar
Greenewalt, C. H. Jr et al. ‘The Sardis Campaign of 1979 and 1980’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 249 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. ‘Studies in Greek chronology of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.’, Historia 4 (1955)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. A History of Greece to 322 B.C. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1967 (3rd edn 1986)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity. New Jersey, 1983 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. and Ramage, N. H. Sculpture from Sardis: The Finds through 1975. Cambridge, Mass., 1978 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. ‘Lydian relations with Ionia and Persia’, Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology 1. Ankara, 1978 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. From Croesus to Constantine. Ann Arbor, 1975 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. Letters from Sardis. Cambridge, Mass., 1972 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times. Cambridge, Mass.–London, 1983 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. Excavation Reports on Sardis, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 154 (1959) onwardsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauptmann, H. , ‘Lidar’, American Journal of Archaeology 88 (1984), 448, pl. 58, fig. 8Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. W. The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Hanover–London, 1985 Google Scholar
Homeyer, H. ‘Zu den Anfängen der Griechischen Biographie’, Philologus 106 (1962)Google Scholar
Hornblower, S. Mausolus. Oxford, 1982 Google Scholar
HouwinkCate, P. H. J. The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period (Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 10). Leiden, 1961 Google Scholar
How, W. W. and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912 Google Scholar
Huber, L. ‘Herodots Homerverständis’, Synusia. Festgabe für W. Schadewaldt, edd. Flashar, H. and Gaiser, K. , 29–52. Neske, 1965 Google Scholar
Immerwahr, H. R. Form and Thought in Herodotus. Cleveland, 1960 Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Herodotos’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. 11 (1913) (= Griechische Historiker, 7–164. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Ktesias’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– xi (1922) (= Griechische Historiker, 311–32. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. Abhandlmgen zur griechischen Geschichtsschreibung, ed. Leiden, H. , 1956 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 3 pts in 15 vols. Berlin, 1926; Leiden, 1943–58 3 2.Google Scholar
Jeffery, L. H. Archaic Greece. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Kasper, S. ‘Eine Nekropole nordwestlich von Soma’, Archäologischer Anzeiger 1970 Google Scholar
Kent, R. G. Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. 2nd edn. New Haven, 1953 Google Scholar
Kohler, E. L. ‘Cremations of the Middle Phrygian period at Gordion’, in From Athens to Gordion. Memorial Symposium for Rodney S. Young, ed. DeVries, Keith . Philadelphia, 1980.Google Scholar
Kraay, C. M. and Hirmer, M. Greek Coins. London, 1966 Google Scholar
Kraay, C. M. Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Laroche, E. ‘Les fouilles de Meydandjik prés de Gülnar (Turquie)’, Comptes-rendues de l'Académic des inscriptions et belles lettres 1981 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia. Leiden, 1977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Masson, M. E. (ed.) Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoi Arkheologicheskoi Komplekskoi Ekspeditsii Google Scholar
Masson, O. ‘Le nom des cariens dans quelques langues de l'antiquité’, Mél. ling. E. Benveniste, 407–14. Paris, 1975 Google Scholar
Mazzarino, S. Fra Oriente e Occidente. Florence, 1947 Google Scholar
Meiggs, R. The Athenian Empire. Oxford, 1972 Google Scholar
Mellink, M. J. ‘Archaic wall paintings from Gordion’, in From Athens to Gordion. Memorial Symposium for Rodney S. Young, ed. DeVries, Keith . Philadelphia, 1980 Google Scholar
Mellink, M. J. ‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük and Elmah, Lycia, 1970, 1971. 1972, 1973’. American Journal of Archaeology 75 (1971) ; 76 (1972) ; 77 (1973) ; 78 (1974) ; 79 (1975)Google Scholar
Mendel, G. Musées Imperiaux Ottomans. Catalogue des sculptures grecques, romaines et byzantines. Istanbul, 1912–4 Google Scholar
Metzger, H. Fouilles de Xanthos II. L'acropole lycienne. Paris, 1963 Google Scholar
Metzger, H. Fouilles de Xanthos IV. Les cèramiques archaiques et classiques de I'acropole lycienne. Paris, 1972 Google Scholar
Miller, M. ‘Herodotus as chronographer’, Klio 46 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, B. M. ‘Herodotus and Samos’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 95 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. D. ‘Tradizione e invenzione in Ctesia’, in Quarto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico, 181–212. Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Eastern elements in post-exilic Jewish and Greek historiography’, in Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 25–35. Oxford, 1977 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Persian empire and Greek freedom’ in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Ryan, A. , 139–51. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. Alien Wisdom: the Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge, 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. The Development of Greek Biography. Harvard, 1971 Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. Cemeteries of the First Millennium B.C. at Deve Hüyük. Oxford, 1980 Google Scholar
Morkholm, O. and Zahle, J. ‘The Coinage of Kuprlli’, Acta Archaeologica 43 (1972)Google Scholar
Muhly, J. D. Review of a 14, Journal of New Eastern Studies 35 (1976)Google Scholar
Murray, O. Early Greece. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Myres, J. L. Herodotus: Father of History. Oxford, 1953 Google Scholar
Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton, 1957 Google Scholar
Oliver, A. ‘A bronze mirror from Sardis’, in Studies presented to George M. A. Hanfmann, 113–20. Mainz, 1971 Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. ‘Overland trade in the first millennium B.C.’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özgüç, Nimet . ‘Samsat’, American Journal of Archaeology 88 (1984)Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. Maşat Höyük II. Ankara, 1982 Google Scholar
Özgüc, T. Altintepe 1. Architectural Monuments and Wall Paintings. Ankara, 1966 Google Scholar
Pedley, J. G. Sardis in the Age of Croesus. Norman, Oklahoma, 1968 Google Scholar
Pfuhl, E. and Möbius, H. Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs I-II. Mainz, 1977 Google Scholar
Price, M. J. and Waggoner, N. Archaic Greek Coinage: the Asyut Hoard. London, 1975 Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Greek inscriptions of the Middle East’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
Ramage, A. and , N. H. Twenty-Five Years of Discovery at Sardis, 1958–1983. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. Cambridge, Mass., 1983 Google Scholar
Robert, J. and , L. Fouilles d'Amyzon en Carie 1. Paris, 1983 Google Scholar
Robert, L. ‘Une nouvelle inscription grecque de Sardes: règlement de l'autoritè perse relatif à un culte de Zeus’, Comptes-rendues de l'Académic des inscriptions et belles lettres 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sams, G. K. ‘Imports at Gordion. Lydian and Persian periods’, Expedition 21:4 (1979)Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. ‘The death of Cyrus: Xenophon's Cryopaedia as a source for Iranian history’, in Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, ed. Bivar, A. D. H. (Acta Iranica: Hommages et Opera Minora ii), 11. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. Yauna en Persai: Grieken en Perzen in een ander perspectief. Groningen, 1980 Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 B.C. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. F. The Alishar Hüyük. Seasons of 1928 and 1929 II (Oriental Institute Publication 20). Chicago, 1933 Google Scholar
Schwertheim, E. ‘Eine neue gräko-persische Grabstele aus Sultaniye köyü’, Epigraphica Anatolica 1 (1983)Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh, 1971 Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. ‘Greeks and Persians in the fourth century B.C.’, Iranica Antiqua 11 (1976)Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. Greeks and Persians in the Fourth Century B.C. Ann Arbor, 1979 Google Scholar
Starr, S. F. ‘Mapping ancient roads in Anatolia’, Archaeology 16 (1963)Google Scholar
Starr, S. F. ‘The Persian Royal Road in Turkey’, Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society 1962 Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. ‘Herodots Zeitrechnung’, Historia 5 (1956) (= Herodot, ed. Marg, W. , 688–736. 2nd edn. Darmstadt, 1965)Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. Die Wesensbestimmung der Geschichte durch die antike Geschichtsschreibung (= Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Goethe-Universität, J. W. , Frankfurt 5, no. 3. 1966)Google Scholar
Strassmaier, J. N. ‘Einige chronologische Daten aus astronomischen Rechnungen’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 7 (1892)Google Scholar
Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great. Cambridge, 1948 Google Scholar
Tezcan, B. ‘Ikiztepe Kazisi’, VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi 1. Ankara, 1979 Google Scholar
The Anatolian Civilizations II. Greek, Roman, Byzantine (Council of Europe, 18th European Exhibition). Istanbul, 1983 Google Scholar
Tigrel, G. Y. ‘Eine Silberstatuette aus Nymphaion’, Festschrift H. Vetters Lebendige Altertumswissenschaft, Vienna, 1985 Google Scholar
Vallat, F. ‘Deux nouvelles “chartes de fondation” d'un palais de Darius Ier à Suse’, Syria 48 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, J. Oral Tradition. Trans. Wright, H. M. . London, 1965 Google Scholar
Vigneron, I. P. Le cheval dans l'antiquité. Nancy, 1968 Google Scholar
Von Bothmer, D. ‘Les trésors de l'orfèvrerie de la Grèce orientale au Metropolitan Museum de New York’, Comptes-rendues de l'Académic des inscriptions et belles lettres 1981 Google Scholar
von Gall, H. Die paphlagonischen Felsgräber. Tübingen, 1966 Google Scholar
Wade-Gery, H. T. Essays in Greek History. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Waggoner, N. M. , review of c 621, in American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walser, G. Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis. Berlin, 1966 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Hellas und Iran. Darmstadt, 1984 Google Scholar
West, M. L. Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626–556 B.C.) in the British Museum. London, 1956 Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, 1966 Google Scholar
Young, R. S. ‘Early mosaics at Gordion’, Expedition 7:3 (1965)Google Scholar
Young, R. S. ‘Gordion on the Royal Road’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107 (1963)Google Scholar
Young, R. S. ‘Progress at Gordion, 1951–1952’, University Museum Bulletin 17:4 (1953)Google Scholar
Young, R. S. ‘The 1961 Campaign at Gordion’, American Journal of Archaeology 66 (1962)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R. S. ‘The 1963 campaign at Gordion’, American Journal of Archaeology 68 (1964)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R. S. ‘The Gordion Campaign of 1957’, American Journal of Archaeology 62 (1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×