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15 - Biomaterials and Artificial Organs

from PART 3 - BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

W. Mark Saltzman
W. Mark Saltzman
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
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Summary

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter, you should:

  • Understand the various types of biomaterials that are available and their common uses.

  • Understand coagulation response to biomaterials in contact with blood and the foreign body response (FBR) to implanted biomaterials.

  • Understand the importance of hemodialysis in the treatment of kidney disease and the materials and methods that are used to achieve hemodialysis.

  • Describe, in quantitative terms, the efficiency of hemodialysis, as well as the changes in blood and dialysate composition that occur during hemodialysis.

  • Understand the functions of membrane oxygenators and their role in open heart surgery.

  • Learn about the range of medical devices—from artificial hearts and valves to drug-eluting stents—that are now used to treat heart disease.

  • Understand the principles of biohybrid organs, which are similar to those used for tissue engineering, but usually applied for the creation of devices that treat blood outside the body.

Prelude

The search for artificial replacements for failing human organs is long and filled with great successes. Today, hemodialysis is routinely used to replace kidney function, artificial hip prostheses allow millions of people to walk, and artificial lenses provide cataract sufferers with clear vision. There are many disappointments as well; despite decades of serious effort, there is still no proven artificial heart, liver, or pancreas.

This chapter describes the success of several artificial organs, including hemodialysis for treating kidney failure and artificial hips. It also describes the efforts to build artificial hearts, livers, and pancreases, and the challenges that remain for these artificial organs.

Type
Chapter
Information
Biomedical Engineering
Bridging Medicine and Technology
 , pp. 537 - 571
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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References

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