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10 - Microbial community composition and soil nitrogen cycling: is there really a connection?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2009

By
Joshua P. Schimel ,
Jennifer Bennett  and
Noah Fierer
Edited by
Richard Bardgett ,
Michael Usher  and
David Hopkins
Joshua P. Schimel
Affiliation:
University of California at Santa Barbara
Jennifer Bennett
Affiliation:
North Carolina State University
Noah Fierer
Affiliation:
University of California at Santa Barbara
Richard Bardgett
Affiliation:
Lancaster University
Michael Usher
Affiliation:
University of Stirling
David Hopkins
Affiliation:
University of Stirling
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Summary

SUMMARY

  1. In the classical view of nitrogen cycling, the processes that involve nitrogen inputs and outputs (e.g. fixation, denitrification) are physiologically ‘narrow’ and so should be sensitive to microbial community composition, while internal turn-over (i.e. mineralisation, immobilisation) involves ‘aggregate’ processes that should be insensitive to microbial community composition.

  2. A newly developing view of nitrogen cycling, however, identifies several ways in which mineralisation and immobilisation can be ‘disaggregated’ into individual components that may be sensitive to microbial community composition. Two of these are extracellular enzyme and microsite phenomena.

  3. Exoenzymes are critical in driving decomposition, and hence mineralisation/immobilisation. Different classes of enzymes are produced by different groups of microorganisms. Additionally, the kinetics of exoenzymes may regulate microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation and hence community composition.

  4. Microsite phenomena appear to regulate system-level nitrogen cycling (e.g. the occurrence of nitrification in nitrogen-poor soils), yet these effects scale non-linearly to the whole system. Different organisms may live and function in different types of microsites.

  5. This new view of the nitrogen cycle provides an intellectual structure for developing research linking microbial populations and the nitrogen cycling processes they carry out.

Introduction

Since the days of Winogradsky and Beijerink in the late nineteenth century, nitrogen cycling has been at the centre of soil microbiology. Since then, we have largely deciphered the microbial physiology of the important nitrogen cycling processes and have identified some of the important microbial groups involved in them.

Type
Chapter
Information
Biological Diversity and Function in Soils , pp. 171 - 188
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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