Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T14:15:59.300Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - History and physical examination of polycystic ovary syndrome: Detecting too much or too little

from Section 4 - The tool kit

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2015

Leo Plouffe, Jr
Affiliation:
Bayer Healthcare, Wayne, New Jersey
Botros R. M. B. Rizk
Affiliation:
University of South Alabama
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Zawadzki, JK, Dunaif, A. Diagnostic Criteria for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: towards a rational approach. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992.Google Scholar
2.Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004;81(1):1925.Google Scholar
3.Azziz, R, Carmina, E, Dewailly, D, et al. The androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 2009;91(2):456488.Google Scholar
4.March, WA, Moore, VM, Willson, KJ, Phillips, DI, Norman, RJ, Davies, MJ. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample assessed under contrasting diagnostic criteria. Hum Reprod 2010;25(2):544551.Google Scholar
5.Vink, JM, Sadrzadeh, S, Lambalk, CB, Boomsma, DI. Heritability of polycystic ovary syndrome in a Dutch twin-family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(6):21002104.Google Scholar
6.Legro, RS, Arslanian, SA, Ehrmann, DA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(12):45654592.Google Scholar
7.Panidis, D, Tziomalos, K, Macut, D, et al. Cross-sectional analysis of the effects of age on the hormonal, metabolic, and ultrasonographic features and the prevalence of the different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2012;97(2):494500.Google Scholar
8.Liou, TH, Yang, JH, Hsieh, CH, Lee, CY, Hsu, CS, Hsu, MI. Clinical and biochemical presentations of polycystic ovary syndrome among obese and nonobese women. Fertil Steril 2009;92(6):19601965.Google Scholar
9.Goodman, NF, Bledsoe, MB, Cobin, RH, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for the clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders. Endocr Pract 2001;7(2):120134.Google Scholar
10.Ferriman, D, Gallwey, JD. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961;21:14401447.Google Scholar
11.Martin, KA, Chang, RJ, Ehrmann, DA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(4):11051120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Ibanez, L, Potau, N, Francois, I, de Zegher, F. Precocious pubarche, hyperinsulinism, and ovarian hyperandrogenism in girls: Relation to reduced fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(10):35583562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Guzel, AI, Kuyumcuoglu, U, Celik, Y. Factors affecting the degree of hirsutism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;285(3):767770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Bhattacharya, SM, Ghosh, M. Insulin resistance and adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010;23(3):158161.Google Scholar
15.Torvinen, A, Koivunen, R, Pouta, A, et al. Metabolic and reproductive characteristics of first-degree relatives of women with self-reported oligo-amenorrhoea and hirsutism. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011;27(9):630635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Cela, E, Robertson, C, Rush, K, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149(5):439442.Google Scholar
17.Vexiau, P, Chaspoux, C, Boudou, P, et al. Role of androgens in female-pattern androgenetic alopecia, either alone or associated with other symptoms of hyperandrogenism. Arch Dermatol Res 2000;292(12):598604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Shi, Y, Guo, M, Yan, J, et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics in large-scale Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007;28(6):807810.Google ScholarPubMed
19.Brown, ZA, Louwers, YV, Fong, SL, et al. The phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome ameliorates with aging. Fertil Steril 2011;96(5):12591265.Google Scholar
20.Bronstein, J, Tawdekar, S, Liu, Y, Pawelczak, M, David, R, Shah, B. Age of onset of polycystic ovarian syndrome in girls may be earlier than previously thought. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011;24(1):1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Elting, MW, Korsen, TJ, Rekers-Mombarg, LT, Schoemaker, J. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. Hum Reprod 2000;15(1):2428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Carmina, E, Campagna, AM, Lobo, RA. A 20-year follow-up of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119(2 Pt 1):263269.Google Scholar
23.Dahlgren, E, Johansson, S, Lindstedt, G, et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril 1992;57(3):505513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Nazir, F, Tasleem, H, Tasleem, S, Sher, Z, Waheed, K. Polycystic ovaries in adolescent girls from Rawalpindi. J Pak Med Assoc 2011;61(10):961963.Google Scholar
25.Sam, S, Legro, RS, Essah, PA, Apridonidze, T, Dunaif, A. Evidence for metabolic and reproductive phenotypes in mothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(18):70307035.Google Scholar
26.Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002; 106(25): 3143–3421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Daniels, SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation 2005;112(17):27352752.Google Scholar
28.Moran, LJ, Misso, ML, Wild, RA, Norman, RJ. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16(4):347363.Google Scholar
29.Rahmanpour, H, Jamal, L, Mousavinasab, SN, Esmailzadeh, A, Azarkhish, K. Association between polycystic ovarian syndrome, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012;25(3):208212.Google Scholar
30.Ehrmann, DA, Liljenquist, DR, Kasza, K, et al. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(1):4853.Google Scholar
31.Lord, J, Thomas, R, Fox, B, Acharya, U, Wilkin, T. The central issue? Visceral fat mass is a good marker of insulin resistance and metabolic disturbance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BJOG 2006;113(10):12031209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Palep-Singh, M, Picton, HM, Barth, JH, Balen, AH. Ethnic variations in the distribution of obesity and biochemical metabolic abnormalities in fertility clinic attendees. J Reprod Med 2008;53(2):117123.Google Scholar
33.Guo, M, Chen, ZJ, Macklon, NS, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of infertile Chinese women with PCOS diagnosed according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;21(4):572580.Google Scholar
34.Castelo-Branco, C, Steinvarcel, F, Osorio, A, Ros, C, Balasch, J. Atherogenic metabolic profile in PCOS patients: role of obesity and hyperandrogenism. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010;26(10):736742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Wild, RA, Carmina, E, Diamanti-Kandarakis, E, et al. Assessment of cardiovascular risk and prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (AE-PCOS) Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(5):20382049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Ehrmann, DA, Kasza, K, Azziz, R, Legro, RS, Ghazzi, MN, PCOS/Troglitazone Study Group. Effects of race and family history of type 2 diabetes on metabolic status of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(1):6671.Google Scholar
37.Escobar-Morreale, HF, Luque-Ramirez, M, San Millan, JL. The molecular-genetic basis of functional hyperandrogenism and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 2005;26(2):251282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Yildiz, BO, Knochenhauer, ES, Azziz, R. Impact of obesity on the risk for polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(1):162168.Google Scholar
39.Gambineri, A, Pelusi, C, Vicennati, V, Pagotto, U, Pasquali, R. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26(7):883896.Google Scholar
40.Wehr, E, Moller, R, Horejsi, R, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue topography and metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009;121(78):262269.Google Scholar
41.Lo, JC, Feigenbaum, SL, Escobar, GJ, Yang, J, Crites, YM, Ferrara, A. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 2006;29(8):19151917.Google Scholar
42.Coviello, AD, Sam, S, Legro, RS, Dunaif, A. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in first-degree male relatives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome is related to high rates of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(11):43614366.Google Scholar
43.Trottier, A, Battista, MC, Geller, DH, et al. Adipose tissue insulin resistance in peripubertal girls with first-degree family history of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2012;98(6):16271634.Google Scholar
44.Shaw, LJ, Bairey Merz, CN, Azziz, R, et al. Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health–National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(4):12761284.Google Scholar
45.Cupisti, S, Kajaia, N, Dittrich, R, Duezenli, H, W Beckmann, M, Mueller, A. Body mass index and ovarian function are associated with endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in women with hyperandrogenic syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158(5):711719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Cho, LW, Kilpatrick, ES, Keevil, BG, et al. Insulin resistance variability in women with anovulatory and ovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome, and normal controls. Horm Metab Res 2011;43(2):141145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Legro, RS, Gnatuk, CL, Kunselman, AR, Dunaif, A. Changes in glucose tolerance over time in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(6):32363242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Holte, J, Gennarelli, G, Berne, C, Bergh, T, Lithell, H. Elevated ambulatory day-time blood pressure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a sign of a pre-hypertensive state? Hum Reprod 1996;11(1):2328.Google Scholar
49.Elting, MW, Korsen, TJ, Bezemer, PD, Schoemaker, J. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population. Hum Reprod 2001;16(3):556560.Google Scholar
50.Luque-Ramirez, M, Alvarez-Blasco, F, Mendieta-Azcona, C, Botella-Carretero, JI, Escobar-Morreale, HF. Obesity is the major determinant of the abnormalities in blood pressure found in young women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(6):21412148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Barcellos, CR, Rocha, MP, Hayashida, SA, Mion Junior, D, Lage, SG, Marcondes, JA. Impact of body mass index on blood pressure levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2007;51(7):11041109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Tasali, E, Van Cauter, E, Ehrmann, DA. Relationships between sleep disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(1):3642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.de Sousa, G, Schluter, B, Menke, T, Trowitzsch, E, Andler, W, Reinehr, T. A comparison of polysomnographic variables between adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome with and without the metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011;9(3):191196.Google Scholar
54.Toulis, KA, Goulis, DG, Mintziori, G, et al. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular disease risk markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17(6):741760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.de Groot, PC, Dekkers, OM, Romijn, JA, Dieben, SW, Helmerhorst, FM. PCOS, coronary heart disease, stroke and the influence of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17(4):495500.Google Scholar
56.Luque-Ramirez, M, Mendieta-Azcona, C, Alvarez-Blasco, F, Escobar-Morreale, HF. Androgen excess is associated with the increased carotid intima-media thickness observed in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2007;22(12):31973203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Christian, RC, Dumesic, DA, Behrenbeck, T, Oberg, AL, Sheedy, PF, 2nd, Fitzpatrick, LA. Prevalence and predictors of coronary artery calcification in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(6):25622568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Iftikhar, S, Collazo-Clavell, ML, Roger, VL, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Neth J Med 2012;70(2):7480.Google Scholar
59.Mani, H, Levy, MJ, Davies, MJ, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular events in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a 20-year retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78(6):926934.Google Scholar
60.Brzozowska, MM, Ostapowicz, G, Weltman, MD. An association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24(2):243247.Google Scholar
61.Zueff, LF, Martins, WP, Vieira, CS, Ferriani, RA. Ultrasonographic and laboratory markers of metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;39(3):341347.Google Scholar
62.Gutierrez-Grobe, Y, Ponciano-Rodriguez, G, Ramos, MH, Uribe, M, Mendez-Sanchez, N. Prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in premenopausal, postmenopausal and polycystic ovary syndrome women the role of estrogens. Ann Hepatol 2010;9(4):402409.Google Scholar
63.Barfield, E, Liu, YH, Kessler, M, Pawelczak, M, David, R, Shah, B. The prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome in obese adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009;22(5):318322.Google Scholar
64.Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JB. The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care 2003;41(11):12841292.Google Scholar
65.Gilbody, S, Richards, D, Brealey, S, Hewitt, C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22(11):15961602.Google Scholar
66.Cinar, N, Kizilarslanoglu, MC, Harmanci, A, et al. Depression, anxiety and cardiometabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2011;26(12):33393345.Google Scholar
67.Hollinrake, E, Abreu, A, Maifeld, M, Van Voorhis, BJ, Dokras, A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007;87(6):13691376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Jones, GL, Hall, JM, Lashen, HL, Balen, AH, Ledger, WL. Health-related quality of life among adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2011;40(5):577588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Barry, JA, Kuczmierczyk, AR, Hardiman, PJ. Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2011;26(9):24422451.Google Scholar
70.Pastore, LM, Patrie, JT, Morris, WL, Dalal, P, Bray, MJ. Depression symptoms and body dissatisfaction association among polycystic ovary syndrome women. J Psychosom Res 2011;71(4):270276.Google Scholar
71.Kowalczyk, R, Skrzypulec, V, Lew-Starowicz, Z, Nowosielski, K, Grabski, B, Merk, W. Psychological gender of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91(6):710714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Stovall, DW, Scriver, JL, Clayton, AH, Williams, CD, Pastore, LM. Sexual function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Sex Med 2012;9(1):224230.Google Scholar
73.Dokras, A, Clifton, S, Futterweit, W, Wild, R. Increased prevalence of anxiety symptoms in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2012;97(1):225–30.e2.Google Scholar
74.Deeks, AA, Gibson-Helm, ME, Paul, E, Teede, HJ. Is having polycystic ovary syndrome a predictor of poor psychological function including anxiety and depression? Hum Reprod 2011;26(6):13991407.Google Scholar
75.Kerchner, A, Lester, W, Stuart, SP, Dokras, A. Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2009;91(1):207212.Google Scholar
76.Mansson, M, Holte, J, Landin-Wilhelmsen, K, Dahlgren, E, Johansson, A, Landen, M. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are often depressed or anxious–a case control study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008;33(8):11321138.Google Scholar
77.Lamb, JD, Johnstone, EB, Rousseau, JA, et al. Physical activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and positive health associations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204(4):352.e1352.e6.Google Scholar
78.Thomson, RL, Buckley, JD, Lim, SS, et al. Lifestyle management improves quality of life and depression in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2010;94(5):18121816.Google Scholar
79.Roos, N, Kieler, H, Sahlin, L, Ekman-Ordeberg, G, Falconer, H, Stephansson, O. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2011;343:d6309.Google Scholar
80.Koivunen, R, Pouta, A, Franks, S, et al. Fecundability and spontaneous abortions in women with self-reported oligo-amenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland birth cohort 1966 study. Hum Reprod 2008;23(9):21342139.Google Scholar
81.Kabiru, W, Raynor, BD. Obstetric outcomes associated with increase in BMI category during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191(3):928932.Google Scholar
82.Qin, JZ, Pang, LH, Li, MJ, Fan, XJ, Huang, RD, Chen, HY. Obstetric complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013;11:56.Google Scholar
83.Legro, RS, Barnhart, HX, Schlaff, WD, et al. Clomiphene, metformin, or both for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(6):551566.Google Scholar
84.Boomsma, CM, Eijkemans, MJ, Hughes, EG, Visser, GH, Fauser, BC, Macklon, NS. A meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12(6):673683.Google Scholar
85.Cocksedge, KA, Saravelos, SH, Metwally, M, Li, TC. How common is polycystic ovary syndrome in recurrent miscarriage? Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19(4):572576.Google Scholar
86.Winter, E, Wang, J, Davies, MJ, Norman, R. Early pregnancy loss following assisted reproductive technology treatment. Hum Reprod 2002;17(12):32203223.Google Scholar
87.Ozgun, MT, Uludag, S, Oner, G, Batukan, C, Aygen, EM, Sahin, Y. The influence of obesity on ICSI outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol 2011;31(3):245249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88.Hasegawa, I, Tanaka, K, Sanada, H, Imai, T, Fujimori, R. Studies on the cytogenetic and endocrinologic background of spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril 1996;65(1):5254.Google Scholar
89.Moini, A, Tadayon, S, Tehranian, A, Yeganeh, LM, Akhoond, MR, Yazdi, RS. Association of thrombophilia and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012;28(8):590593.Google Scholar
90.Reyes-Munoz, E, Castellanos-Barroso, G, Ramirez-Eugenio, BY, et al. The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Mexican women with a history of infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2012;97(6):14671471.Google Scholar
91.Palomba, S, Falbo, A, Russo, T, et al. The risk of a persistent glucose metabolism impairment after gestational diabetes mellitus is increased in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 2012;35(4):861867.Google Scholar
92.Bjercke, S, Dale, PO, Tanbo, T, Storeng, R, Ertzeid, G, Abyholm, T. Impact of insulin resistance on pregnancy complications and outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2002;54(2):9498.Google Scholar
93.Hizli, D, Kosus, A, Kosus, N, Kamalak, Z, Ak, D, Turhan, NO. The impact of birth weight and maternal history on acne, hirsutism, and menstrual disorder symptoms in Turkish adolescent girls. Endocrine 2012;41(3):473478.Google Scholar
94.McDonald, SD, Han, Z, Mulla, S, et al. Preterm birth and low birth weight among in vitro fertilization singletons: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;146(2):138148.Google Scholar
95.Barry, JA, Azizia, MM, Hardiman, PJ. Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20(5):748758.Google Scholar
96.Pierpoint, T, McKeigue, PM, Isaacs, AJ, Wild, SH, Jacobs, HS. Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51(7):581586.Google Scholar
97.Witchel, SF, Azziz, R. Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2010;2010:625105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98.Bahn, RS, Burch, HB, Cooper, DS, et al. Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 2011;17(3):456520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Garber, JR, Cobin, RH, Gharib, H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract 2012;18(6):9881028.Google Scholar
100.Neraud, B, Dewailly, D. Drug-induced hyperandrogenism. In: Azziz, R, Nestler, JE, Dewailly, D, eds. Contemporary Endocrinology: Androgen Excess Disorders in Women, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Other Disorders. Second edition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc, 2006:121124.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×