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2022 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 25 of 102

A Historical Ethnography of the Enga Economy of Papua New Guinea

A Historical Ethnography of the Enga Economy of Papua New Guinea
  • Polly Wiessner, Akii Tumu, Nitze Pupu
  • Published online:
    31 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • The question addressed in this Element is: What happens to a society when, in the absence of influence from foreign populations, constraints are released by a new crop making possible significant surplus production? We will draw on the historical traditions of 110 tribes of the Enga of Papua New Guinea recorded over a decade to document the changes that occurred in response to the potential for surplus production after the arrival of the sweet potato some 350 years prior to contact with Europeans. Economic change alone does not restructure a society nor build the social and political scaffolding for new institutions. In response to rapid change, the Enga drew on rituals that altered norms and values and resolved cultural contradictions that inhibited cooperation to bring about complexity rather than chaos. The end result was the development of one of the largest known ceremonial exchange systems prior to state formation.
James Buchanan and Peaceful Cooperation

James Buchanan and Peaceful Cooperation
  • From Public Finance to a Theory of Collective Action
  • Alain Marciano
  • Published online:
    31 May 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Buchanan believed that individuals are fundamentally willing to cooperate with others. It was at the center of his works in public finance in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and also crucial to his work in public choice in the 1960s. The purpose of this book is to show which forms this belief took over these two decades or so, and to explain the continuity between these forms. We adopt a historical approach that allows us to recount the story of how Buchanan came to develop a theory of collective action, including his conception of cooperation in small groups, to implement a technical condition about the pricing of public goods he defended early in his career. We describe the different steps Buchanan took, the encounters that influenced him, and the events and challenges that led him to revise his views to make room for this fundamental philosophical conviction.
Ethical Leadership in Conflict and Crisis

Ethical Leadership in Conflict and Crisis
  • Evidence from Leaders on How to Make More Peaceful, Sustainable, and Profitable Communities
  • Jason Miklian, John E. Katsos
  • Published online:
    31 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 March 2025
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  • How can business leaders navigate through a world of polycrisis? This work delivers blends blending historical lessons, firsthand accounts, and ethical perspectives on crisis to fill a key gap in our understandings of effective, ethical leadership through settings of crisis, conflict and/or fragility situations. Pulling from historical events and contemporary research, the book looks past individual crises and explores a world of overlapping, permanent crises, or 'polycrisis.' It contrasts traditional leadership responses with values of community and authenticity, emphasizing the necessity of ethical and servant leadership attributes when conventional business strategies fail. This work offers insights for anyone interested in understanding and navigating the complex landscape of crisis. strategizes enduring leadership for constant crises. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Anthropological Archaeology Underwater

Anthropological Archaeology Underwater
  • Ashley Lemke
  • Published online:
    30 May 2024
    Print publication:
    31 October 2024
  • Anthropological archaeology underwater is a new field. What type of research is this and how do anthropologists go about it? When most people hear the phrase 'underwater archaeology', they think of shipwrecks and dramatic images of lost ships at sea, but the underwater archaeological record is vast. In addition to historic vessels, water preserves some of the oldest landscapes on the planet. While archaeologists are interested in the past, those working underwater apply the latest technologies to provide fresh understandings about ancient human behaviour. Underwater environments provide preservation that is unmatched on land and therefore the data collected is novel – providing information about human lifeways and creating a picture of the past we would otherwise never see. This Element will explore the world of anthropological archaeology underwater, focusing on submerged sites, and review the techniques, data, and theoretical perspectives which are offering new insights into the human story.
Reading with the Burneys

Reading with the Burneys
  • Patronage, Paratext, and Performance
  • Sophie Coulombeau
  • Published online:
    30 May 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
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  • This Element offers a multidimensional study of reading practice and sibling rivalry in late eighteenth-century Britain. The case study is the Aberdeen student and disgraced thief Charles Burney's treatment of Evelina (1778), the debut novel of his sister Frances Burney. Coulombeau uses Charles's manuscript poetry, letters, and marginalia, alongside illustrative prints and circulating library archives, to tell the story of how he attempted to control Evelina's reception in an effort to bolster his own socio-literary status. Uniting approaches drawn from literary studies, biography, bibliography, and the history of the book, the Element enriches scholarly understanding of the reception of Frances Burney's fiction, with broader implications for studies of gender, class, kinship and reading in this period. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Evolution of Authoritarianism and Contentious Action in Russia

The Evolution of Authoritarianism and Contentious Action in Russia
  • Bogdan Mamaev
  • Published online:
    30 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element examines the evolution of authoritarianism in Russia from 2011 to 2023, focusing on its impact on contentious action. It argues that the primary determinant of contention, at both federal and regional levels, is authoritarian innovation characterized by reactive and proactive repression. Drawing on Russian legislation, reports from human rights organizations, media coverage, and a novel dataset of contentious events created from user-generated reports on Twitter using computational techniques, this Element contributes to the understanding of contentious politics in authoritarian regimes, underscoring the role of authoritarianism and its innovative responses in shaping contentious action.
Language Teachers' Social Cognition

Language Teachers' Social Cognition
  • Hao Xu
  • Published online:
    29 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element aims to elucidate the theories of social cognition and to delineate their implications for the professional development of language teachers in primary and secondary schools. We first explore the concept of social cognition. The three key dimensions, that is, representation of social reality, social cognitive processing, and social mental abilities, of the social cognition theories are further elaborated with examples closely associated with language teaching and teacher development. We continue with more specific issues such as impression, attitude, emotion, and self-efficacy, which arise and develop as language teachers code, store, and retrieve information from social situations. We then discuss how social cognition influences teacher learning and development as observed and promoted within different social realities, and we end this Element with a call for a social-cognitive perspective on understanding language teachers' learning and development situated in diverse and changing contexts in and out of schools.
Kant on Self-Control

Kant on Self-Control
  • Marijana Vujošević
  • Published online:
    28 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element considers Kant's conception of self-control and the role it plays in his moral philosophy. It offers a detailed interpretation of the different terms used by Kant to explain the phenomenon of moral self-control, such as 'autocracy' and 'inner freedom'. Following Kant's own suggestions, the proposed reading examines the Kantian capacity for self-control as an ability to 'abstract from' various sensible impressions by looking beyond their influence on the mind. This analysis shows that Kant's conception of moral self-control involves two intimately related levels, which need not meet the same criteria. One level is associated with realizing various ends, the other with setting moral ends. The proposed view most effectively accommodates self-control's role in the adoption of virtuous maxims and ethical end-setting. It explains why self-control is central to Kant's conception of virtue and sheds new light on his discussions of moral strength and moral weakness.
How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust

How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust
  • Emily Thorson
  • Published online:
    28 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element takes on two related questions: How do the media cover the issue of misinformation, and how does exposure to this coverage affect public perceptions, including trust? A content analysis shows that most media coverage explicitly blames social media for the problem, and two experiments find that while exposure to news coverage of misinformation makes people less trusting of news on social media, it increases trust in print news. This counterintuitive effect occurs because exposure to news about misinformation increases the perceived value of traditional journalistic norms. Finally, exposure to misinformation coverage has no measurable effect on political trust or internal efficacy, and political interest is a strong predictor of interest in news coverage of misinformation across partisan lines. These results suggest that many Americans see legacy media as a bulwark against changes that threaten to distort the information environment.
Input

Input
  • John Truscott
  • Published online:
    28 May 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Input is the name of a topic – the way that language 'out there' impacts the development of interlanguage, within the individual. It is perhaps the most important aspect of second language learning. This Element offers an overview of the key concepts related to input and the major lines of research exploring its nature and its role in second language learning. It then puts things together into a coherent, if controversial, picture of input and its role in development, emphasizing the place of consciousness. In this and most other current perspectives, implicit (unconscious) input-based learning is the heart of second language acquisition. This suggests two general options for teaching: (a) trust the natural implicit processes, trying to create optimal conditions for them; (b) direct those processes to selected features of the input, probably using explicit instruction. The conclusion is that (a) appears preferable.
Feminist Philosophy of Science

Feminist Philosophy of Science
  • Anke Bueter
  • Published online:
    28 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • Feminist scholars have identified pervasive gender discrimination in science as an institution, as well as gender bias in the very content of many scientific theories. An ameliorative project at heart, feminist philosophy of science has inquired into the social and epistemological roots and consequences of these problems and into their potential solutions. Most feminist philosophers agree on a need for diversity in scientific communities to counter the detrimental effects of gender bias. Diversity could thus serve as a unifying concept for a potential consensus of the field. Yet there are substantial differences in the kinds and roles of diversity envisaged. This element argues that we need diversity, both in terms of social locations and of values, to overcome former biases and blind spots. Diversity as such, however, is insufficient. To reap its epistemic benefits, diversity also needs to be institutionalised in a way that counters various forms of epistemic injustice.
Effectuation

Effectuation
  • Rethinking Fundamental Concepts in the Social Sciences
  • Saras Sarasvathy
  • Published online:
    25 May 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • Effectuation has become the basis for educating entrepreneurs and managers. Derived from cognitive and behavioral economic studies of expert entrepreneurs, effectuation shows how to cocreate value in highly uncertain situations. The framework of effectuation consists in techniques that minimize the use of predictive information and ways to turn control itself into strategy. In doing so, the effectual process opens up radically new ways to rethink a variety of fundamental concepts in all the social sciences. This ranges from risk and return to markets and governments in economics; attitudes toward ends and means in psychology; opportunism and altruism in social psychology; and even success and failure in strategic management. Effectuation theory inverts several older approaches in what Herbert Simon referred to as the 'sciences of the artificial'. These inversions suggest an entrepreneurial method based on non-predictive control that complements the predictive control techniques of the scientific method.
Programming for Corpus Linguistics with Python and Dataframes

Programming for Corpus Linguistics with Python and Dataframes
  • Daniel Keller
  • Published online:
    24 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element offers intermediate or experienced programmers algorithms for Corpus Linguistic (CL) programming in the Python language using dataframes that provide a fast, efficient, intuitive set of methods for working with large, complex datasets such as corpora. This Element demonstrates principles of dataframe programming applied to CL analyses, as well as complete algorithms for creating concordances; producing lists of collocates, keywords, and lexical bundles; and performing key feature analysis. An additional algorithm for creating dataframe corpora is presented including methods for tokenizing, part-of-speech tagging, and lemmatizing using spaCy. This Element provides a set of core skills that can be applied to a range of CL research questions, as well as to original analyses not possible with existing corpus software.
Heidegger on Eastern/Asian Thought

Heidegger on Eastern/Asian Thought
  • Lin Ma
  • Published online:
    24 May 2024
    Print publication:
    24 October 2024
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  • This Element elucidates the metamorphoses of Heidegger's comportment toward Eastern/Asian thought from the 1910s to the 1960s. With a view to the many meanings of the East at play in Heidegger's thinking, it considers how his diversified 'dialogues' with the East are embedded in different phases of his Denkweg. Various themes unexplored previously are examined: Heidegger's early treatment of near Eastern traditions and Islamic philosophy, his views on alien cultures, the 'primitive Dasein' and the 'mythical Dasein,' and his meditation on Russianism's deeply rooted spirituality and its recuperative possibilities for the West. Finally, this Element reveals how Heidegger opened the promise of a dialogue with the East and yet stepped back from the threshold, and how his move from the Occidental line of philosophizing toward the Oriental line is integral to his shift from the guiding question of “Being” to the abyssal question of 'Beyng.'
Collaborative Ethnography of Global Environmental Governance

Collaborative Ethnography of Global Environmental Governance
  • Concepts, Methods and Practices
  • Stefan C. Aykut, Simone Rödder, Max Braun
  • Published online:
    23 May 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
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  • Environmental mega conferences have become the format of choice in environmental governance. Conferences of the Parties (COPs) under the climate change and biodiversity conventions in particular attract global media attention and an ever-growing number of increasingly diverse actors, including scholars of global environmental politics. They are arenas for interstate negotiation, but also temporary interfaces that constitute and represent world society, and they focalise global struggles over just and sustainable futures. Collaborative event ethnography (CEE) as a research methodology emerged as a response to these developments. This volume retraces its genealogy, explains its conceptual and methodological foundations and presents insights into its practice. It is meant as an introduction for students, an overview for curious newcomers to the field, and an invitation for experienced researchers wishing to experiment with a new method. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
China's eBook Evolution

China's eBook Evolution
  • Disruptive Models and Emerging Book Cultures
  • Xiang Ren
  • Published online:
    23 May 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • This Element explores the changing landscape of eBook businesses and cultures in China in the past two decades and examines how disruptive innovation and the platform economy have transformed one of the world's largest book markets. Through an evolutionary perspective, this Element documents and analyses the emergence, growth, and refinement of disruptive models in three areas of trade publishing, including free eBook developments, digital self-publishing, and platformed social reading. It offers a critical account of the complex interplay between emerging technologies, business innovations, and book cultures and conceptualises China's eBook evolution as both a part of global digital publishing transformation in the platform age and an embodiment of local dynamics in a transitional society. This Element is essential for scholars, students, publishers, and the interested publics to understand China's digital publishing innovations and their global implications.
Standing Up for Nonprofits

Standing Up for Nonprofits
  • Advocacy on Federal, Sector-wide Issues
  • Alan J. Abramson, Benjamin Soskis
  • Published online:
    23 May 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
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  • This Element examines the recent history of nonprofit sector-wide advocacy at the federal level, focusing on work done by national nonprofit infrastructure organizations and national charities, to advocate on issues, such as tax incentives for charitable giving, that affect a broad range of nonprofits. The Element draws on interviews with thirty-nine national and state nonprofit leaders and federal policymakers as well as published papers and journalistic accounts. It finds that many policymakers are only weakly supportive of the nonprofit sector. In the end, this Element points to an uneasy, shifting balance in nonprofit sector advocacy between informal, decentralized, issue-based coalitions focused on short-term, if vital, legislative victories, on one hand, and the public good mandate embraced by some sector-wide advocates, which attends to longer time horizons and a broad conception of the defense of civil society, on the other. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Early English Periodicals and Early Modern Social Media

Early English Periodicals and Early Modern Social Media
  • Margaret J. M. Ezell
  • Published online:
    23 May 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
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  • Using the lens of early modern social authorship and contemporary social media, this Element explores a new print genre popular in England at the end of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the periodical. Traditionally, literary history has focused on only one aspect, the periodical essay. This Element returns the periodical to its original, complex literary ecosystem as an ephemeral text competing for an emerging audience, growing out of a social authorship culture. It argues that the relationship between authors, publishers, and audiences in the early periodicals is a dynamic participatory culture, similar to what modern readers encounter in the early phases of the transition from print to digital, as seen in social media. Like our current evolving digital environment, the periodical also experienced a shift from its original practices stressing sociability to a more commercially driven media ecology. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Laws of Physics

Laws of Physics
  • Eddy Keming Chen
  • Published online:
    22 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws-simplicity, exactness, and objectivity-and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.
Indigenous Knowledge and Material Histories

Indigenous Knowledge and Material Histories
  • The Example of Rubber
  • Jens Soentgen
  • Published online:
    22 May 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • This Element deals with stories told about substances and ways to analyse them through an Environmental Humanitie's perspective. It then takes up rubber as an example and its many stories. It is shown that the common notions of rubber history, which assume that rubber only became a useful material through a miraculous operation called vulcanization, that is attributed to the US-American Charles Goodyear, are false. In contrast, it is shown that rubber and many important rubber products are inventions of Indigenous peoples of South America, made durable by a process that can be called organic vulcanization. It is with that invention, that the story of rubber starts. Without it, rubber would not exist, neither in the Americas nor elsewhere. Finally, it is shown that Indigenous rubber products also offer some ecological advantages over industrially manufactured ones.

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