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2022 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 24 of 102

Innovations in Digital Comics

Innovations in Digital Comics
  • A Popular Revolution
  • Francesca Benatti
  • Published online:
    03 September 2024
    Print publication:
    03 October 2024
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  • The success of popular webcomics (comics produced and read entirely digitally) is the greatest revolution in the comics medium of the last two decades. Webcomics exploit a socio-technical convergence between digital platforms and participatory cultures, enabling global authors to work together with global audiences to transcend established print comics structures. After defining digital comics, webcomics and webtoons, this Element presents a case study of Korean platform WEBTOON, which achieved 100 billion global page views in 2019. The study analyses data from their website, including views, subscriptions and likes, to quantify and assess whether WEBTOON's commercial and critical success is connected to its inclusion of a wider range of genres and of a more diverse author base than mainstream English-language print comics. In so doing, it performs the first Book Historical study of webcomics and webtoons. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Escaping Poverty Traps and Unlocking Prosperity in the Face of Climate Risk

Escaping Poverty Traps and Unlocking Prosperity in the Face of Climate Risk
  • Lessons from Index-Based Livestock Insurance
  • Nathaniel D. Jensen, Francesco P. Fava, Andrew G. Mude, Christopher B. Barrett, Brenda Wandera-Gache, Anton Vrieling, Masresha Taye, Kazushi Takahashi, Felix Lung, Munenobu Ikegami, Polly Ericksen, Philemon Chelanga, Sommarat Chantarat, Michael Carter, Hassan Bashir, Rupsha Banerjee
  • Published online:
    03 September 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
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  • This Element outlines the origins and evolution of an international award-winning development intervention, index-based livestock insurance (IBLI), which scaled from a small pilot project in Kenya to a design that underpins drought risk management products and policies across Africa. General insights are provided on i) the economics of poverty, risk management, and drylands development; ii) the evolving use of modern remote sensing and data science tools in development; iii) the science of scaling; and iv) the value and challenges of integrating research with operational implementation to tackle development and humanitarian challenges in some of the world's poorest regions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Teleology

Teleology
  • Matthew Tugby
  • Published online:
    31 August 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Teleology is about functions, ends, and goals in nature. This Element offers a philosophical examination of these phenomena and aims to reinstate teleology as a core part of the metaphysics of science. It starts with a critical analysis of three theories of function and argues that functions ultimately depend on goals. A metaphysical investigation of goal-directedness is then undertaken. After arguing against reductive approaches to goal-directedness, the Element develops a new theory which grounds many cases of goal-directedness in the metaphysics of powers. According to this theory, teleological properties are genuine, irreducible features of the world.
Dickens and the Gothic

Dickens and the Gothic
  • Andrew Smith
  • Published online:
    18 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • Dickens and the Gothic provides a critical focus on representations of social and psychological entrapment which demonstrates how Dickens employs the Gothic to evaluate how institutions and formations of history impinge on the individual. An analysis of these forms of Gothic entrapment reveals how these institutions and representations of public and personal history function Gothically in Dickens, because they hold back other, putatively reformist, ambitions. To be trapped in an institution such as a prison, or by the machinations of a law court, or haunted by history, or to be haunted by ghosts, represent forms of Gothic entrapment which this study examines both psychologically and sociologically.
Questioning Leadership

Questioning Leadership
  • Michael Harvey
  • Published online:
    17 June 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element posits that questions are the heart of leadership. Leaders ask hard questions that spark creative solutions and new understandings. Asking by itself isn't enough - leaders must also help find answers and turn them into effective action. But the leader's work begins with questions. This Element surveys the main traditions of leadership thought; considers the nature of the group and its questions; explores how culture and bureaucracy serve to provide stable answers to the group's questions; and explores how leaders offers disruptive answers, especially in times of change and crisis. It uses the lens of questions to consider two parallel American lives, President Abraham Lincoln and General Robert E. Lee.
Language Learning beyond English

Language Learning beyond English
  • Learner Motivation in the Twenty-First Century
  • Ursula Lanvers
  • Published online:
    14 June 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024
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  • This Element addresses the following three questions: can Global English unequivocally be framed as a 'killer' language for learning LOTEs (languages other than English)? If so, under what premises? (Section 1); what are the rationales and justifications for learning LOTE in the age of Global English? (Section 2); and what are the pedagogical and policy implications for learning LOTE in the age of Global English? What can we learn from current (best and less good) practice? (Section 3). Attempts to engage learners in learning a variety of languages – rather than just English – often fail to achieve desired results, both in Anglophone and non-Anglophone contexts. Can English be blamed? What can policymakers and educators do to address the crisis? This Element proposes a new matrix of rationales for language learning, advocating an interconnected, socially embedded justification for language learning. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Design Thinking and Other Approaches

Design Thinking and Other Approaches
  • How Different Disciplines See, Think and Act
  • Nathan Crilly
  • Published online:
    10 June 2024
    Print publication:
    03 October 2024
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  • Efforts to promote creativity often centre on encouraging people to engage in 'design thinking', 'systems thinking' and 'entrepreneurial thinking'. These different approaches are most often defined, taught and applied in mutual isolation, which has obscured what distinguishes them from each other, what they have in common and how they might be combined. These three approaches are also most often described in isolation from the approaches that characterize other disciplines, all of which are relevant to how problems are identified, framed and solved. These other approaches include 'computational thinking', 'engineering thinking', 'scientific thinking', 'evolutionary thinking', 'mathematical thinking', 'statistical thinking', 'geographical thinking', 'historical thinking', 'anthropological thinking' and many more. Examining these approaches as a set allows each of them to be better understood, and also reveals the connections and contrasts between them. Such comparisons provide the foundation for a more coordinated project to represent how different disciplinary approaches contribute to creative work.
Democracy and the American Gothic

Democracy and the American Gothic
  • Michael J. Blouin
  • Published online:
    10 June 2024
    Print publication:
    03 October 2024
  • While the political undercurrent of the American Gothic has been firmly established, few scholars have surveyed the genre's ambivalent relationship to democracy. The American Gothic routinely undercuts centralised authority by exposing the dark underbelly of the status quo; at the same time, the American Gothic tends to reflect a widespread mistrust of the masses. American readers are too afraid of democracy – and not yet fearful enough. This concise Element theorises the democratic and anti-democratic elements of the American Gothic by surveying the conflicted imaginaries of the genre's mainstays, including Charles Brockden Brown, Edgar Allan Poe, Shirley Jackson, and Stephen King.
YA Anthologies

YA Anthologies
  • Amplifying Voices, Building Community
  • Melanie Ramdarshan Bold
  • Published online:
    07 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Despite their long publishing history, anthologies have received little scholarly attention. However, they play an important role in collecting, and reflecting upon, voices and identities that have all-to-often been on the fringes of publishing. This Element explores the sociocultural functions of anthologies in relation to discussions around exclusion/inclusion in the publishing industry. Focusing on YA anthologies, using a case study of A Change Is Gonna Come anthology (2017), this Element argues that the form and function of anthologies allows them to respond to and represent changing ideas of socially-marginalised identities. In A Change Is Gonna Come, this medium also affords Black and Brown authors a platform and community for introspection and the development of both individual and collective identities. Beyond merely introducing writings by socially-marginalised groups, this Element contends that YA anthologies embody a form of literary activism, fostering community-building and offering a means to circumvent obstacles prevalent in publishing.
Managing Religion and Religious Changes in Iran

Managing Religion and Religious Changes in Iran
  • A Socio-Legal Analysis
  • Sajjad Adeliyan Tous, James T. Richardson
  • Published online:
    07 June 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • This Element offers a theoretically informed examination of the manner in which religion, especially alternative and emergent religious and spiritual movements, is managed by law and legal mechanisms in the authoritarian theocracy of Iran. It highlights how these phenomena have been affected by the intersection of law, politics, and Shiʿi theology in recent Iranian history. The growing interest of Iranian citizens in new religious movements and spiritual currents, fostered by the cultural diffusion of Western writings and ideas, is described. The development of religious diversity in Iran and a corresponding loss of commitment toward some Islamic doctrines and practices are of considerable concern to both the Iranian religious and political establishments. This has led to social control efforts over any religious and spiritual movement differing from the regime's view of Islam. Those efforts, supported in large part by Western anticult ideas, culminated in the passage of a piece of stringent legislation in 2021. The Element closes with applications of theorizing from the sociology of law and of religion.
Religious Humanitarianism during the World Wars, 1914–1945

Religious Humanitarianism during the World Wars, 1914–1945
  • Between Atheism and Messianism
  • Patrick J. Houlihan
  • Published online:
    06 June 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • The history of modern war has focused on destruction; however, practices of saving lives and rebuilding societies have received far less scrutiny. The world wars reconfigured geopolitics on a sacred-secular spectrum dominated by the USA and the USSR. In these events, the motivations of humanitarian actors are disputed as either secular or religious, evoking approval or censure. Although modern global humanitarianism emerged during the world wars, it is often studied in a Euro-centric framework that does not engage the conflicts' globality. The effects of humanitarianism during the Second World War look toward the post-1945 era with not enough reflection on the pre-1945 history of humanitarianism. Thus, what is needed is a critical history beyond moralizing, bringing synchronic and diachronic expansion to study questions of continuity and change. A global history of religious humanitarianism during both world wars places faith-based humanitarianism on a spectrum of belief and unbelief.
The Poetics of Performance Diagrams

The Poetics of Performance Diagrams
  • Andrej Mirčev
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element considers the concept of performance diagrams and shows their historical, epistemic and aesthetic functions in theatre and dance. In three sections, the author surveys the architectural model of theatre by Vitruvius, the woodcut of Marlow's Doctor Faustus, Aby Warburg's Mnemosyne-Atlas, the spells and drawings of Antonin Artaud, the performance Paradise Now (the Living Theatre) and the choreography I am 1984 (Barbara Matijević). Demonstrating that diagrams can be applied to multiply dramaturgical trajectories, the text reviews their relevance for performance-making, analysis and documentation. The author argues that diagrams provide new tools for theory, practice and archiving, while at the same time enabling reflection on the intersections between poetics and politics. Focusing on the potentiality of diagrams to cut through representation and dichotomies, this Element affirms the visual, corporeal and spatial dimensions of performance-making. In doing so, it elucidates the significance of diagrammatic thinking for performance studies.
Clean Break Theatre Company

Clean Break Theatre Company
  • Caoimhe McAvinchey, Sarah Bartley, Deborah Dean, Anne-marie Greene
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • Clean Break Theatre Company is a women-only theatre company that grew out of a prisoner-led drama workshop that took place between 1977–1979 in HMP Askham Grange. In addition to its considerable impact on criminalised women and public understandings of the socio-political impact of their experiences, Clean Break has had a significant but under-acknowledged impact on contemporary British theatre. We examine three areas of Clean Break's theatre making history and organisational practices: its origin stories; its education and engagement work; and how the company's performance practices have, across five decades, 'then' and 'now', adapted to directly intervene in carceral society. By highlighting Clean Break's distinct activist theatre making processes and practices, the book makes explicit the genealogical connections of the company's past work and its impacts on contemporary feminist theatre practices.
Women Making Shakespeare in the Twenty-First Century

Women Making Shakespeare in the Twenty-First Century
  • Kim Solga
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • This Element examines why women makers from equity-owed communities (Indigenous, of colour, Deaf, disabled, trans and non-binary communities among others) choose to work with Shakespeare and his contemporaries at a moment in time when theatres around the world are striving toward equity, inclusion, diversity, and decolonization. It details and explores these creators' processes to learn from them about how to transform plays we know all too well as patriarchy-affirming, ableist, and often racist into vehicles for community storytelling and models for radically inclusive and difference-centred ways of making.
The Production of Entheogenic Communities in the United States

The Production of Entheogenic Communities in the United States
  • Brad Stoddard
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • The rise of entheogenic religion – that is, religions that involve the use of psychoactive drugs – has captured the attention of scholars and journalists. These studies tend to advance the interests of practitioners who advocate for the legitimacy of entheogens and of entheogenic religion more broadly. This Element breaks with these approaches as it offers a historical and critical analysis of entheogenic communities. It examines the production of entheogenic groups in the United States and considers the historical factors that have contributed to the rise in psychedelics more broadly. It also explores legal considerations and the impact of the law as a curator of entheogenic communities. This Element recognizes that these communities – like all imagined communities – are culturally conditioned, socially constructed, and historically contingent. By exploring these contingencies, we learn more about the broader sociocultural, historical, and economic frameworks that underlie the burgeoning association of psychoactive substances and religion.
Design Creativity

Design Creativity
  • Gyuchan Thomas Jun, Sue Hignett, P. John Clarkson
  • Published online:
    04 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
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  • Design creativity describes the process by which needs are explored and translated into requirements for change. This Element examines the role of design creativity within the context of healthcare improvement. It begins by outlining the characteristics of design thinking, and the key status of the Double Diamond Model. It provides practical tools to support design creativity, including ethnographic/observational studies, personas and scenarios, and needs identification and requirements analysis. It also covers brainstorming, Disney, and six thinking hats techniques, the nine windows technique, morphological charts and product architecting, and concept evaluation. The tools, covering all stages of the Double Diamond model, are supported by examples of their use in healthcare improvement. The Element concludes with a critique of design creativity and the evidence for its application in healthcare improvement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Capacity, Informed Consent and Third-Party Decision-Making

Capacity, Informed Consent and Third-Party Decision-Making
  • Jacob M. Appel
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • This Element examines three related topics in the field of bioethics that arise frequently both in clinical care and in medico-legal settings: capacity, informed consent, and third-party decision-making. All three of these subjects have been shaped significantly by the shift from the paternalistic models of care that dominated medicine in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain prior to the 1960s to the present models that privilege patient autonomy. Each section traces the history of one of these topics and then explores the major ethics issues that arise as these issues are addressed in contemporary clinical practice, paying particular attention to the role that structural factors such as bias and social capital play in their use. In addition, the volume also discusses recent innovations and proposals for reform that may shape these subjects in the future in response both to technological advances and changes in societal priorities.
Cultural Selection

Cultural Selection
  • Tim Lewens
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Humans learn in ways that are influenced by others. As a result, cultural items of many types are elaborated over time in ways that build on the achievements of previous generations. Culture therefore shows a pattern of descent with modification reminiscent of Darwinian evolution. This raises the question of whether cultural selection-a mechanism akin to natural selection, albeit working when learned items are passed from demonstrators to observers-can explain how various practices are refined over time. This Element argues that cultural selection is not necessary for the explanation of cultural adaptation; it shows how to build hybrid explanations that draw on aspects of cultural selection and cultural attraction theory; it shows how cultural reproduction makes problems for highly formalised approaches to cultural selection; and it uses a case-study to demonstrate the importance of human agency for cumulative cultural adaptation.
Abductive Reasoning in Science

Abductive Reasoning in Science
  • Finnur Dellsén
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
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  • In abductive reasoning, scientific theories are evaluated on the basis of how well they would explain the available evidence. There are a number of subtly different accounts of this type of reasoning, most of which are inspired by the popular slogan 'Inference to the Best Explanation.' However, these accounts disagree about exactly how to spell out the slogan so as to avoid various problems for abductive reasoning. This Element aims, firstly, to give an opinionated overview both of the many accounts of abductive reasoning that have been proposed and the problems that have motivated them; and, secondly, to critically evaluate these accounts in a way that points toward a systematic view of the nature and purpose of abductive reasoning in science. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Inside the IPCC

Inside the IPCC
  • How Assessment Practices Shape Climate Knowledge
  • Jessica Leigh O'Reilly, Mark Vardy, Kari De Pryck, Marcela da S. Feital Benedetti
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
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  • Inside the IPCC explores the institution of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by focusing on people's experiences as authors. While the budget and overall population of an IPCC report cycle is small, its influence on public views of climate change is outsized. Inside the IPCC analyzes the social and human sides of IPCC report writing, as a complement to understanding the authoritative reports that underwrite policy decisions at many scales of governance. This study shows how the IPCC's social and human dimension is in fact the main strength, but also the main challenge facing the organization, but also the main challenge facing the organziation. By stepping back to reveal what goes into the making of climate science assessments, Inside the IPCC aims to help people develop a more realistic, and thus, more actionable, understanding of climate change and the solutions to deal with it. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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