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An overview of the physical state of Rome in the year 900, followed by an introduction to each of the major categories of material culture to be discussed: architecture, painting, icons, sculpture, inscriptions, manuscripts, ceramics, and coins. A rationale is provided for the format of the book: not a diachronic chronological survey as such, but instead organized around four overarching themes.
This chapter addresses the theme of ‘Death and Burial’, focussing on what little is known about prestigious burials in Roman churches, including various popes and the emperor Otto II.
A historical overview of Rome’s political, economic, and social history between 900 and 1000. The first six decades are dominated by four generations of the ‘House of Theophylact’, lay magnates who control the papacy, restore the Roman economy, and provide the principal source of patronage; and the final four decades by the Saxon emperors, Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III, who vie with the Roman aristocracy for control of both the city and the papacy.
This chapter examines visual evidence for the cult of the saints, with a focus on murals in S. Clemente and S. Maria Antiqua, and sculpture in S. Maria in Aventino.
The lion’s share of attention given to the Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas has focussed—not unreasonably—on Perpetua, the eponymous heroine, and on the ways in which her voice and character have been manipulated. But she is not the only figure in this text who is made to sing a tune. This article concentrates on the two military characters mentioned in the Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas—Pudens, optio carceris, and the unnamed tribunus—to suggest that we should pay more attention to the deployment and characterization of minor martyrological characters. An examination of Pudens and the tribune reveals previously understudied facets of the text, such as the anonymous Editor’s hand in attempting to stitch together Perpetua’s diary with his own concluding narrative, and the anxiety of the Carthaginian Christian community to be positively recognized by Roman authority figures. Finally, this examination contributes to previous debates over the text’s original language and date of composition, suggesting that the Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas was written in Latin in the early third century—against a recent charge that the text is a late antique forgery.