Tall, pyramidal and often massive evergreen trees, typically with straight trunks and often irregularly protruding main branch systems, distinguished from Abies by their more irregular foliar habit and pendulous female cones with exerted trifid bracts.

This chapter will develop your understanding of the role of widening participation in Australia, specifically the pedagogical approaches outlined throughout the chapter which can be enacted to support learners from all backgrounds. These critical teaching approaches have the power to disrupt the reproduction of existing structural inequalities to enhance the educational success of learners from all sectors of Australian society.

Essential tremor is a progressive, chronic action tremor that is most commonly found in the bilateral hands and arms (90%); however, it can also be found in the head and neck (30%), legs (12%), and voice (20%). Though symptoms can be disabling for some, in most cases symptoms are only mild and do not require medical intervention. There also appears to be a large proportion of patients (50%–70%) who show an autosomal dominant familial transmission.

The conditions on early Earth prior to four billion years ago (Hadean Earth), which shaped the origin(s) and early evolution of life, are discussed in this chapter. It begins with a summary of the various sources of internal heat on terrestrial planets and the types of heat transport (e.g., conduction), as these factors influenced the habitability of early Earth and its temporal evolution. This is followed by an exposition of the characteristics of Hadean Earth: the Moon-forming impact, oceans, landmasses, and atmosphere, including the faint young Sun paradox – how did Earth stay unfrozen despite the Sun’s lower luminosity? The chapter concludes with sketching the putative Late Heavy Bombardment (a potential spike in the impactor rate) about four billion years ago, and a general treatment of the positives and downsides of large impacts.

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord occurs in individuals deficient in vitamin B12. This deficiency predominantly affects the dorsal column pathways and the lateral corticospinal tracts. Clinically, the patients present with a subacute to chronic weakness, paresthesias, and ataxia. Over time, they can develop spasticity because of involvement of the corticospinal tracts, hence presenting as a myelopathy. As opposed to a typical myelopathy, the reflexes are often diminished or absent due to a coexisting peripheral neuropathy, but plantar responses are extensor. Overall, the most common neurological manifestation of B12 deficiency is a peripheral polyneuropathy.

Metaphysics is often understood as an inquiry into the fundamental structures of reality. Collingwood, by contrast, defends a view of metaphysics on which its role is not to advance knowledge of fundamental reality but to deepen our understanding of the presuppositions on which knowledge rests. On Collingwood’s view, knowledge requires explanation, explanations are answers to questions, and questions rest on presuppositions. The metaphysician’s task is to trace the entailment relations that hold between answers, the questions they seek to answer, and the presuppositions that give rise to the questions characteristic of different forms of knowledge. This exposes misunderstandings which arise when answers to a question of one kind are erroneously taken to be in conflict with answers to questions of a different kind, ones resting on different presuppositions and pursuing different explanatory goals. This chapter outlines Collingwood’s conception of presuppositional analysis and his distinctive views of the role of conceptual analysis in metaphysics. It also explores affinities between Collingwood’s conception of metaphysics and Wittgenstein’s hinge epistemology.

When the authors contacted me about writing an afterword for this volume, I was immediately excited to use the opportunity to take another glimpse into the rock art world of Australia – an area I am only peripherally involved in nowadays. It has been a while since I spent time in Gunbalanya in western Arnhem Land. With Injalak Hill as a backdrop, and a billabong out the back door, my time there was pleasurable and full of wonderment at the abundance of rock art and the community that nurtured the art and that was, in turn, nurtured by the art. It’s been much too long since I was ‘on Country’ – June 2009 was my last visit ‘up top’ to see Kojan and other friends and mates. To my Jawoyn relatives in Barunga and Beswick I am bangardi.

This chapter demonstrates the importance of viewing socioeconomic and political relationships between sedentary and herding societies from the perspective of long-term shifts in climate. Such a perspective offers the possibility of reconsidering the socioeconomic features of conflicts that appeared between similar communities in South Asia, the American West, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

This chapter considers five practices, or constellations of practices, that emerge from imitating Jesus: (1) care for the poor and needy, including the contested practice of seeing Christ in the poor; (2) sacramental practices of the Lord’s Supper and baptism; (3) prayer, including lament; (4) forgiveness, reconciliation, and peacemaking; and (5) self-giving or kenōsis. Each practice flows in its own way from the twin imperatives to love God and the neighbor.

The title of this chapter points to the frequent use of the word ‘we’ in Brexit discourse before and after the referendum. The pronoun ‘we’ in Brexitspeak almost always serves the exclusion of other nations or those in the domestic arena perceived as enemies of ‘the people’. Three different cases of the uses of ‘we’ are examined, each of which in their different ways shows how ‘we’ expressed an exclusionary notion of national identity. One of these cases shows how Brexitspeak persisted in the years after the referendum, and included the long-standing idea, at all levels of society, that ‘we’ speak only English. The second case is the 2013 speech by the then prime minister David Cameron, who favoured remaining in the EU. That speech, which announced the referendum, was apparently intended to placate the Eurosceptics and neutralise UKIP’s attractiveness. The speech repeatedly used ‘we’, embedded in an exceptionalist narrative of British greatness. Cameron’s speech failed in its aims and in fact boosted national-populist discourse. It was in tune with Farage’s own speeches of the same year, which is the third case of Brexiter ‘we’ examined in this chapter.

Named after eccentric and controversial French physician Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard, who first described the syndrome in 1849, Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a form of incomplete spinal cord injury. Though most often caused by acute trauma in the form of stabbing, gunshot, or severe displacing trauma to the spinal column ultimately resulting in hemi-section of the spinal cord, BSS can also be caused by more chronic progressive conditions such as spinal spondylosis, multiple sclerosis, neoplasm, radiation, or severe vertebral disc herniation. Brown-Sequard syndrome accounts for a low minority of all spinal cord injuries and has no gender predominance.

Monopodial evergreen, mostly tall, long-lived forest trees with pillar-like trunks and canopy-emergent crowns. The foliage is bright green, of two types with few intermediates mixed together on the same shoot or mostly of one type predominant on different shoots. Leaves are small, symmetric, triangular, basally adpressed, spreading scale-like to awl-shaped, or larger, non-scale-like and bilaterally flattened, obliquely spreading into two opposite comb-like pectinate rows forming frond-like branchlet sprays. Foliage develops a billowing appearance en-masse.

Strictly speaking, there are slight neuroanatomical and neuropathological differences in syringomyelia and hydromyelia, but given their similar symptomology and difficulty to differentiate on neuroimaging, they are grouped using the general term “syrinx.”

I begin by considering the connection between Collingwood’s Essay on Metaphysics and A. J. Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic. Knox and Donagan believe that “between 1936 and 1938 Collingwood radically changed his mind about the relation of philosophy to history.” Donagan contends that this break stemmed from Collingwood’s having “come to endorse Ayer’s view that the propositions of traditional metaphysics are unverifiable.” Recently, Vanheeswijck and Beaney have claimed that Collingwood in effect endorsed Ayer’s verificationism. There is a considerable gulf between their claims and my own view of what Collingwood thought about logical positivism. In my view, Collingwood denied logical positivism flat-out. My chapter lays out and assesses the main points Vanheeswijck and Beaney use to support their view. I develop a viable alternative, one that takes account of Collingwood’s treatment of absolute presuppositions (in particular, on the vexed question of whether they can be determined to be true or false) and at the same time avoids the conclusion that Collingwood had, mistakenly, bought into logical positivism in his discussion of absolute presuppositions.

The resurrection of Jesus, pivotal to Christian history and praxis, is universally attested in early Christian sources, even if often critiqued or sidelined as myth or apologetics in modern scholarship. Paul’s letters and of the Gospels in their narrative diversity document the resurrection’s transformative and abiding impact on Jesus’s followers. In bringing the aspirations of myth and metaphor to fruition in time, the resurrection of Jesus is both an event in history and yet constitutes a new reality that transcends the register of available language and analogy.