In this chapter we will explore how the intersection of identities impacts the well-being of LGBTQ+ individuals. This chapter begins by providing an overview of intersectionality and discusses the multiple oppressions that individuals with multiple marginalized identities encounter, and also how community and generational strengths have and continue to help them counter intersecting oppressions. This chapter will also explore how counselors can conceptualize the concerns of LGBTQ+ individuals from a culturally sustaining, intersectional lens that acknowledges not only the resilience of these individuals and their communities but also the historical and current systems and levels of oppression that continue to create the need for resilience.

We prove two versions of the celebrated theorem of Picard: the local and the global existence and uniqueness results for differential equations. We use Banach’s principle as a main tool in our analysis, and this makes us realize that it is the completeness of the space of continuous functions that is the reason for the existence of solutions to differential equations. In the mean time we get acquainted with the notion of equivalent metrics and learn that, in proving the existence of a fixed point of a map, it is sometimes more convenient to use one norm and sometimes another, equivalent one.

Chapter 4 focuses on the importance of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Using Albion Tourgée’s 1883 novel Bricks without Straw, Oliver Otis Howard’s account of his time as director of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and archival records of the Bureau itself, the novel is read as a fictional reenactment of the work of Reconstruction. Bricks without Straw features two male protagonists, one Black, one white. The emancipated Nimbus lives in Red Wing, a self-sustaining Black-owned Southern community. Hesden Le Moyne, the scion of the leading family in town, is a Union sympathizer but is pressured to join the Confederate Army and loses his left arm in battle. Hesden returns from the war both a pacifist and an abolitionist. In the novel, amputation forces readers to focus on the present and move beyond the past, in recognition that the past of the intact body is irrecoverable. The past of a South organized around the enslavement and exploitation of Black Americans is buried, like Hesden’s lost arm, discarded in favor of a future that puts Black self-determination at its core. Moreover, Black and white characters work together to create a postwar nation organized around racial equality and justice.

This chapter explores the range of essayistic writing in nineteenth-century newspapers: leaders (political and topical in focus and the principal genre of the Victorian daily and weekly press), middles (a shorter version of the leader and characteristic of some weeklies), correspondence columns from journalists at home and abroad, and reviews of both books and theatre. It charts the expansion of the press at mid-century following the abolition of the ‘Taxes on Knowledge’ and an influx of literary talent that raised the quality of newspapers, and it notes the transformation of newspapers at the end of the century with the creation of literary pages, supplements, and special features (following the demise of many quarterly reviews and monthly magazines). The second half of the chapter examines the newspaper writing of John Stuart Mill, Charles Dickens, and George Eliot, and argues that each made a unique contribution to the newspapers of their day.

The British colony of Natal imported just over 152,000 indentured migrants between 1860 and 1911 to work on its railways, municipalities, coal mines and sugar plantations. The indigenous Zulu population had access to land at mission stations at reserves and through private companies, and resisted absorption into the racist capitalist economy for as long as they could. Therefore, despite the large indigenous Zulu population, white settlers turned to Indian labour. The indentured migrated for a variety of reasons. These ran the gamut from demographic and economic dislocation resulting from British colonialism to being a widow or outcast or perhaps simply possessing a desire to travel. Notwithstanding claims of duping and false representation, the many examples of return migration, (re)migration to different colonies and chain migration suggest that at least some of the indentured were consciously undertaking the journey and had a reasonable idea of what they were getting into.

Colonial societies and their plantations specifically were structured around power. Hobbes is cited in the epigraph because of his emphasis on the centrality of absolute power in human relations, while Marx’s domination–repression conception of power sees power as residing in the bourgeoisie and a process of constant struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The concept of power is highly contested in the social sciences. Broadly speaking, however, there is a difference between those who see power as an ‘exercise of power-over’ and those who define it as a ‘power-to-do’. Max Weber, for example, defines power as ‘the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance’. Foucault has a similar perspective: ‘if we speak of the structures or the mechanisms of power, it is only insofar as we suppose that certain persons exercise power over others’. The power-to-do conception, as Hanna Pitkin explains, means that ‘power is a something’ – anything – which makes or renders somebody able to do, capable of doing something. Power is capacity, potential, ability or wherewithal.

Old age and ageing are categories that can ground anthropological reflection on ways of living. Anthropological inquiries into old age have also contributed to ethnographic practice: participant observation, the use of biographies, individual trajectories and audio-visual narratives form part of the research legacy of anthropological literature on old age. Evolving forms of social and spiritual care for geriatric needs reflect complex and diverse transformations in any era. This chapter points out that the existing literature on plantationbased indentured Indians is yet to feature detailed studies on ageing and the factors that may have accelerated the process. Additionally, there is a dearth of studies on the social-care networks that came into being to provide for the elderly once the indenture system was abolished and/or free living outside of the plantations started. While striving to fill this gap, this chapter endeavours to open up themes for further research.

RETHINKING ‘AGEING’ AMONG THE GIRMITIYAS

In the nineteenth to early twentieth centuries, the indenture system was used to recruit Asian workers for employment elsewhere in the European colonies. Despite the end of slavery, the British Empire's quest to make sugar and keep it profitable continued. It was a major source of governmental revenue, and consumer demand increased as the masses developed a taste for this labourintensive commodity, using it to sweeten tea and coffee all over Europe. As a layered, divisive and discriminatory process, indenture steadily revealed the global division of labour as well as the scale of exploitation of the body that went along with it. The physical sweat and toil accompanied by regimes of bodily control not only became the salt behind the success story of sugar production, but, I argue, these factors also hold the key to understanding the problems of ageing among the indentured and ex-indentured population.

Ageing in an era when longevity (as we know it now) was yet to be established as a fairly probable norm, provides us with a compelling context. The colonial perception of ‘ageing’ under indenture was shaped by economic needs: in the plantation system, older workers were a burden or a liability. Able-bodied individuals likely to perform well under harsh tropical conditions were preferred. Thirty-five was considered too old to re-migrate. Many aspiring migrants were rejected on ‘account of old age or some bodily infirmity’.

A sequence of norm-one elements of a Hilbert space that are mutually orthogonal is said to form an orthonormal sequence. If, additionally, such a sequence spans the entire space, it is said to be complete. As it turns out, if in a Hilbert space there is a complete orthonormal sequence, this space is indistinguishable from the space of square summable sequences. In particular, perhaps contrary to our misleading intuition saying that there are many more square integrable functions than there are square summable sequences, the space of the former is as large as (in fact much the same as) the space of the latter. We will see one important consequence of this stunning result in the next chapter.

From the outset, food and the essay have shared a kinship, given that one of the original senses of the word ‘essai’ meant the ritual of tasting the French king’s food and drink. From metaphor to content, food has permeated the essay form; in turn, the essay became the vehicle for the emerging field of gastronomy. This chapter constellates several important moments of interaction between literal and literary taste, consumption and appetite, cultural criticism and culinary knowledge in essays by Michel Montaigne, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent Grimod de La Reynière, Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, William Kitchiner, Launcelot Sturgeon, Charles Lamb, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Elizabeth Robins Pennell. As cosmopolitan practices of discretionary dining became more widespread, these gastronomic essayistic writers often satirised the burgeoning bourgeoisie and their cultural milieu. Given its flexibility, the essay remains paramount to food writing, in its many forms and genres.

Family and relationship dynamics are essential for conceptualizing LGBTQ+ mental health and wellness. The family of origin can be a vital source of social support for LGBTQ+ youth, and it serves as the foundation for successful lifelong development. Harmful family-of-origin experiences can create vulnerabilities for LGBTQ+ people as they negotiate their needs across multiple systems. In this chapter, we present a critique of the heteronormative and cisnormative assumptions that older family systems models are based on. In addition, alternative models for conceptualizing LGBTQ+ family and relationship systems are discussed. Key domains such as spiritual trauma, LGBTQ+ parenting, homelessness and LGBTQ+ youth, and the importance of chosen families for LGBTQ+ people are also presented to inform best practice with and on behalf of LGBTQ+ people.

A species’ behavioral, developmental, and reproductive life history will influence how quickly it can recover after a population crash. Some species can recover very quickly, while others, such as the North Atlantic right whale, cannot recover quickly, because even under ideal conditions they develop slowly and have very low reproductive rates. Ecologists have described various life history classification schemes that identify important tradeoffs in resource allocation, and focus attention on interesting life history questions. The quantitative relationship between metabolic rate and body size can help ecologists understand some life history tradeoffs, such as the relationship between number and size of offspring. There is a fundamental tradeoff between parental investment in any one reproductive event and the number of lifetime reproductive events, which in some cases can lead to a semelparous reproductive life history. Variable environments can select for phenotypic plasticity, which can lead to organisms with similar genotypes expressing alternative behavioral, developmental or reproductive life history traits. In some cases, phenotypic plasticity may help species adjust to rapidly changing environmental conditions, including climate change.

We have seen, in the four preceding chapters, the breadth and diversity of the Islamic social welfare sector in Pakistan. Here we take our observations to the questions with which the study began. What are the political consequences—for human security, for government legitimacy, and even for inter-community harmony—of a dearth of public services provided by government and a wealth of public services provided instead by religious associations, including partisan and sectarian associations?

The comments of the Sada Welfare Foundation earlier suggest an explanation for why private religious welfare organizations can deliver welfare services better than government. Government officials themselves often lack the requisite moral sentiments. Zahida Hameed Qureshi's comment earlier suggests a reason that government should not rely on private religious welfare organizations to provide essential public goods. If charity is a gift, dependent upon voluntarism, welfare is not a right. If charity is not a right, private whims, political calculations, and discriminatory sentiments may determine to whom welfare is provided and to whom it is not provided.

What is the good of a government that does not provide essential public goods to its citizens? Religious organizations, including political parties that aim to establish an Islamic welfare state, provide the bulk of essential welfare services, including basic education, basic and emergency healthcare, such as eye and heart care, and natural emergency and disaster relief. Religious charities are often dedicated to a specific religious community. Is that not detrimental to principles of universal access to quality public services? Let us take, for example, the International Association for Relief, Care, and Development, the relief and development agency of the Muslim World League. One of its activities in Pakistan is to build masajid (mosques), to staff them with Ahl-i-Hadith teachers of the Salafi school of Islam, and to hand possession of these mosques over to local government. Mosques in Pakistan are not open to women or children and they (mosques) are rarely involved in social service work.

Deals with watershed geomorphology and characteristics, including hierarchical structure of a draiange basin, morphological parameters, hypsometry, stream order, Horton’s laws, stream power, longitudinal stream profile, hydraulic geometry, drainage density, drainage pattern, lag time, and time of concentration.

Geographic information systems (GIS) are discussed encompassing data base management, geodatabase, data structure of geographic features, topologic data structure, geographic data model, type of data models, Earth datum, map projection, map scale, geoprocessing and geovisualization, delineation of drainage areas and streams, and derivation of hydrologic parameters using GIS.

This chapter covers the concepts of error and bias and their application in practice using a total error framework. This includes a discussion of how to manage both sampling and non-sampling error, and covers ways to assess and address coverage bias, nonresponse bias, measurement error, and estimation error.