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3316240 results

Page 62 of 165812

  • 103

  • James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
  • Book:
    The Neuroanatomy Riddle Book
    Published online:
    22 November 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 227-228

  • Summary

    The anterior choroidal artery (AChA) is one of the terminal branches of the distal internal carotid artery after it enters the skull. It originates from the internal carotid artery just distal to the origin of the posterior communicating artery. The AChA measures only ~1 mm in diameter and travels posteriorly through the crural cistern, lateral to the optic tract and cerebral peduncle. It supplies blood to the optic radiations, posterior limb of the internal capsule, lateral thalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral portions of the cerebral peduncle, and portions of the mesial temporal lobe including the amygdala and the head of the hippocampus.

  • 79

  • James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
  • Book:
    The Neuroanatomy Riddle Book
    Published online:
    22 November 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 179-180

  • Summary

    The locus coeruleus is a nucleus located in the dorsorostral pons and functions primarily to produce norepinephrine/noradrenaline. It is also called nucleus pigmentosus pontis, discovered by Felix Vicq-d’Azyr in the 1700s and gets its name from Latin, meaning “blue spot,” with the Latin ceruleus meaning “of or pertaining to the sea or sky,” that is, blue, and locus meaning “place,” as unstained brain tissue appears to have a blue or azure hue.

  • 71

  • James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
  • Book:
    The Neuroanatomy Riddle Book
    Published online:
    22 November 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 161-162

  • Summary

    The subarachnoid space is a true space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater (mater in Latin means “mother”). It is filled with CSF and is the site of infection in cases of meningitis, which often presents with headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Meningitis is diagnosed by lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap.

  • 4 - Copenhagen

  • Steven Weinberg, University of Texas, Austin
  • Book:
    Steven Weinberg: A Life in Physics
    Published online:
    22 November 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 18-23

  • Summary

    Weinberg takes up a National Science Foundation predoctoral fellowship to study at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. He is encouraged to take up research on nuclear alpha decay. His advisor, Gunnar Källén, tasks him with studying the Lee model. He plans to obtain his PhD from Princeton.

  • 69

  • James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
  • Book:
    The Neuroanatomy Riddle Book
    Published online:
    22 November 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 157-158

  • Summary

    The dura mater is the outermost layer of the three meningeal layers and is composed of a bilayer of irregular connective tissue. The external layer is the periosteal layer, which is attached to the inner surface of the skull. The inner meningeal layer is typically fused with the external periosteal layer, except in places where the meningeal layer forms folds like the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli.

  • 74

  • James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
  • Book:
    The Neuroanatomy Riddle Book
    Published online:
    22 November 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 167-170

  • Summary

    The hypothalamus is a derivative of diencephalon and is situated below the thalami (like-named pair). The hypothalamus is a collection of nuclei with various important functions.

The European Ideological Space in Voters' Own Words

The European Ideological Space in Voters' Own Words
  • Noam Gidron, Thomas Tichelbaecker
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 January 2025
  • There is a broad consensus that the ideological space of Western democracies consists of two distinct dimensions: one economic and the other cultural. In this Element, the authors explore how ordinary citizens make sense of these two dimensions. Analyzing novel survey data collected across ten Western democracies, they employ text analysis techniques to investigate responses to open-ended questions. They examine variations in how people interpret these two ideological dimensions along three levels of analysis: across countries, based on demographic features, and along the left-right divide. Their results suggest that there are multiple two-dimensional spaces: that is, different groups ascribe different meanings to what the economic and cultural political divides stand for. They also find that the two dimensions are closely intertwined in people's minds. Their findings make theoretical contributions to the study of electoral politics and political ideology.

Historiographic Reasoning
  • Aviezer Tucker
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 December 2024
  • Historiographic reasoning from evidentiary inputs is sui generis. Historiography is neither empirical, nor self-knowledge, nor a genre of fiction or ideology. Historiographic reasoning is irreducible to general scientific or social science reasoning. The book applies Bayesian insights to explicate historiographic reasoning as probable. It distinguishes epistemic transmission of knowledge from evidence from the generation of detailed historiographic knowledge from multiple coherent and independent evidentiary inputs in three modular stages. A history of historiographic reasoning since the late 18th century demonstrates that there was a historiographic scientific revolution across the historical sciences in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The underdetermination of historiography by the evidence, counterfactual historiographic reasoning, and false reasoning and other fallacies are further explained and discussed in terms of the probabilistic relations between the evidence and historiography.
Elite Conflicts and the Path to Economic Decentralization

Elite Conflicts and the Path to Economic Decentralization
  • Dong Zhang, Mingxing Liu, Victor Shih
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 January 2025
  • Why would a politically centralized state embark on the path of economic decentralization? This Element delves into the political origin of the puzzling economic decentralization in mainland China. The authors contend that the intra-elite conflicts between the authoritarian ruler and the ruling elites within the state prompted the ruler to pursue decentralization as a strategy to curb the influence wielded by the ruling elites. By examining the composition of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee, they find that the Cultural Revolution, fueled by elite conflicts, shifted the elite selectorate's composition from favoring central agencies to favoring local interests. Subsequent low turnover reinforced this shift, aligning elite incentives with decentralization policies and committing the Chinese leadership to a decentralized path in the 1980s. Additionally, Taiwan's economic liberalization under the Kuomintang's authoritarian rule provides further evidence of the link between ruling party elite composition and economic policy orientation.

Crime, Insecurity, and Community Policing
  • Experiments on Building Trust
  • Edited by Graeme Blair, Fotini Christia, Jeremy M. Weinstein
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    05 December 2024
  • How can societies effectively reduce crime without exacerbating adversarial relationships between the police and citizens? In recent decades, perhaps the most celebrated innovation in police reform has been the introduction of community policing, where citizens are involved in building channels of dialogue and improving police-citizen collaboration. Despite the widespread adoption of community policing in the United States and increasingly in the developing world, there is still limited credible evidence about whether it realistically increases trust in the police or reduces crime. Through simultaneously coordinated field experiments in a diversity of political contexts, this book presents the outcome of a major research initiative into the efficacy of community policing. Scholars from around the world uncover whether, and under what conditions, this highly influential strategy for tackling crime and insecurity is effective. With its highly innovative approach to cumulative learning, this project represents a new frontier in the study of police reform.
Taiwan and the Danger of a Sino-American War

Taiwan and the Danger of a Sino-American War
  • Steve Chan
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 January 2025
  • The author presents contrarian arguments contesting mainstream US views on the danger of a Sino-American war over Taiwan's status. They contend that these countries' dispute about Taiwan is motivated by opposing strategic interests and security concerns rather than just, or even mainly, clashing values such as national reunification, sovereignty, democracy, and self-determination. The danger of a Sino-American confrontation has become more elevated recently due to a confluence of several concurrent developments. Despite this increased danger compared to any time since Richard Nixon visited Beijing in 1972, they conclude that war is not imminent or likely-barring extreme hardliners and radical nationalists taking over policymaking in Beijing, Taipei and/or Washington. Despite a rising chorus urging Washington to commit more firmly to Taiwan's defense, they argue that the United States will not likely intervene directly on Taiwan's behalf. Even more controversially, they submit that Beijing will eventually prevail in this dispute.

Linguistic Contact and Language Change
  • An Introduction
  • Robert McColl Millar
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    05 December 2024
  • Linguistic contact is a reality of everyday life, as speakers of different languages come into contact with one another, often causing language change. This undergraduate textbook provides a means by which these processes, both modern and historical, can be analysed, based on cutting-edge theoretical and methodological practices. Chapters cover language death, the development of pidgins and creoles, linguistic convergence and language contact, and new variety formation. Each chapter is subdivided into key themes, which are supported by diverse and real-world case studies. Student learning is bolstered by illustrative maps, exercises, research tasks, further reading suggestions, and a glossary. Ancillary resources are available including extra content not covered in the book, links to recordings of some of the language varieties covered, and additional discussion, presentation and essay topics. Primarily for undergraduate students of linguistics, it provides a balanced, historically grounded, and up-to-date introduction to linguistic contact and language change.
Cleavage Formation in the 21st Century

Cleavage Formation in the 21st Century
  • How Social Identities Shape Voting Behavior in Contexts of Electoral Realignment
  • Simon Bornschier, Lukas Haffert, Silja Häusermann, Marco Steenbergen, Delia Zollinger
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    05 December 2024
  • Western Europe is experiencing growing levels of political polarization between parties of the New Left and the Far Right. The authors argue that this antagonism reflects the emergence of a social cleavage between universalism and particularism. To understand cleavage formation in the midst of party system fragmentation and the proliferation of new competitors, they emphasize the crucial role of group identities. Anchored in social structure, group identities help us understand why specific party appeals resonate with certain groups, thereby mediating the link between socio-structural change and broader party blocks defined by their distinctive ideologies along the new cleavage. Based on original survey data from France, Germany, Switzerland, and the UK, this Element presents evidence for the formation of a universalism–particularism cleavage across European party systems that diverge strongly on institutional and political characteristics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Nietzsche on Virtue

Nietzsche on Virtue
  • Mark Alfano
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 January 2025
  • This Element argues for an interpretation of Nietzsche on virtue according to which he believes that because different people have different constellations of instincts and other drives, and because instincts and drives can only be shaped and redirected within boundaries, he recommends different virtues as fitting and conducive to flourishing for different types of people. In his own way, these include curiosity, intellectual courage, the pathos of distance, having a sense of humor, and solitude. This interpretation is supported by both a digital humanities methodology and close readings of passages from Nietzsche's middle, mature, and late works.
Semantics and Deep Learning

Semantics and Deep Learning
  • Lasha Abzianidze, Lisa Bylinina, Denis Paperno
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 January 2025
  • This Element covers the interaction of two research areas: linguistic semantics and deep learning. It focuses on three phenomena central to natural language interpretation: reasoning and inference; compositionality; extralinguistic grounding. Representation of these phenomena in recent neural models is discussed, along with the quality of these representations and ways to evaluate them (datasets, tests, measures). The Element closes with suggestions on possible deeper interactions between theoretical semantics and language technology based on deep learning models.

The Evolution, Acquisition and Development of Syntax
  • Insights from Creole Languages and Beyond
  • Edited by Dany Adone, Astrid Gabel
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 December 2024
  • Bringing together an interdisciplinary team of scholars, this book explores three interconnected aspects of syntax - its origins and evolution, its acquisition by children, and its role in languages' ongoing development and change. These three distinct areas were linked through Bickerton's most provocative work 'Language Bioprogram Hypothesis' (LBH). This book highlights the discussions on syntax that have emerged over the years as a result of the LBH model. Each chapter include a discussion of Bickerton's work, and a special focus is placed on Creole languages, which provide unique case studies for the study of the evolution, acquisition and development of languages. The book also discusses the relevance of LBH for other natural languages, including sign languages. Shedding light on the relevance of syntax in language, it is essential reading for researchers and students in a wide range of linguistic disciplines.

Cold War Asia
  • A Visual History of Global Diplomacy
  • Edited by Matthew Phillips, Naoko Shimazu
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 December 2024
  • This innovative, interdisciplinary and international collection of essays offers fresh perspectives on the history of global diplomacy. Experts in history, international relations, art history and performance art have come together to examine a series of visual sources relating to Asia's role in global diplomacy during the Cold War. They explore how leaders, including Indonesia's Sukarno, the Philippines' Imelda Marcos and Thailand's King Bhumibol, exploited the symbolic value of diplomacy to emphasise their agency in relationships with Great Powers. These case studies demonstrate the significance of Asian diplomacy in understanding the Cold War, shifting away from the use of 'war' as the dominant criterion for analysis of the region. Cold War Asia sheds critical light onto how culture shapes international relations, widening the lens of analysis to embed the role of gender, religion, and ethnicity, as well as the material world, into our understanding of diplomacy.

Capital in Banking
  • The Role of Capital in Banking in the 19th and 20th Century: The United Kingdom, the United States and Switzerland
  • Simon Amrein
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    31 December 2024
  • Capital in Banking traces the role of capital in US, British, and Swiss banking from the 19th to the 21st century. The book discusses the impact of perceptions and conventions on capital ratios in the 19th century, the effects of the First and Second World Wars, and the interaction of crises and banking regulation during the 1930s and the 1970s. Moreover, it emphasises the origins of the risk-weighted assets approach for measuring capital adequacy and explains how the 2007/2008 crisis led to a renaissance of unweighted capital ratios. The book shows that undisclosed reserves, shareholders' liability, and hybrid forms of capital must be considered when assessing capital adequacy. As the first long-run historical assessment of the topic, this book represents a reference point for publications in economics, finance, financial regulation, and financial history. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Information Theory
  • From Coding to Learning
  • Yury Polyanskiy, Yihong Wu
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    02 January 2025
  • This enthusiastic introduction to the fundamentals of information theory builds from classical Shannon theory through to modern applications in statistical learning, equipping students with a uniquely well-rounded and rigorous foundation for further study. Introduces core topics such as data compression, channel coding, and rate-distortion theory using a unique finite block-length approach. With over 210 end-of-part exercises and numerous examples, students are introduced to contemporary applications in statistics, machine learning and modern communication theory. This textbook presents information-theoretic methods with applications in statistical learning and computer science, such as f-divergences, PAC Bayes and variational principle, Kolmogorov's metric entropy, strong data processing inequalities, and entropic upper bounds for statistical estimation. Accompanied by a solutions manual for instructors, and additional standalone chapters on more specialized topics in information theory, this is the ideal introductory textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, statistics, and computer science.

Cartels Diagnosed
  • New Insights on Collusion
  • Edited by Joseph E. Harrington Jr., Maarten Pieter Schinkel
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    December 2024
    Print publication:
    02 January 2025
  • Collusion remains a strong undercurrent of business practice despite anti-cartel enforcement being a top priority of competition authorities. Alongside active prosecution of cartels, the study of cartels is a vibrant area of research for economic and legal scholars. A challenge for both practice and scholarship is that cartels evolve, as colluding firms continuously devise new methods to circumvent competition. Cartels Diagnosed presents twelve gripping cartel case studies of collusion from key business sectors such as the airline industry, the gasoline industry, and big pharma. Written by renowned economists, these concise and accessible case studies deliver novel insights into cartel formation, facilitating practices, cartels' modus operandi, and the efficacy of cartels. Assisting in understanding new cartel mechanisms and their effects, developing new policies to deter and destabilize cartels, and measuring harm, this volume on cartel morphology is an invaluable reference for supporting public and private enforcers in detecting and prosecuting cartels.

Page 62 of 165812