First described by Italian pathologists Ettore Marchiafava and Amico Bignami in 1903, Marchiafava–Bignami disease (MBD) is a degenerative disease localized primarily to the heavily myelinated tracts of the corpus collosum.

Tall evergreen trees with bright-green, uniformly presented, overlapping and relatively large scale-like leaves of slightly fleshy appearance, which resemble lizard scales above and are prominently figured with bright-white markings within hollowed scale centres beneath.

This chapter demonstrates the crucial role of geographic proximity in shaping agrarian and herding relations in the history of late Ottoman Kurdistan, including regional political economy, socioeconomic structures, and intercommunal relations. It argues that the region is marked by three distinct ecological zones, which differ from each other in terms of elevation, climate, vegetation, and both human and animal habitation. The chapter then shows the encroachment of the Ottoman state through the arrival of Tanzimat reforms and the multifaceted consequences this had in the region. Next, it illustrates a demographic portrait of the region, depicting how human beings brought different ecosystems into conversation with one another. It argues that pastoralism sustained the conversation between geographic zones into the nineteenth century, creating linkages and slippages between mountains, pastures, and plains, and defining the interaction between the three zones until these links began to weaken in the face of a series of environmental crises. The chapter concludes with a glimpse into five villages from different parts of the region.

In this introductory chapter, we will formally introduce the main variants of the traveling salesman problem, symmetric and asymmetric, explain a very useful graph-theoretic view based on Euler’s theorem, and describe the classical simple approximation algorithms: Christofides’ algorithm and the cycle cover algorithm.

We also introduce basic notation, in particular from graph theory, and some fundamental combinatorial optimization problems.

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms are found in ~3–5% of healthy adults, with ~85–90% never becoming symptomatic or rupture. The overall five-year risk of aneurysmal rupture is ~3% and is highly influenced by vascular risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and psychostimulant use, as well as nonmodifiable risk factors such as aneurysm size, prior aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and female sex. Additionally, those with certain genetic and connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease are predisposed to the formation of intracranial aneurysms. It is estimated that ~20% of patients with a history of a ruptured aneurysm also have an unruptured aneurysm at a separate location.

The Introduction is a chapter-length outline of the of the book which does more than simply summarise. Though not exhaustive, it includes both explanation and discussion of the historical context of Brexit and Brexitspeak, combined with a description of the linguistic tools of analysis. The starting point is that without language politics could not happen, so it is essential to understand how language works in general and how it is strategically deployed by politicians. In this chapter populism is discussed as an unwritten ideology best characterised by its demagogic appeal to an idea of ‘the people’ within a nationalist notion of ‘the British people’, at the same time promoting a friend-foe antithesis, stirring up emotion and avoiding reasoned argument. Demagoguery is a little used term in political science but highly relevant to the present state of democracy. Indeed, demagoguery exploits and undermines democracy. It is both an effect and a cause of post-truth politics, where truthfulness and facts are overridden. The final section takes a closer look at the fundamentals of language and language use that are at issue in examining the discourse of Brexit.

This chapter responds to an often-overlooked issue in Australian public schooling’s commitment to equity, that is, ‘religion’, or more precisely, educator’s ‘responsivity’ to the religious identities and knowledges of learners. The shared focus of this book is commitment to equity and pedagogies that transform learning and muster approaches to a more inclusive, responsive and socially just education. We argue for a widening of educational pedagogy. In this chapter, we center Muslim learners as a case study for enabling pedagogies for superdiverse Australian classrooms. We argue for culturally and ‘religiously’ responsive pedagogy (CRRP) as a powerful means of shifting away from established pedagogies that often erase religion from classrooms. This chapter considers the role of enabling pedagogical approaches that are responsive to the lifeworlds of Muslim learners and their religious backgrounds; that view religion as a form of learner diversity and thus assets for learning; that provide equitable opportunities and high expectations for all learners; and that prepare respectful spaces that allow for ‘sensitive’ and controversial dialogue, mediation of difference and criticality so all learners may engage with societal change.

This chapter starts by summarising an experiment showing how the brain’s emotion circuitry responds to a set of words signalling threat. The main emotion activated in Brexitspeak is fear; the triggers are both linguistic and visual. They include representation of alarming scenarios, and factual misrepresentations capable of causing various negative emotions. The chapter analyses three well-known cases that illustrate such effects. The first is Vote Leave’s propaganda displayed on the side of a red bus: the slogan was an inaccurate statement that could evoke feelings of attachment, resentment and anger. This is also analysed in terms of speech acts, ambiguous and deniable assertions, and lying. The second case, the rightly controversial ‘breaking point’ poster displayed by Leave.EU had the avowed goal of emotion arousal. The visual element is analysed with reference to cognitive image schemas, and their potential for activating fear reactions. The third case, the most effective of the Vote Leave campaign, was crafted in order to prompt the fear of losing agency. This, too, likely activated the brain’s fear circuitry.

This typological survey of Asian Christologies examines leading missionaries and theological writers about Jesus from antiquity to the present. It raises critical hermeneutical issues regarding the indigenized faces of Jesus, Asian soteriological engagement with sociopolitical and religious contexts, and the role of languages and arts in Asian understandings of Jesus Christ. Jesus bears many faces, but his church in Asia – as is true also in other continents – remains dynamically catholic as well as indigenized – and precisely this dialogical tension of universality and indigeneity makes the church authentic and its mission transformative.

Dermatomyositis is an immune-mediated myopathy characterized by proximal weakness, muscle tenderness and pain, and cutaneous manifestations. Although it most often occurs on its own, it can also present as part of a more systemic condition such as mixed connective tissue disease, malignancy, or systemic sclerosis. The pathophysiology of dermatomyositis is thought to be a B-cell-mediated autoimmune attack of the endomysial layer of muscles, specifically the endothelium of the blood vessels in this layer.

Named from the joining of the Greek word amaurosis, meaning “dark,” and the Latin word fugax, meaning “fleeting,” amaurosis fugax is a clinical stroke syndrome characterized by sudden but transient partial or complete loss of monocular vision. This condition is also commonly called “transient monocular vision loss,” though this description often includes a much larger differential.