This chapter examines the abundance of Cuban fiction that emerged in the “Special Period in Times of Peace,” roughly between the period’s official designation in 1990 and the mid-2000s, as well as major scholarship on the period. Positing the “living ruin” as the period’s primary trope, the chapter sees in this fiction a persistent, unbridled human vitality against a backdrop of urban decay, disenchantment, and political anachronism, with dirty realist Pedro Juan Gutiérrez and Antonio José Ponte as bookends to the period’s spectrum of thematic and formal possibilities. Other fiction writers examined include, among others, José Miguel Sánchez (Yoss), Leonardo Padura Fuentes, Abilio Estévez, Ena Lucía Portela, Senel Paz, Jesús Díaz, Eliseo Alberto, Wendy Guerra, José Manuel Prieto, Anna Lidia Vega Serova, Adelaida Fernández de Juan, and Antonio Armenteros. Among the major transformations registered in this fiction are increased visibility of racial inequities, greater permissiveness toward homoeroticism, representations of tourism and sex as well as poverty, and a range of attitudes toward the Soviet period.

This chapter will discuss information pertinent to understanding gender identity. We will discuss key terms and the importance of understanding language usage as a foundation for communicating respect, knowledge, and awareness. Counselors create safe and affirming spaces for the clients we serve. As such, counselors must understand the complex past and historical discrimination clients have experienced while examining their own understanding of these communities. Counselors will also seek to understand their ethical and legal responsibilities to marginalized and minoritized communities while understanding the importance of cultural considerations. Barriers to services and our collective responsibility to address these barriers rooted in discrimination will be addressed. While counselors maintain culture humility in an attempt to avoid ethnocentrism regarding their own beliefs around gender identity development, we seek to grow in knowledge and awareness. While antitrans legislation continues to increase, counselors must remain steadfast in their approach to advocacy and to providing ethical care.

This chapter aims to reconstruct life for Indian labourers under the indenture system on the sugar plantations of South Africa and Fiji, examining their everyday experiences, ritual observances and social interactions. The introduction of the indenture system in India in 1834 swiftly followed the 1833 abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Growing protests from antislavery society on humanitarian grounds had led the parliament to outlaw slavery, a victory that caused a severe shortage of cheap labour on the sugar plantations of the Caribbean where British capitalists had invested their capital. An industrial depression set in. Two parliamentary committees appointed in 1842 and 1848 reported that ‘great distress undoubtedly prevails amongst all who are interested in the production of sugar in the British colonies’. Both attributed the distress to the difficulty in obtaining labour. In the words of the first committee, ‘the principal cause of the diminished production [of sugar] and consequent distress is the great difficulty which has been experienced by the planters in obtaining steady and continuous labour …’. It is no matter of surprise, therefore, that these colonies should have sought out new sources of labour supply, and that India with her teeming population should have appealed to them as a suitable field for recruiting operations. Hence, an alternative labour contract system, officially known as the indenture system, was devised to recruit labourers from India to work on overseas sugar plantations.

Indenture originated in Europe; it was used by European planters in the United States to employ European and Chinese labour. South American planters also followed this practice to obtain Chinese labour from the Portuguese settlement of Macao in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Under this system, labour was recruited for the planters by agents to work for a certain period of time (usually five years), during which the employer was legally obliged to provide fixed wages, medical attention and other amenities for the labourers. After the designated period had elapsed, the labourer could either renew his term of employment or return to his native land.

The Indian indenture system commenced under the same terms and conditions. Details of work, hours and remuneration per day were included on the agreement form, as was a commitment to provide free accommodation, hospital and ration facilities for the workers.

The review essay emerged in the seventeenth century and entered the publishing mainstream in the middle of the eighteenth, when Ralph Griffiths founded his Monthly Review, the first journal devoted entirely to book reviewing. But it was The Edinburgh Review that electrified the publishing world and put the review essay at the centre of British cultural and political life. Established in 1802, and edited by Francis Jeffrey, the Edinburgh exuded confidence, bristled with vitriol, celebrated Whiggism, and condemned injustice. Seven years later, Tories fought back with the founding of The Quarterly Review, edited by William Gifford, which set itself in opposition to the Edinburgh on all the major issues of the day. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine was a more agile and belligerent Tory alternative to the Quarterly, but it gradually grew more moderate and in the 1830s was eclipsed by its most raucous imitator, Fraser’s Magazine.

The chapter is a gentle introduction to the theory of strongly continuous semigroups of operators. We present the notion of the generator, discuss the generator’s basic properties and study a number of examples. We learn that the way to discover whether a given operator is a semigroup generator is by examining the resolvent equation, and are thus naturally led to the Hille–Yosida–Feller–Phillips–Miyadera theorem that characterizes generators in terms of resolvents. Two valuable consequences, the generation theorems for maximal dissipative operators in Hilbert space and operators satisfying the positive-maximum principle in the space of continuous function, are also explained. This material is supplemented with three theorems on the generation of positive semigroups. The reader of this book, however, will undoubtedly have noticed that the whole theory would have failed were it not for the fact that we are working in Banach spaces; without the assumption of completeness, we could not be sure that the Yosida approximation converges, and the entire reasoning would have collapsed.

Covers differentiation and integration, higher derivatives, partial derivatives, series expansion, integral transforms, convolution integrals, Laplace transforms, linear and time-invariant systems, linear ordinary differential equations, periodic functions, Fourier series and transforms, and matrix algebra.

This chapter explores the lifespan identity development of LGB individuals throughout childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood. Identity models are explored and applied to various age groups. The chapter includes applicable case studies. Included are examinations of themes that LGB people experience over the lifespan, including managing identity disclosure, intersectionality, and biopsychological, environmental, and political factors that impact development.

Candace Owens, a right-wing media personality, told her audience in March of 2023 some pretty strange things about pit bulls and math scores. She observed that pit bulls had been bred to be fighting dogs, and quickly pivoted.

This chapter uses the J-A approach to read the memory of the pogrom that is recorded in the texts of the judgments of the Best Bakery trial, one of the most publicised and controversial cases arising out of the Gujarat pogrom. The Best Bakery case, as it has come to be popularly called, ran from 2003 to 2012, covering the whole hierarchy of the Indian criminal justice system. This chapter will focus specifically on four judgments: one by the sessions court in Vadodara, one by the Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad and two by the Supreme Court of India in New Delhi.

While the reasoning and outcomes of the judgments differed across the courts, they were unanimous in their condemnation of the violence. My reading identifies a set of words as aesthetic tropes—‘rhetorical or figurative’ expressions that ‘are a feature of all [legal] discourses’5—which recur in the judgments. The use of these tropes valorises legalism, secularism and developmentalism as part of a particular state-making and state-preserving rationality.

I begin by providing a detailed re-description of the Best Bakery case and its judgments. The judges have organised the writing of all the judgments under two heads—judgment and reasons. I specifically attend to this organising structure of the texts to signpost the aesthetic tropes that each of the judgments deploys to build their narratives. I then use the J-A approach to read the texts of the judgments by paying particular attention to their forms of writing. These forms are categorised as record, image and mnemohistory.

This chapter traces the development of the essay in the context of a world of early eighteenth-century sociability constituted by coffee shops, periodicals, and a variety of informal clubs and societies. Never simply a reflection of a prior social reality, the periodical essay developed as part of a self-consciously created mythos of ‘polite literature’ designed to regulate manners in the inchoate and often contentious social world from which it represented itself as emerging. In the skilful hands of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, among others, the polite essay shaped values of agreeableness, conversability, and formal equality that helped define a remarkably durable idea of polite literary culture still in play – if increasingly represented as passing away – for essayists like William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt writing a century later.