Objective: Uncoupled sleep is a phenomenon characterized by a discrepancy between sleep patterns and sleep complaints. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sleep report feedback utilizing information and communication technology combined with health guidance on improving subjective and objective sleep outcomes in community-dwelling older people with and without uncoupled sleep.

Methods: This study was conducted in Sakai City, Japan. The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) was employed to evaluate subjective sleep outcomes. Participants were categorized as complaining sleepers if they reported their overall sleep quality as markedly or very unsatisfactory, in addition to having a total AIS score ≥10. Non-wearable actigraphy devices were placed under participants’ bedding to continuously measure their objective sleep outcomes. Sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE) parameters were recorded. Participants were classified as poor sleepers if their actigraphy-measured SL was ≥31 min or SE was＜85%, or WASO was ≥31 min. All measurements were taken prior to and following a 3- month intervention program.

Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 26. This study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Osaka University.

Results: A total of 105 participants completed the study, with 65 females (62%). Among them, 8 were complaining good sleepers, 12 were complaining poor sleepers, 42 were non-complaining good sleepers, and 43 were non- complaining poor sleepers. Improvements in subjective sleep quality were observed across all sleeper classifications (P < 0.05). Specifically, subjective SL (P = 0.009) and WASO (P = 0.023) improved in complaining poor sleepers without uncoupled sleep. Objective and self-reported changes in sleep parameters were demonstrated in non- complaining poor sleepers with uncoupled sleep, specifically manifested as improvements in objective WASO (P < 0.001), SE (P < 0.001), andsubjective sleep quality (P = 0.038). However, there were no significant changes in objective sleep outcomes among complaining good sleepers, non-complaining good sleepers, and complaining poor sleepers (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The implementation of sleep report feedback and health guidance intervention for community- dwelling older people has demonstrated improvement in subjective sleep quality across all sleeper classifications. Furthermore, it shows promising effects on non-complaining poor sleepers with uncoupled sleep, as evidenced by both objective and subjective sleep measures.

This article further theorises and develops the notion of a threat of abandonment while trying to elucidate the applicability and usefulness of this concept in the case of Ukraine in its fight against Russia since 2014. If Ukraine perceives the European Union (EU) as weakened by multiple crises, it may translate this image into a scenario of less attention to Ukraine and its problems, and – ultimately – to a threat of abandonment, of being left alone with a powerful aggressor. Theoretically, we employ a perceptual approach. We contribute to the literature on threats of abandonment, linking it to the existence of critical expectation gaps and introducing amplifying conditions that tend to result in such gaps: a broken frame of involvement and a perceived moral injury. We also introduce a set of key factors behind a perceived risk or threat of abandonment. Empirically, we investigate how Ukrainian elites think, feel, and speak about the threat of abandonment and to what extent the two amplifying conditions were perceived to be present. Our data come from 50 in-depth interviews with Ukrainian decision makers (2016–17, C3EU Jean Monnet Network) and 53 experts’ comments published in 2022 by a Ukrainian leading social research group, Razumkov’s Centre.

Population ageing is occurring rapidly in India with the proportion of older adults (aged 60 years and above) estimated to reach 20% by the year 2050 from the existing 10%. The prevalence of mental health problems in older adults is also expected to increase significantly due to population ageing. Nearly 20% of older adults have at least one mental health condition including the subsyndromal conditions. The data from National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) and the recent LASI-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia have estimated the national prevalence of Psychiatric disorders like depression and dementia. 30.2% of older adults have significant depressive symptoms and 8.3% have major depressive disorder. The prevalence of dementia is estimated as 7.4% with an estimate of 8.8 million persons with dementia in 2016 and projected increase to 16.8 million in 2036.

More than 90% of older adults with mental health problems in India remain undiagnosed and untreated. Access to non-pharmacological interventions for older adults with mental health conditions as well as their caregivers are very limited. Mental health problems in older adults are often considered as normal for ageing by older adults, family caregivers as well as health care professionals. Dedicated and specialized clinical services for geriatric mental health care is not available in most of the mental health care institutions.

This symposium will present a critical review of the progress in geriatric mental health care services across India by summarizing the initiatives to promote geriatric mental health care and training. The need for comprehensive psychosocial care and psychiatric rehabilitation along with the acute geriatric mental health care will be addressed by experts involved in geriatric mental health care and training.

The symposium will have the following presentations.

1. 1. Geriatric mental health care in India- scope, challenges and innovative initiatives: Prof. Sivakumar Palanimuthu Thangaraju, Professor of Psychiatry & Head, Geriatric Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India

2. 2. A review of the initiatives for the training to promote the workforce for geriatric mental health care in India: Prof. Krishna Prasad Muliyala, Professor of Psychiatry & Head, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India

3. 3. Psychosocial interventions for geriatric mental health care- Scope and challenges: Prof. Thirumoorthy A, Professor & Former Head, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India

Energetics of mode-1 internal waves interacting with topographic ridges are investigated using high-resolution two-dimensional simulations at spatial scales of $O(100)$ m that span between classical laboratory-scale ($O(10)$ m) and field-scale simulations ($O(1000\unicode{x2013}10\,000)$ m). This paper focuses on the energetics of wave–topography interaction, with emphasis on systematically examining the partitioning of the incident wave energy as a function of wave forcing and topographic parameters. Partitioning of energy into the transmitted, reflected and dissipated components is quantified as a function of wave Froude number $Fr=U_0/c_{ph}$ ($U_0=$ velocity amplitude of forcing and $c_{ph}=$ internal wave celerity), slope criticality $=\gamma /s$, where $\gamma =$ topographic slope and $s=$ wave characteristic slope, and the ratio of topographic height $h_t$ to water depth $d$. As $Fr$ increases, dense fluid from the base of the stratified water column surges upslope with significant vertical inertia, leading to the formation of internal boluses that plunge over and onto the downstream side of the ridge, resulting in elevated dissipation. Results show that non-hydrostatic contributions to the total energy flux are significant (up to 50 %). Analysis of the energy flux budget shows that transmitted energy flux decreases monotonically as $\gamma /s$ increases for any given $Fr$ and $h_t/d$. At critical slopes ($\gamma /s=1$), the transmitted energy flux scales as a linear function of $h_t/d$, with a mild dependence on $Fr$, a key result that can be useful in energy flux parameterizations. Reflected energy flux exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the ridge height, increasing sharply when $h_t/d > 0.5$. Dissipation is enhanced at critical slopes, with a plateau evident for $\gamma /s \ge 1$ and $h_t/d = 0.5$ for all $Fr$.

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 55 million people worldwide, with 300,000 sufferers residing in Argentina. Over the last 10 years with the emergence of monoclonal antibodies, we have witnessed a radical change in our approach to Alzheimer’s disease. Today, we can see the lesion of Alzheimer’s disease in the living brain up to 17 years before the onset of symptoms. Furthermore, we have developed blood tests that allow us to identify those at risk to have amyloid in the brain and, in the last two years, a new group of disease-modifying treatments has been approved for clinical use. What remains to be elucidated is how these revolutionary changes will impact patient care and perceptions of Alzheimer’s disease in society. Additionally, how these new, often expensive tools to fight Alzheimer’s disease will be accessible in developing countries is also unknown. These issues will be discussed during our presentation with a panel of experts in the field. Dr. Reich will present the latest advances on biomarkers and new treatments, Dr. Aguilar will discuss the implications of this new approach for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease around the world, and Dr. Mintzer will discuss different options that will make these treatments available in developing countries with a focus on Latin America.

Background: The Cognitive Domains and Functional Assessment Questionnaire (CDFAQ) assess cognitive and functional decline based on the DSM-5 criteria for Neurocognitive Disorders. Its accuracy has been assessed and was translated and validated into English. The informant version (CDFAQ-IV) is a 30-item questionnaire that assesses six cognitive domains with 5 items each: Complex Attention (CA), Executive Functions (EF), Learning and

Memory (LM), Language (L), Perceptual-Motor (PM) and Social Cognition. The development of CDFAQ-IV was based on theDSM-5 cognitive domains, but its factor analysis has not been done yet.

Objectives: To perform a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the CDFAQ-IV to assess the six-factor cognitive domain model.

Methods: Older adults and their informants were invited to participate in this study. The CDFAQ-IV was applied in 292 older adults’ informants. We used the JASP for a Confirmatory Factor Analysis based on Lavaan R Packages. The confirmatory factor analysis was chosen to manual six-factor model. This study was approved by the ethics committee of UFMG.

Results: Concerning model fitness in the confirmatory factor analysis the X2 was significant (p < .001), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) was .059 (accepted < .08) and the goodness of fit index (GFI) .984 (accepted > .9). However, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was marginal to the accepted fitness .066 (accepted < .06) and the comparative fit index CFI was .839 under the accepted cutoff (accepted > .9).

Conclusions: The six-factor model of the showed a good fit for three parameters, marginal for one and negative for the CFI. These results point to a convergence of the questionnaire and factors the DSM-5 cognitive domains. These are still preliminary results and we aim to increase our sample to further assess the confirmatory factor analysis.

Introduction: The progression of dementia may be followed by decreased sexual activity for People with Alzheimer’s Disease (PwAD) and their spouse-carers. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of change in sexual activity and sexual satisfaction among couples whose spouses were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).

Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we compared 74 dyads of people with Alzheimer´s disease (PwAD) and their spouse-carers, and 21 elderly dyads control. We assessed sexual satisfaction with Questionnaire on Sexual Experience and Satisfaction (QSES), cognition using a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), disease severity using a Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR), awareness of disease with Assessment Scale of Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia (ASPIDD), functionality with Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), depressive symptoms with Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), quality of life using a Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease Scale (QoL-AD), and burden using a Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors that influenced couples’ sexual satisfaction.

Results: We found a significant difference between the perception and no perception of change in sexual activity of PwAD (p < 0.001), spouse-carers (p < 0.01), and controls (p < 0.05). Moderate to severe sexual dissatisfaction was observed in 36.5% of PwAD, 65% of spouse- carers, and 31% of controls. The linear regression indicated that PwAD sexual satisfaction was related to cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). Spouse-caregivers sexual satisfaction was related to gender of spouse-caregivers (p < 0.05) and the presence of sexual activity (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The perception of change and consequent interruption of sexual activity, with higher sexual dissatisfaction, were higher in PwAD and their spouse-carers, in comparison with control group. We also found that spouse-carers experienced lower levels of sexual satisfaction than PwAD and healthy elderly couples. Moreover, PwAD sexual satisfaction was related to the level of cognitive impairment and spouse-carers’ sexual satisfaction was related to gender and the presence of sexual activity.

Summary: Globally, older adults grow faster than the rest of the population (United Nations et al., 2019). Ecuador predicts 2054 this group will represent 18% of the population. Cognitive and functional impairment affects quality of life of individuals and their families. Conditions such as dementia have increased, with almost 100,000 people affected in Ecuador.

Pharmacological treatments have modest efficacy for these problems (Buckley & Salpeter, 2015). In developed countries there are efforts to use non-pharmacological interventions (Klimova et al., 2016). In this context, computer-based cognitive interventions are considered a therapeutic tool to treat neurocognitive disorders. Benefit of using technology is that interventions are more accessible, flexible (Maldonado, 2016) and cost- effective (Gooding et al., 2016). Herrera et al. (2012) summarize a superiority outcomes over conventional cognitive rehabilitation in many aspects. Among them, use of portable devices allows bringing interventions to rural areas or homes (Brando et al., 2017).

In Spain, work is being done on it and there are studies associated with its usability and effectiveness. GRADIOR computer-based neuropsychological rehabilitation is a program for people with neurological etiologies. This one stands out from the rest, as it is exclusively for professionals. Allowing them to design, supervise and adapt the cognitive intervention based on their decisions, subsequent to the assessment of other cognitive, emotional and social aspects involved in the rehabilitative process, not only based on the Objectives results on the patient’s performance (Toribio-Guzmán et al., 2018).

This has led to the demand for a Neuropsychological Rehabilitation program that is accessible, parameterizable and adapted to the population of ECUADOR.

To meet this need, a doctoral thesis is being carried out in collaboration with CENTRO MAIOR Ecuador Centro de Especialidades del Adulto Mayor. Spanish program of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation has been tested in its population.

The study has been divided into different phases. A qualitative phase with focus group Methods in which health professionals from Ecuador participated. A phase of adaptation of the Spanish program to the Ecuadorian culture and currency. It is now in experimental phase (35 participants) with MCI and Mild Dementia. It is proposed to present the study, with a clinical case.

Objectives: This study aims to estimate the direct and indirect costs related to dementia in Brazil.

Methods: This study is part of the ReNaDe (National Report on Dementia) project, a domiciliary survey conducted with 140 dyads of people with dementia and their caregivers in 17 municipalities in Brazil. We used the cost of illness study Methods to estimate costs. We collected data from the ReNaDe interviews and national records and presented estimates from societal and SUS perspectives. Our total costs encompassed direct medical costs (hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and others) and indirect costs (for instance, the monetary value of informal caregiving hours) (Table 1). We did not consider direct social costs, given limited or inexistent information about cost and services utilization by people with dementia in Brazil. We used the replacement approach to estimate indirect costs.

Results: The monthly cost of dementia per individual increases with the syndrome’s progression (Table 2). Indirect costs, primarily associated with informal care provided by family or friends, constitute at least 73% of total expenses, irrespective of dementia stage and adopted perspective. For Brazil in 2019, dementia’s total annual cost stood at US$18 billion, with indirect costs comprising 78%.

Conclusions: The average expenses per individual escalate with the advancement of dementia in Brazil. The pronounced prevalence of indirect costs accentuates the pivotal role that family caregivers assume in dementia care. Moreover, estimating the direct and indirect costs related to dementia, considering the reality of Brazil in its geographical diversity, is essential to understanding the reality of health resource allocation and, therefore, (re)direct resources to meet better the needs of people with dementia and their families.

Imagine living with dementia. What would your day look like? What would be your living experiences? What is the range of possible experiences? Despite diverse research aims-such as managing agitation, observing dressing habits, reporting on bathing practices, or examining the engaging potential of various stimuli-studies converge on common themes. These themes and study procedures offer guiding principles and practical examples for enhancing the daily lives of individuals with dementia. In this presentation, I will review various such studies that, despite their differing goals, reveal consistent patterns. We will explore the feasibility of implementing these principles and the requirements for successful integration. This analysis suggests the need for a fundamental shift in care premises, indicating that significant improvements in the quality of life for individuals with dementia can become possible. However, it also underscores the infrastructural limitations that may hinder this progress. Furthermore, it will illustrate how progress necessitates paradigm shifts that fundamentally revise the planning, training, and provision of care. This is an invitation for each of you to step forward, develop, and implement those changes, allowing us to learn from each other’s experiences and collectively improve dementiacare.

Closing Keynote:

Objectives: To explore how clusters of chronic health problems can impact depression in older adults.

Methods: We performed a latent class analysis using the baseline data from The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES- D8). Scores of 4 or higher on the CES-D8 were considered positive for depression. Fourteen self-reported conditions (Diabetes, Systemic Arterial Hypertension, Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Chronic Kidney Disease, Heart Failure, Stroke, Low Back Pain, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, High Cholesterol, and Cancer) were evaluated and combined as a total number of chronic conditions.

Results: The total number of individuals in the sample was 4672. The best resulting model is composed of 4 latent classes. The latent classes were organized as follows: Cardiovascular Multimorbidity (Class1); No multimorbidity (Class 2); Musculoskeletal Multimorbidity (Class 3); and Inflammatory Multimorbidity (Class 4). We identified that, in comparison with class 2, (considered the reference class due to the absence of multimorbidity), the odds ratio for depression was 2.56 for the Cardiovascular Multimorbidity class, 2.86 for the Musculoskeletal Multimorbidity class, and 4.59 for the Inflammatory Multimorbidity class.

Conclusions: We found that various patterns of multimorbidity are associated with depression when compared with a single disease and that Inflammatory Multimorbidity has the greatest impact on depression.

Turbulent flow induced by elastorotational instability in viscoelastic Taylor–Couette flow (TCF) with Keplerian rotation is analogous to a turbulent accretion disk destabilized by magnetorotational instability. We examine this novel viscoelastic Keplerian turbulence via direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the shear Reynolds number ($Re$) ranging from $10^2$ to $10^4$. The observed characteristic flow structure consists of penetrating streamwise vortices with axial length scales much smaller than the gap width, distinct from the classic centrifugally induced Taylor vortices, which have axial lengths of the gap width. These intriguing vortices persist for the wide $Re$ range considered and give rise to intriguing scaling behaviour in key flow quantities. Specifically, the characteristic axial length of the penetrating vortices is shown to scale as $Re^{-0.22}$; the angular momentum transport scales as $Re^{0.42}$; the kinetic and elastic boundary-layer thicknesses based on angular velocity and hoop stress near the inner cylinder wall scale as $Re^{-0.48}$ and $Re^{-0.49}$, respectively. This implies that the viscoelastic Keplerian turbulence belongs to the classical turbulent regime of TCF with the Prandtl–Blasius-type boundary layer. Furthermore, we present an analytical relation between the viscous and elastic dissipation rates of kinetic energy and the angular momentum transport and in turn demonstrate its validity using our DNS data. This study has paved the way for future research to explore astrophysics-related Keplerian turbulence and angular momentum transport via the scaling relations of the analogous TCF of dilute polymeric solutions.

The involvement of private actors in global policymaking has received significant scholarly attention in IR. Existing accounts have shown how entities such as corporations, businesses, and philanthropies build their authority to become legitimate actors and shape global politics. This paper argues that contemporary global dynamics, such as the financialisation of development and the rise of multistakeholderism, have ushered in a trend where private actors are not only seen as legitimate delegated authorities but also embraced as fully fledged political equals indispensable for addressing societal problems. To understand this shift, it is necessary to move beyond an examination of legitimation strategies to interrogate, instead, how private actors shape what are seen as ‘apt’ or ‘deviant’ ways of knowing and acting upon problems. Through an examination of what I call ‘political normalisation’ in the field of global food governance, I show how through concrete practices – individualising social problems, defining institutional aptness, and cultivating the landscape – private actors not only cultivate a perception of themselves as rightful global governors but also shape the parameters of what rightful governing ought to be. More broadly, this shift invites us to further complicate the public–private divide and assess the novel ways through which private actors ‘do’ politics.

Introduction and Objectives: Cognitive impairment-dementia is an increasing health concern with a major economic and social impact. This study aims to examine how it is currently approached in primary care practices in the Autonomous Community of Galicia, Spain.

Methods: A working group was formed between two scientific societies, which developed a survey that was sent online to 2206 primary care doctors, subsequently analysing the responses received.

Results: A total of 124 primary care doctors (5.3%) responded to the survey, 69.4% of which were women, with a mean age of 54 years. Out of these doctors, 92 (80%) have been working for more than 10 years, 30 (24.2%) have never received any training on the topic of study and only 31 (25%) have received some training in the last 5 years. The initial complaint derives from close relatives (76.6%) and this complaint usually entails memory problems (59.7%). The screening test used by 77.4% of the professionals is the MMSE with a higher prevalence among younger doctors (p-value 0.04). In the case of suspected cognitive impairment, doctors perform a cognitive assessment scale (96%), order a blood test (83.9%) and perform functional assessment scales (77.4%). They do so on a scheduled basis (79%). In total, 42.7% recognise that they reach the diagnosis in moderate dementia stages, hindered as a result of care-based reasons (66.9%). Doctors have difficulties in detecting the pathology associated with cognitive impairment in 52.4% of cases. In dementia management, 66.1% have difficulties in providing caregiver support and 42.7% with pharmacological treatment. In cases of advanced dementia, the problem is the lack of support from social services (47.6%), hospital specialists (45.2%) and the difficulty of pharmacological treatment (43.5%).

Conclusions: Primary care doctors report that the main barriers in the care for cognitive impairment-dementia are: training, healthcare organization, social, management of specific dementia treatments and associated pathologies and coordination with hospital care.

Key words: Primary care, cognitive impairment, dementia, screening, survey, attitudes

Objective: Patients with cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) frequently exhibit depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms can be evaluated with various measures and questionnaires. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a scale that can be used to measure symptoms in geriatric age. Many questionnaires usually sum up symptom scales. However, core symptoms of depression in these patients and connections between these symptoms have not been fully explored yet. Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to determine core symptoms of two cognitive disorders, Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment; and 2) to investigate the network structure of depressive symptomatology in individuals with cognitive impairment in comparison with those with Alzheimer’s disease.

Methods: This study encompassed 5,354 patients with cognitive impairments such as Alzheimer’s disease [n = 1,889] and mild cognitive impairment [n = 3,464]. The Geriatric Depression Scale, a self-administered questionnaire, was employed to assess depressive symptomatology. Using exploratory graph analysis (EGA), a network analysis was conducted and the network structure was evaluated through regularized partial correlation models. To determine the centrality of depressive symptoms within each cohort, network parameters such as strength, betweenness, and closeness were examined. Additionally, to explore differences in the network structure between Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment groups, a network comparison test was performed.

Results: In the analysis of centrality indices, “worthlessness’’ was identified as the most central symptom in the Geriatric Depression Scale among patients with Alzheimer’s disease, whereas “emptiness’’ was found to be the most central symptom in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Despite these differences in central symptoms, the comparative analysis showed no statistical difference in the overall network structure between Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment groups.

Conclusion: Findings of this study could contribute to a better understanding of the manifestation of depressive symptoms in patients with cognitive impairment. These results are expected to aid in identifying and prioritizing core symptoms in these patients. Further research should be conducted to explore potential interventions tailored to these core symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Finding out core symptoms in those groups might have clinical importance in that appropriate treatment for neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with cognitive impairment could help preclude progression tofurtherimpairment.

Polish cathedral and monastic archives preserve multiple precious handwritten sources of musical and liturgical contents originating from the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Three such manuscripts have been the topic of research in this paper. The article’s problem is the provenance of the Pauline Gradual (PL-CZ III-913 olim R659) from 1596, owned by the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit in the Jasna Góra Monastery (Luminous Mount) in Częstochowa, Poland. The authors have examined the provenance by comparing the book’s repertoire of alleluiatic verses of the commune sanctorum with the contents of two older Polish codices from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, kept in the Archives and Library of the Cracow Cathedral Chapter: Wawel Gradual (PL-Kk Ms. 45) and Jan Olbracht Gradual (PL-Kk Ms. 44). The research leads to an ascertainment that the Pauline codex has, to some extent, been modelled on the Cracow manuscripts. The main text has been accompanied by photographs of each source’s selected original folios, and by transcriptions of the alleluiatic chants analysed.

Starting in the summer 2023 and peaking in late 2023, large amounts of Sargassum were observed floating off the coast of Madeira Islands, Portugal. The analysis of the samples revealed the presence of the three most common morphotypes of the two known species of pelagic Sargassum: S. natans I, S. natans VIII, and S. fluitans III. This is the first record for the subtropical eastern Atlantic Ocean for S. natans VIII and S. fluitans III. Both species were found entangled, and even though the main purpose of the study was to document the occurrence of pelagic Sargassum in the Madeira archipelago, some associated fauna were also recorded: the crab Planes minutus (Linnaeus, 1758), the amphi-Atlantic shrimps Latreutes fucorum (Fabricius, 1798) and Hippolyte coerulescens (Fabricius, 1775), and the nudibranch Scyllaea pelagica Linnaeus, 1758. The last two are new records for the Madeira archipelago.

This article analyzes how direct popular legislation was discussed in France from 1850 to 1852. It is during the Second Republic that the idea of directly involving the people in the law-making process becomes a concrete proposal. It is extensively debated by left republican thinkers such as Ledru-Rollin, Rittinghausen and Considerant to argue, against Proudhon and Blanc, that political representation is, in fact, not democratic. Instead, they claimed that real democracy would require a sharp distinction between legislation and administration and the consequent direct involvement of the people in lawmaking through their participation in local assemblies, tasked with both drafting and approving legislative proposals of general import. These competing understandings of democracy, as theorized through debates about popular legislation in the mid-nineteenth century, foreground some of the fundamental challenges of representative politics and question the role of knowledge and expertise in legitimizing democratic procedures in the age of mass politics.