There are many different types of regulatory instruments and tools. Chapter 6 classifies and examines regulatory tools according to their underlying technique or ‘modality’ of control or source of influence, examining five such modalities in turn: command, competition, communication, consensus and code (or ‘architecture’). This chapter also considers algorithmic regulation and the role of reputation as a form of regulation.

The interpretation of unwritten norms is fraught with difficulty, as the boundaries between the existence of a norm and the determination of its content can become blurred. Interpreters may return to the evidence of the norm’s existence in order to determine its content or it may be that interpretation itself is part of the constitutive process of unwritten norms. This confusion is exacerbated by a lack of established methods and procedures for the interpretation of unwritten international law, which includes not only custom but also general principles of law. While it is commonplace to speak of custom and general principles under the umbrella of ‘general international law’, it is unclear whether questions of interpretation are to be approached in the same manner for both categories of norms or whether custom and general principles may assist in the interpretation of one another. The central objective of this chapter is to examine the interactions between these two categories of norms in the context of interpretation. More specifically, it considers whether general principles of law may play a role in the interpretation of customary rules.

This chapter explores how the interpretation of customary international law (CIL) can be shaped by the underlying premises and political values of a system. The argument it develops focuses on how investor–state arbitration has interpreted the CIL law rule establishing that the actions of state-owned enterprises will be attributed to the controlling state, as expressed in Article 8 of the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.

This chapter describes the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the lives of women and children’s exposure to this form of family violence. The effects of experiencing IPV on women range from physical and mental health problems, such as injury, trauma, and PTSD to difficulties in obtaining support and parenting under stress. Children are affected in all areas of their lives – academically in school, in social relationships, in terms of their physical health, mental health, and expectations for themselves in the future. It is clear that IPV impedes women's and children’s optimal development. The need is great. Two preventive intervention programs for children and mothers are described in this chapter. The research evidence for their success in addressing many of these serious issues is provided. Finally, cultural adaptations of the programs are described for groups of women and children in Spanish-speaking, Alaska Native and American Indian, Canadian Aboriginal and First Nations, and Swedish communities. Recommendations for improving the work and a list of additional resources are provided.

On his journey to the Franciscan General Council in 1259, Bonaventure, having recently been elected minister general of the Order, stopped off to make a spiritual retreat on Mt. Alverna, the place where St. Francis had seen a vision of a six-winged Seraph with an image of the crucified Christ at its center from which he received the stigmata. It was here that Bonaventure was inspired to write a six-stage ascent of the mind into God, associating each stage of the ascent with one of the six wings of the Searph. By creatively adapting contemporary preaching techniques of the so-called “modern sermon” or sermo modernus style, Bonaventure was able to craft a work of which Bernard McGinn would say: “Perhaps no other treatise of comparable size in the history of Western mysticism packs so much into one seamless whole.” I also broach an issue that has divided commentators on Bonaventure’s leadership of the Franciscan Order since the moment he took office as minister general. In helping to foster the Franciscans presence at the University of Paris and other leading universities, did Bonaventure lead the Order in a direction contrary to the spirit of St. Francis?

The healthcare sector not only plays a key role in a country’s economy but is also one of the fastest growing sectors for most countries, resulting in rising expenditures. In turn, efficiency and productivity analyses of the healthcare industry have attracted attention from a wide variety of interested parties, including academics, hospital administrators, and policy makers. As a result, a large number of studies on efficiency and productivity in the healthcare industry have appeared over the past four decades in a variety of outlets. This chapter presents a performance analysis and science mapping of these studies with the aid of modern machine technology learning methods for bibliometric analysis. This approach revealed patterns and clusters in the data from 1,059 efficiency and productivity articles associated with the healthcare industry produced by nearly 2,300 authors and published in a multitude of Scopus-indexed academic journals from 1983 to 2021. Leveraging such biblioanalytics, which are combined with our own understanding of the field, the authors highlight the trends and possible future of studies on efficiency and productivity in healthcare.

This chapter analyzes the discursive functions of a single interactional practice – the use of the phrase “now what” – that is recurrently employed by an individual diagnosed with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD; pseudonym Robert). Robert’s use of “now what” recruits assistance from interlocutors when a wider array of recruitment resources may not be readily available. I show how this practice calls on collaborators to articulate the next step of a task-based activity for which Robert requires guidance. I also examine how Robert employs “now what” over the course of a year. Over time, Robert begins to employ “now what” to navigate non-task-based activities, such as when being reprimanded, showing how he extends its use as he faces new interactional challenges. Some research examines "dementia interactions" through a lens of deficit; other research emphasizes skillfulness. I show how “now what” illuminates both the troubles Robert faces while simultaneously demonstrating his resourcefulness to navigate such troubles. I argue that such "compensatory" practices point to both deficit and skill, and suggest that a dichotomous framework – identifying a practice or behavior as either only a deficit or a skill – is unlikely to adequately capture the social engagement of those diagnosed with neurological disorders.

Of the four main approaches to the synoptic problem among critics – that the evangelists tapped into oral traditions about Jesus, or drew from many written fragments, or used a common exemplar, or modified each other’s work – the first three approaches find solid support in antiquity, yet, ironically, the fourth approach dominates gospels research without producing any consensus. The solution will be complex, coordinating the first three.

This chapter will guide a candidate in the ethics and professional behaviour topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter asks questions dealing with consenting on behalf of colleague, annual leave uncovered, wrong implant usage and a patient unhappy with a long wait in a fracture clinic.

Chapter 4 provides details of a second year ESL teacher reflecting on her philosophy, principles, theory, practice, and critical reflections beyond practice. The chapter also provides details of her interpretations of her overall reflections, followed by a discussion of the teacher’s experiences during her second year of teaching.