It is often taken for granted that people who are predominantly unlettered inevitably have a low cultural level. The frequently used word “illiterate” does not merely signify inability to read and write but also implies a general lack of knowledge and culture. Indeed, some of the standard dictionaries mention “ignorant” as one of the meanings of the word illiterate. It is common for people belonging to modern industrial societies to look down upon the unlettered folk as uncivilized and incapable of finer intellectual and aesthetic sensibilities.

This paper contributes to the legal and socio-legal literature on long-term care (LTC) facilities (also known as nursing homes) by drawing from the responsive regulation literature and empirical research conducted in 2021 and 2022. Enforcement is an under-explored aspect in the legal and socio-legal literature on LTC. This research asks how the regulator’s enforcement activities shape compliance of LTC homes in Ontario. This paper reports the results from eleven semi-structured key informant interviews with associations that represent LTC facilities, advocacy organizations, unions, and professionals, such as lawyers. The current enforcement activities do not appear to evoke responsiveness in at least some of the LTC homes because the regulator’s approach is not dynamic: the regulator does not change its mix of “persuasion” and “coercion” in order to respond to the motivations and behaviours of homes. Inspection and enforcement activities have had little impact on how homes respond to rules.

Saponites and vermiculites may assume at least 11 ordered or semi-ordered layer stacking sequences. For a given relative humidity, the layer stacking type assumed is a function of the nature of the interlayer cation, the layer charge density, the mean size of the particles, and the di- or trioctahedral character of the sheets. For each interlayer cation, a succession of layer stacking types can be observed as relative humidity increases. For high relative humidity, some particular layer stacking types exist, but only for low-charge minerals. No other differences have been found for saponites and vermiculites in each successive layer stacking type. The degree of order that these layer stacking types imply is probably due to the existence of electrostatic bonds between hydrated interlayer cations and surface oxygens of the substituted tetrahedra. For octahedrally substituted 2:1 phyllosilicates, however, the disorder of the layer stacking sequences is related to a highly delocalized distribution of negative charges on the surface oxygens of the layers.

A study of the superstructures detected in saponites and vermiculites indicates that the interlayer cations tend to be located as far as possible from one another. The superstructures exist only with some cations and some layer stacking types and if the layer charge density is compatible with the charge produced by the cation distribution in this kind of superstructure.

Clays may catalyze chemical reactions by acting as Brönsted acids, Lewis acids, and/or Lewis bases. The changes occurring when limonene (p-menthadiene) is heated in the presence of montmorillonite illustrate how Brönsted and Lewis acidity may operate competitively, the nature of the interlayer cations determining which reaction dominates. The rate at which the starting material disappears increases with the acidity of the clay, which depends upon the interlayer cations (Na < Mg < Al < H). The concentration of disproportionation and isomerization products reaches a maximum after reaction times which decrease with increasing surface acidity of the clay, p-cymene is produced by oxidation in concentrations inversely related to the surface acidity of the clay. The course of the chemical reaction can thus be steered in the preferred direction by an appropriate choice of interlayer cations.

Fall-sown cereal rye has gained popularity as a cover crop in vegetable production due to its weed-suppressive capabilities. However, previous research has shown that replacing preemergence and/or postemergence herbicide applications with roller-crimped rye has variable success at controlling weeds and maintaining vegetable cash crop yields. The objective of this research was to determine whether roller-crimped rye can provide season-long weed control and maintain sweet corn yield. Two rye cultivars (early vs. standard maturity) were compared at three seeding rates (150, 300, and 600 seeds m−2) for their effect on weed control and sweet corn yield. The trial was conducted at three locations: Harrow, ON, and St. Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, from 2019 to 2021; and Agassiz, BC, in 2019 and 2021. Results suggest that although the early-maturing cultivar allowed for earlier roller crimping in some locations, it was inferior at weed control and resulted in lower sweet corn yield than local standard cultivars. The average rye biomass was lower than the current literature recommendations, and the resulting level of weed control was not high enough to prevent sweet corn yield loss in cover crop treatments. Weed control provided by roller-crimped rye peaked between crimping and 8 wk after crimping and was highest in the standard cultivars sown at 300 and 600 seeds m−2. Preliminary testing of supplemental postemergence weed control showed evidence for sweet corn yields comparable to the weed-free no-cover crop check. However, more research is needed. Overall, with the cultivars and seeding rates tested, roller-crimped rye is not a suitable stand-alone weed control option in sweet corn production. Given the benefits of cover crops, further research should evaluate its potential as a component of an integrated weed management program.

Political opposition to fiscal climate policy, such as a carbon tax, typically appeals to fiscal conservative ideology. Here, we ask to what extent public opposition to the carbon tax in Canada is, in fact, ideological in origin. As an object of study, ideology is a latent belief structure over a set of issue topics—and in particular their relationships—as revealed through stated opinions. Ideology is thus amenable to a generative modeling approach within the text-as-data paradigm. We use the Structural Topic Model, which generates word content from a set of latent topics and mixture weights placed on them. We fit the model to open-ended survey responses of Canadians elaborating on their support of or opposition to a carbon tax, then use it to infer the set of mixture weights used by each response. We demonstrate this set, moreso than the observed word use, serves efficient discrimination of opposition from support, with near-perfect accuracy on held-out data. We then operationalize ideology as the empirical distribution of inferred topic mixture weights. We propose and use an evaluation of ideology-driven beliefs based on four statistics of this distribution capturing the specificity, variability, expressivity, and alignment of the underlying ideology. We find that the ideology behind responses from respondents who opposed the carbon tax is more specific and aligned, much less expressive, and of similar variability as compared with those who support the tax. We discuss the implications of our results for climate policy and of broad application of our approach in social science.

Aqueous Al passes from octahedral to tetrahedral coordination over a narrow pH interval, or threshold. This interval is 5.5–6.5 at 25°C and shifts to lower pH as temperature increases. The concentration of aqueous tetrahedrally coordinated Al is a quasi-step function of the solution pH, and, by the mass-action law, so should be the amount of tetrahedral Al incorporated by a silicate that crystallizes from the aqueous solution. Qualitative support for this prediction (which applies to quartz, opal-CT, kaolin-group minerals, pyrophyllite, micas, chlorites, and other low-temperature silicates) comes from the very topology of equilibrium activity diagrams and from several pairs of associated waters and authigenic silicates from weathering, hydrothermal, and diagenetic environments. The uptake of tetrahedral Al also depends on the aqueous concentrations of monovalent cations and silica, and on the mineral's structural constraints.

Solid solution of tetrahedral Al in halloysite in turn produces the characteristic bent or tubular crystals of this mineral. This genetic link between aqueous chemistry (mainly pH), tetrahedral-Al uptake by a low-temperature silicate, and the mineral's crystal morphology may operate also in other silicates.

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies were carried out on 1,6-hexanediamine hydrochloride (HDA)-treated synthetic fluorhectorite to determine the orientation of functional groups within the structure. Oriented crystal layers were prepared by flocculating the smectite slurry with glass fibers to obtain a 100-µm-thick paper. Orientations were determined by measuring integrated IR band intensities at various incident beam angles (≤60°), inasmuch as absorption occurred only if the oscillating dipole of the functional group interacted with the electric vector of the incident radiation. The H-N-H plane in amine groups was aligned parallel to the lamellar plane. The H-O-H plane of the small amount of sorbed water was inclined 45° or more to the interlamellar layer, and the OH groups were inclined 45° to this layer.

Even with the incorporation of HDA in the interlamellar structure, at high humidity, additional water sorbed. The sorbed water competed with and displaced amine groups from the surface, resulting in randomly oriented amine groups. Many of the amine groups were ionized, whereas the additional sorbed water showed little orientation.

This study demonstrated that the orientation of intercalated amines in fluorhectorite can be determined by following the intensity changes in infrared-active bands as a function of the incident beam angle. With intercalated HDA, the orientations were influenced by the presence of interlayer water.

Unraveling the neurobiological foundations of childhood maltreatment is important due to the persistent associations with adverse mental health outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which abuse and neglect disturb resting-state network connectivity remain elusive. Moreover, it remains unclear if positive parenting can mitigate the negative impact of childhood maltreatment on network connectivity. We analyzed a cohort of 194 adolescents and young adults (aged 14–25, 47.42% female) from the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN) to investigate the impact of childhood abuse and neglect on resting-state network connectivity. Specifically, we examined the SAN, DMN, FPN, DAN, and VAN over time. We also explored the moderating role of positive parenting. The results showed that childhood abuse was linked to stronger connectivity within the SAN and VAN, as well as between the DMN-DAN, DMN-VAN, DMN-SAN, SAN-DAN, FPN-DAN, SAN-VAN, and VAN-DAN networks about 18 months later. Positive parenting during childhood buffered the negative impact of childhood abuse on network connectivity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the protective effect of positive parenting on network connectivity following childhood abuse. These findings not only highlight the importance of positive parenting but also lead to a better understanding of the neurobiology and resilience mechanisms of childhood maltreatment.

To talk about leadership in our times evokes the spectre of those leaders in the thirties and forties who led their nation to disaster, without any consideration for the cost in human suffering and moral degradation which their course involved. Yet, despite the distasteful association, we talk about the need for leadership in various domains of life—education, business, politics—and we look for individuals who are capable of providing such leadership also in civilizations which are committed to the principles of liberalism and democracy. Obviously, there is more than one sort of leader and more than one kind of leadership.

Glauconites in early ankerite concretions, ferroan calcite-cemented sandstones, and uncemented sandstones in the first Wilcox sandstone of the Lockhart Crossing field, Livingston Parish, Louisiana, show a progressive substitution of Fe for octahedral Al with increasing diagenesis. An octahedral Fe content of 0.50 atoms was calculated from glauconite located in early ankeritic concretions. Octahedral Fe averaged 0.60 and 0.90 atoms in later ferroan calcite-cemented sandstone and uncemented sandstone, respectively. Corresponding octahedral Al averages were 1.16, 1.03, and 0.67, respectively. A systematic increase in average interlayer K from 0.49 to 0.54 to 0.61 was also observed, with apparent increases in diagenesis. All element determinations were made with an electron microprobe and recast on an anion equivalent basis to structural formulae based on the O10(OH)2 unit. The clay preserved in the early ankerite concretions was found to be an illite/smectite containing about 20% expandable layers, and the mineral in the glauconite pellets from uncemented areas of the sandstone, an ordered glauconite. “Minus cement” porosities of the sandstone indicate that glauconitization may have taken place at burial depths greater than 0.6 to 1.8 km, but the mechanism for the incorporation of Fe3+ in the glauconite at that depth is not apparent.

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to characterize coexisting pyrophyllite and muscovite in low-grade metamorphosed pelites from Witwatersrand and northeastern Pennsylvania. The Witwatersrand sample consisted largely of porphyroblasts of interlayered muscovite and pyrophyllite in a fine-grained matrix of the same phases. In both textures, muscovite and pyrophyllite occurred as interlayered packets (with apparently coherent interfaces) from about 300 Å to a few micrometers in thickness, with no mixed layering. Their compositions were determined with a scanning transmission electron microscope to be

$$(\Box{_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.11}}}}{\rm{ }}{{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.72}}}}{\rm{Na}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.17}}})(A}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.91}}}}{\rm{ F}}{{\rm{e}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.03}}}}{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.05}}}}{\rm{T}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.01}}}}{\rm{)(S}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{6}}{\rm{.11}}}}{\rm{ Al}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.89}}}}{\rm{)}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{20}}}}{{\rm{(OH)}}_{\rm{4}}}$$

$$(\Box_{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.90}}}{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{0.06}}}}{{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.04}}}}{\rm{)(A}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.94}}}}{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.01}}}}{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.05}}}}{\rm{)(S}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{7}}{\rm{.94}}}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.06}}}}{\rm{)}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{20}}}}{{\rm{(OH)}}_{\rm{4}}},$$

The pyrophyllite and muscovite in the Pennsylvania shale likewise occurred only as coexisting coherent to sub-parallel packets as thin as 200 Å, with compositions of

$$(\Box_{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.89}}}{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{0.04}}}}{\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.02}}}}{{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.05}}}}{\rm{)(A}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.93}}}}{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.04}}}}{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.02}}}}{\rm{T}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.01}}}}{\rm{)(S}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{7}}{\rm{.92}}}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.08}}}}{\rm{)}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{20}}}}{{\rm{(OH)}}_{\rm{4}}}$$

$$({\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.04}}}}{\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.02}}}}{{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{2}}{\rm{.03}}}}{\rm{)(A}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.54}}}}{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.24}}}}{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.16}}}}{\rm{T}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.06}}}}{\rm{)(S}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{6}}{\rm{.09}}}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.91}}}}{\rm{)}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{20}}}}{{\rm{(OH)}}_{\rm{4}}}.$$

The compositions of these coexisting pyrophyllite and muscovite define a solvus with steep limbs and extremely limited solid solution. Illite is a white mica, intermediate in composition between pyrophyllite and muscovite, formed at much lower temperatures than muscovite. These relations show that illite is metastable relative to pyrophyllite + muscovite in all of its diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic occurrences. This further implies that illite precursor phases, such as smectite, are also metastable. The prograde reactions involving smectite, illite, and muscovite are therefore inferred to represent Ostwald-step-rule-like advances through a series of metastable phases toward the equilibrium states attained in the greenschist facies. “Illite crystallinity” can therefore be a measure of reaction progress, for which temperature is only one of several determining factors.

Stable, three-dimensionally ordered complexes were formed from synthetically hydrated, highly ordered kaolinite (d(001) = 8.4 Å) and several organic compounds. Removal of the intercalated organic compound by drying or by water washing recovered the 8.4-Å hydrate with its ordered layer stacking essentially unchanged. Some of the complexes were stable for less than a day, whereas others appeared to be stable indefinitely. The compounds that formed ordered complexes were dimethylsulfoxide, formamide, hydrazine-hydrate, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pyridine. Clay-organic complexes that were prepared from methanol, ethanol, 1- and 2-propanol, acetone, acetic acid, propionic acid, acetaldehyde, N-methylformamide, methylethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, and K-acetate were stable only if they were immersed in the intercalating medium and had little or no stacking order.

Many of the organic compounds intercalated by the 8.4-Å hydrate are not known to be intercalated by non-hydrated kaolinite either directly or indirectly. Isolated water molecules appear to be keyed into the ditrigonal holes formed by the basal oxygen of the silicate tetrahedra of the 8.4-Å hydrate. These water molecules, referred to as “hole water,” and fluorine ions that had replaced ~20% of the inner-surface hydroxyls of the 8.4-Å phase sufficiently altered the interlayer bonding to allow an expansion of the inner-layer spaces by a variety of guest molecules. The presence of these guest molecules between the clay layers not only changed the basal spacing and perturbed the infrared (IR) bands arising from the inner-surface hydroxyls, it also shifted the position of the IR band arising from the inner hydroxyl.

As part of the characterization of a Tunisian red soil profile, six samples, taken at different depths, were investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and at 80 K to obtain information about the various types of Fe oxides present. By considering magnetic hyperfine field distributions, the spectra of goethite and hematite were well resolved. Chemical analyses of the samples revealed a partial substitution of Fe by Al and Mn. The spectral behavior of the goethite was predominantly influenced by crystallinity and amount of Al substitution which resulted in a reduction of the magnetic hyperfine field. The effect of Mn substitution was much more pronounced in the hematite spectrum as a consequence of a stronger suppression of the Morin transition by Mn than by Al.