Eating at night has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidaemia that is likely a consequence of an underlying disrupted circadian rhythm in metabolic processes. An understanding of the mechanisms causing metabolic disruption after eating at night is important for prevention and management of disease risk factors. The aim of this study was to explore the transcriptomic differences in nutrient metabolism after eating a meal at night compared with the same meal in the morning. In a cross over design, 10 healthy adults fasted for > 10 hours and then completed two acute meal challenges at 8am and 8pm on non-consecutive days separated by a wash out. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected to assess glucose and insulin responses. For a subset of five participants RNA sequencing was completed on the Illumina NextSeq500. Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells at fasting (baseline) and 2 h after the test meal, the quality of all samples was above RIN 8 (AATI Fragment Analyzer). Differential expression analysis was completed using the DESeq2 package. False discovery rate correction was applied at the pathway analysis level, conducted in PathVisio. Postprandial blood glucose was significantly higher at 8pm vs. 8am (208.8(154.1)mmol/L.3hr vs 36.4(99.6)mmol/L.3hr, p = 0.005) no concurrent changes in insulin responses were observed (p = 0.100). Under fasting conditions, 704 genes were differentially expressed between morning and night, with 60% of these genes being down regulated at night. The meal challenges were associated with changes in gene expression compared with fasting in the morning 552 genes were differentially expressed and 532 genes were differentially expressed in the evening, however only 7% were commonly differentially regulated at both times of day. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes identified that more immune system and signal transduction pathways were enriched after eating at night compared with morning, where as a greater number of pathways involved in lipid metabolism were enriched in the morning. The time of day a meal is consumed has an effect on which genes are differentially regulated in the acute postprandial period, and the biological pathways they are involved in. Investigating the differences in the transcriptomic response to food at night provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic dissimilarities observed in circulating metabolic biomarkers according to the time of day.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern closely linked to obesity, affecting an estimated 25% of adults in Europe. Understudied in Ireland, the aim of this research was to examine the effects of a 12-week multi-component dietary intervention on weight loss and markers of liver injury in Irish NAFLD patients in tertiary care. Biopsy confirmed NAFLD patients (n = 27) were recruited from St James’ Hospital in Dublin, Ireland. Consenting participants underwent a 12-week moderate-intensity intervention incorporating weekly group nutritional education, behavioural change and group support, as well as individualised advice and weigh-ins from a trained nutritionist. Control group participants were given routine clinical care. All participants were clinically reviewed before, immediately after, and 3 months post intervention. Individuals (n = 12) with histological evidence of steatohepatitis underwent a repeat liver biopsy on completion of the intervention. Detailed dietary assessment was performed using both a 4-day diet diary (4DDD) and a novel, recently validated, short food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) designed specifically to assess habitual intakes of food items related to NAFLD. Nutrient intakes were analysed using myFood24TM dietary analysis software, and the Mediterranean diet quality score (MDQS) was used to assess the overall change in dietary patterns. Of the 15 participants who completed the intervention, 80% (n = 12) achieved a weight loss exceeding 5%, with 47% (n = 7) achieving > 7%. There were significant improvements from baseline to week 12 in the intervention group for the majority of clinical parameters including HbA1c (p = 0.0054), liver enzymes (ALT, p = 0.0108; GGT, p = 0.0001) and transient elastography (kPA, p = 0.0308; CAP, p = 0.0081). However, these results failed to maintain significance when analysed compared to controls. The overall dietary pattern was significantly improved after 12 weeks as assessed by the MDQS (p = 0.03), with no apparent compromise in micronutrient intake despite the energy reduction. Reductions in energy, saturated fat, carbohydrate and sugar intakes at 12 weeks, were maintained at three months follow up. Analysis of pre- and post-intervention liver biopsies in the intervention group demonstrated a clinically significant improvement in NAS score (p = 0.0273), attributable to reductions in hepatic steatosis (p = 0.0078). A significant correlation was observed between improvement in liver histology and change in sugar intake (r = 0.7534, p = 0.0093). Although results were somewhat limited by small sample size, nutritional education achieved beneficial dietary changes that persisted after the intervention ceased. Notably, achieving reductions in sugar intakes may be particularly beneficial in reducing the severity of hepatic steatosis in Irish adults with NAFLD.

A major challenge in dietary assessment is the manual pre-processing of dietary data. Digital food registration via online platforms that are coupled to large food databases can automate this process. The accuracy of such platforms depends on the quality of the associated food database. In this study we validated the database of MyFitnessPal (MFP) versus the Belgian food composition database Nubel.

Fifty participants collected a 4-day dietary record using MFP at 2 time points, T1 and T2. Nutrient intake values extracted from MFP at T1 were used as training set to define a cut-off for each parameter (energy intake (EI), carbohydrates (CH), fat (F), protein (P), fibre (Fi), sugar (S), cholesterol (Ch) and sodium (So)) by optimising correlation with Nubel calculated values. Application of these criteria to the values extracted at T2 (n = 2826) resulted in rejection rate of 2.8%. The remaining values were correlated (Pearson or Spearman) with the Nubel calculated values. Fixed and proportional biases were traced using Bland-Altman analysis and impact on sample size was estimated from a power simulation.

MFP demonstrated strong correlation with the Nubel database for EI (r = 0.95), CH (r = 0.90), F (r = 0.90), P (r = 0.88), Fi (r = 0.80) and S (r = 0.77), but weak correlations for Ch (ρ = 0.51) and So (ρ = 0.53); all p < 0.001. Bland-Altman analysis showed no fixed bias between both methods, whereas a proportional bias was found for cholesterol. A practical implication is a loss of statistical power by 5–10% for EI and macronutrients compared to the Nubel database and the need to increase sample size accordingly.

We conclude that dietary analysis with MFP is accurate and efficient for total energy intake, macronutrients, fibre and sugar, but not for cholesterol and sodium

Periconceptional folic acid (FA) has an established role in the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs), leading to global recommendations for FA supplementation before and in early pregnancy. However, it is unclear whether there are any benefits for offspring brain health arising from continued maternal FA supplementation beyond the first trimester. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of maternal folate nutrition during pregnancy in relation to cognitive performance and brain function in the offspring at 11 years. The children of mothers who had participated in a randomised trial of Folic Acid Supplementation in the Second and Third Trimesters (FASSTT) were investigated, providing a unique opportunity to examine offspring brain health in relation to maternal folate (the FASSTT Offspring trial; n = 68). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth UK Edition (WISC-IV). The WISC-IV measures Full Scale IQ and specific domains of cognitive performance: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. Brain function was measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in a subset of the child participants (n = 33). The results showed no significant difference in Full Scale IQ between the children of mothers who had received folic acid versus placebo during pregnancy (P = 0.993). Processing Speed subtest scores were however significantly higher in the folic acid group compared with placebo (Symbol Search: P = 0.046 and Cancellation: P = 0.011). The application of MEG analysis showed that at rest, there were differences in brain functioning with significantly lower overall power at Broad band [1–48Hz] (P = 0.041) and a trend (not significant) towards lower power in all other frequency bands (Theta, Mu, Beta, Low Gamma and High Gamma) in children from the FA group compared with placebo. Results for the responses to the language task (congruent and incongruent sentences) in children from the FA group showed significantly lower power within the Theta band [4–8Hz] and significantly higher power within high frequency bands i.e. Beta [13–30 Hz] and High Gamma [49–70 Hz]. This suggested more efficient language processing abilities in these children compared to children of mothers in the placebo group. The findings provide scientific evidence that continuing FA supplementation beyond the periconceptional period that is protective against NTDs, may be beneficial for brain health in the offspring. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that MEG is a useful tool for objective assessment of functional brain activity in healthy children in response to nutrition intervention.

Boarfish (Capros aper) is an underutilised pelagic fish species found in abundance in Irish waters. Research previously undertaken has shown a favourable effect of boarfish derived protein hydrolysate (BFH) consumption on glycaemic control in diabetic murine models. This study aims to investigate the effect of daily BFH consumption on glycated haemoglobin and body mass index (BMI) in overweight human participants.

A randomised parallel placebo-controlled human intervention study was undertaken to investigate the effect of consuming BFH (3.5g/day) for 12 weeks. Participants (n = 40) that met the following inclusion criteria were recruited; aged between 18–65 years, non-smoker, not currently pregnant or lactating, BMI > 25.0 kg/m2, free from illness. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either BFH or cellulose capsules for 12 weeks. Measures taken at baseline and post-intervention (week 12) included fasting measures of: glycated haemoglobin, glucose, insulin, leptin, glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), adiponectin as well as lipid profile. Height and weight were also recorded at both timepoints. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for baseline values as well as other covariates (age & BMI), was used to compare differences between groups over time.

Consumption of BFH (3.5g/day) for 12 weeks had no significant effect on glucose, insulin, leptin, glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), adiponectin, high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein compared with control. No significant difference in glycated haemoglobin change over time (P = 0.123) was noted following consumption of placebo (2.5% increase) in comparison to those consuming the boarfish treatment (1.5% reduction).

This study showed that 3.5 g of BFH per day did not elicit an effect on any of the markers of metabolic health. Previous studies investigating the effect of protein consumption on metabolic health have used higher concentrations than were utilized in this study, however using similar concentrations in this study was not plausible given the lack of organoleptic acceptability of the BFH. Addressing the organoleptic properties of BFH may enable future studies to increase the dose of BFH to a level that may be more efficacious than the current study.

UK adolescents have poorer diets than other age groups. Improving adolescents’ diets has the potential to improve their health now and in later life, and the health of their future offspring. Established dietary assessment techniques can be difficult to use with adolescents due to high participant burdens. Robust and easy-to-implement techniques are required to assess adolescent diet in large-scale studies. This study aimed to identify the key indicator foods that contribute most to better quality dietary patterns in UK adolescents for use in a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Dietary data, collected using 4-day diet diaries, and nutritional biomarker data from waves 1–8 of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 139 food groups to identify the key indicator foods that contribute most to better quality dietary patterns.

A 20-group diet score was calculated using coefficients for the 20 indicator foods from the 139-group PCA and multiplying by their standardised reported frequency of consumption. Scores were standardised to a mean of zero and a standard deviation (SD) of one.

The association and the agreement between the 139-group diet quality score and 20-group score were calculated using Spearman's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman limits of agreement, respectively. Spearman's correlations were used to examine the associations between the two diet quality scores and nutritional biomarkers.

NDNS dietary data were available for 1282 boys and 1305 girls aged 11–18 years. The first PCA component explained 3.0% of variance in the dietary data. A high-quality diet was characterised by greater consumption of fruit, vegetables, beans and pulses, wholegrains, nuts, and tap water, plus lower consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, chips, processed meats, white bread, crisps, whole milk, baked beans, and added sugar.

A correlation of 0.86 was observed between the full 139-group score and the 20-group score with the difference between being 0 SDs. Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement were -0.98 to 0.98 SDs. Correlations, in the expected direction, were seen between the 139-group score and all nutritional biomarkers (25-hydroxyvitamin D(rs = 0.14), vitamin C(rs = 0.30), total carotenoids(rs = 0.25), total serum folate(rs = 0.42), homocysteine(rs = -0.25) and vitamin B12(rs = 0.21)). Correlations with the 20-group score were only slightly attenuated.

The 20-group diet quality score showed reasonable agreement with the full 139-item score. Both scores were correlated with nutritional biomarkers. A short 20-item FFQ can provide a meaningful and easy-to-implement tool to assess diet quality in adolescents.

Accurate assessment of dietary intake in older populations is important for determining the role of diet in healthy ageing. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is a commonly used dietary assessment tool, however there is limited evidence regarding its utility for accurately assessing fruit and vegetable (FV) intake in older adults. The objective of this study was to validate FV intakes estimated from the FFQ used in the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA) against a food diary (FD).

A dietary validation study was conducted in a sub-sample of 95 participants (45 males, 50 females, aged > 50 years) from NICOLA. Participants were asked to complete a FFQ and 4-day FD (reference method) at two time-points (Month 0 and Month 6). Self-reported FV intakes were compared between methods using Spearman's correlation coefficients, examining the percentage of participants classified into the same or adjacent quartile of FV intake, weighted kappa and Bland-Altman plots.

Median fruit, vegetable and total FV intake were significantly higher in the FFQ than the FD at both Month 0 and Month 6 (all p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations (all p < 0.05) were observed between the FFQ and FD estimates of FV intake at both time-points (Month 0, r = 0.57, 0.50 and 0.49 for fruit, vegetables, total FV, respectively; Month 6 r = 0.56, 0.42 and 0.50, respectively). When FV intakes were classified into fourths (based upon quartiles of total FV portions by FD or FFQ), 80 % and 79 % of participants were classified into the same or adjacent quartile at Month 0 and Month 6, respectively. Weighted kappa indicated a fair-moderate agreement between the two methods for FV intake (weighted kappa = 0.35 and 0.37 at Month 0 and Month 6, respectively). Bland-Altman plots showed that, as FV intake increased, there was a widening in limits of agreements, between the FFQ and FD. There was also a significant positive correlation noted between total FV intakes reported at Month 0 and those reported at Month 6 (r = 0.70, p < 0.001).

Over-reporting of FV intake was evident with the FFQ compared to the FD, however, the results showed good comparability between the methods in being able to rank older adults according to their FV intake. An additional analysis of FV biomarkers obtained from this sample will provide a more objective assessment of FV intake by each method.

Improper nutrition is an important risk factor for many chronic diseases. The presented study is a part of the Polish population representative epidemiological studies on the diet and nutritional status, the identification of food-related diseases risk factors, the physical activity level, nutritional knowledge level, and health inequities, implemented under The National Health Program 2016–2020, financed by the Ministry of Health.

The speech will present selected preliminary study results of 1,471 respondents (709 aged 19–64 (A); 762 aged 65 + (B) carried on since December 2018 to December 2018 from planed representative Polish population (each groups: 2000 respondents). Presented data was collected on the basis of nutrition assessment (food frequency questionnaire (KomPAN), 24 hours recall - 2 days - interval of at least 3 days), identification of diet-related diseases risk factors (body weight, body height, waist and hips circumferences estimation, 2 blood pressure measurements), physical activity (the accelerometer, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and the nutritional knowledge level (KomPAN). Statistical analyses: SPSS program (version 25.0), data on diet composition assessed in DIET 5.0.

Excessive body mass occurred in 63.9% respondents (A: 51.3%, B: 72.3%), obesity - in 16.7% A and 35.3% B participants. The average diet energy value was: A- 2035 kcal (2452 in men, 1745 in women), B - 1933 kcal (2283 in men, 1705 in women). The percentage of calories from protein, fat and carbohydrate was similar in both groups: around 14%, 34% and 50% respectively.

Good nutritional knowledge was found in 39.5% individuals from group A and 42.8% from group B, the average knowledge level was diagnosed in 57% and 53.8% respondents respectively. Knowledge about proper nutrition did not mean proper nutritional choices. Vegetables were eaten a few times per day only by 36.8% A and 30.4% B respondents with good nutritional knowledge, milk and cottage cheese consumption declared 8% subjects from each group and fermented dairy products 11% A and 13% B participants.

It is worth pointing out that 50% respondents with good nutritional knowledge ate fish less than once a month. Preliminary analysis shown that the prevalence of excessive body mass in Poland is very high, the high number of obese people aged over 65 is especially disturbing.

The detailed analysis of nutritional status, data on physical activity and the occurrence of diet-related diseases among the subjects, planned to be presented during conference, will give the possibility for creation of effective preventive action, which improve the public health in Poland.

Eggs tend to be eaten irregularly, e.g. they are often eaten as a standby for unplanned meals, and have been reported to be eaten as a treat or on special occasions. This intrapersonal variation may impact the accuracy of measuring the habitual intake of eggs. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often validated for nutrients but not foods, and may not be suitable for measuring the consumption of individual foods. The validity of measuring the consumption of specific foods can be particularly affected for foods with a greater within-person variation. Moreover, FFQs rarely include a detailed intake measure of eggs, and often do not include eggs in mixed dishes. With epidemiological studies focussing on individual foods to assess associations between foods and diseases, it is important to consider the accuracy of dietary assessment methods in measuring intake of individual foods.

In the current study we compare egg intake data from a validated FFQ and egg intake data from an FFQ specifically designed to measure egg intake. Both questionnaires were completed by a sample of 100 community-dwelling healthy older adults, which included 54 females and 46 males, with mean age 70 (SD = 7) years. Both FFQs had a similar layout, but the validated FFQ section on egg intake consisted of three questions on egg intake, while the egg FFQ included 18 preparations of eggs, including mixed dishes.

Mean monthly egg consumption for the validated FFQ was 16 (SD = 13) eggs, while the egg FFQ showed an egg intake of 22 (SD = 16) eggs per month, suggesting under- or over-reporting on one or both measures. Although the mean values are noticeably different, validated FFQ egg intake correlates strongly with egg FFQ intake (r = .773, p < .001).

National Diet and Nutrition Survey data indicates that British older adults (65 years + ) consume 33 g of eggs/egg dishes per day, the equivalent of 16–17 eggs per month. This means that the validated FFQ egg intake of 16 eggs per month is more similar to the NDNS data. However, FFQs generally tend to overestimate food intake compared to diet records and the validated FFQ is validated for the total nutrient intake, not for individual foods. With only three questions and without including mixed dishes, the validated FFQ may under-estimate intake of eggs, while the egg FFQ may be more comprehensive. More research is needed to explore the most appropriate methods for measuring intakes of foods that are irregularly consumed, such as eggs.

A person's dietary intake consists of multiple foods eaten as part of a meal as opposed to any one single food/nutrient. Therefore, it is important to understand the interactions between foods and how they affect diet-disease associations. As a result, dietary patterns have emerged as important tools in nutrition research. The objective of the current study is to assess the reproducibility and stability of dietary patterns across four different time-points. Anthropometric measurements were taken from a subset of participants of a free-living cohort study (n = 94), followed by the administration of a 24-hour dietary recall once a month, for four months. The dietary data was entered into dietary analysis software, Nutritics, by two researchers independently, and cross-checked. Foods were assigned to one of 33 predefined food groups, which were further collapsed to 18 food groups based on previous research. Statistical analysis was then performed on the final dataset. Intra-class correlation coefficients were derived to assess the reproducibility of each food group across the four time-points. Variables were standardized using z-scores and dietary patterns were derived using K-means cluster analysis. Stability was assessed by coding participants into one of six groups based on their dietary pattern transition between visit one and four. Analysis of this sub cohort revealed that the intake of food groups (% energy contribution) was reproducible across the time-points. The majority had good to very good agreement, with vegetables and vegetable dishes having the strongest agreement (ICC = 0.831) followed by milk and yogurts (ICC = 0.773), fruit and fruit dishes (ICC = 0.729), and breakfast cereals (ICC = 0.680). Two distinct dietary patterns were identified at each time-point; a ‘Healthy’ and an ‘Unhealthy’ dietary pattern. The ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern was characterized by a significantly higher energy contribution (p < 0.05) from the following food groups – vegetables and vegetable dishes; fruit and fruit dishes; milk and yogurts; breakfast cereals; butter, spreading fats and oils. The analysis on stability demonstrated 42% of participants remained in the same dietary pattern, while 58% transitioned from one dietary pattern to the other. Our results to date demonstrate that two distinct dietary patterns can be derived across multiple time-points using cluster analysis and the food group composition of these dietary patterns can be considered reproducible. Future work will explore these dietary patterns further incorporating the entire cohort and linking stability to health parameters.

Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight satisfaction are important factors related to energy intake underreporting in younger adults. However, few studies have explored that relation in older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these factors in a sample of older adults who tend to underestimate their energy consumption. Sample included 40 older adults (57.5% male), with mean age of 68.8 ± 5.94 years old, who participated in the Health Survey of São Paulo, Brazil. Their total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by doubly labelled water technique. BMI was classified according to Pan-American Health Organization and individuals categorized as being or not being overweight/obese. Energy intake (EI) was assessed with two 24-hours dietary recall. Ratio of EI:TEE was used to identify misreporting considering 95% confidence intervals. Chi-Square and t test were used considering 5% of significance level. Sixty percent were classified as under-reporters, 30% as plausible reporters, and 10% as over-reporter. Over-reports were excluded from analysis. Overweight and obesity were higher in under-reporters compared to plausible reporters (75% and 25%). Fifty-eight percent of under-reporters were dissatisfied with their weight. Although weight status was associated with weight satisfaction (p < 0.01), no significant difference was found for BMI (p = 0.76) comparing to plausible and under-reporters. Weight satisfaction was not associated with energy misreporting (p = 0.64). Even though these factors may be related to underreporting in adults, this association was not found among older adults. Results showed the importance of further studies to explore factors that might interfere in underreporting in this population.

Body Adiposity Index (BAI) is the method of determining body fat content based on anthropometric measurements, proposed as an alternative to the BMI. Due to the fact that the hip circumference is taken into account in calculating BAI, it is suggested that this index better reflects the differences in women and men obesity than BMI. The aim of this study was to examine the association between BAI and other adiposity indices such as WHtR (Waist to Height Ratio), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), sum of skinfolds, or adiposity tissue measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (FM-BIA) among adults, independence of sex and age. The study group consisted of 336 adults (59% women, 41% men) aged 18–70 years, which was divided into two groups: 18–45 years (57%) and > 45 (43%) to further analysis. All anthropometric measurements: height (H), body weight (BW), WC, hip circumference (HC) skinfolds thickness were taken according to the standardized procedures, with light clothing and without shoes twice and averages were calculated. BIA was performed under standardized conditions according to the manufacturer's protocol (Maltron BioScan 920 ver.1.1). BAI was calculated as [HC (cm) / H (m)1.5 -18]. Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between BAI and adiposity indices. BAI was positively associated with sex, age, BW, WC, FM-BIA, BMI, sum of 4 or 5 skinfolds and WHtR for all subjects, but the strongest with FM-BIA (β = 0.787, p < 0.001), BMI (β = 0.696, p < 0.001) or WHtR (β = 0.625, p < 0.00001) for total group. BAI correlation with BW, WC, FM-BIA, BMI or WHtR were stronger in women than in men, both for the total group and regards to age. The identified set of correlates explained (for above variables) 30–79%, of the total variation in BAI for women, and 15–49% for men. The stronger BAI correlation with sex was found in the older group (> 45 years old) than in younger (β = 0.582, p < 0.00001 vs. β = 0.372, p < 0.00001). In men aged > 45 years, stronger BAI correlations with the sum of 4 or 5 skinfolds were observed. The correlation between BAI and BW in men was weaker than in women regardless of age (β = 0.364, p < 0.00001 vs. β = 0.762, p < 0.00001). Considering strong correlation between BAI and fat content (FM-BIA), BMI, WHtR, WC and BW in women, it seems that BAI may be used to determine the content of adipose tissue or as a diagnostic marker, but in men its using need further research.

Greater consumption of oily fish, and elevated plasma levels of the long-chain marine-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been strongly and consistently associated with a reduced incidence of heart attacks, strokes, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease and cancers. Despite international guidelines recommending eating oily fish at least once per week (> 250mg/day DHA and EPA), many people do not eat fish, and only a small minority of the world's population have optimal omega-3-PUFA plasma and tissue levels. Hence, in this project, we studied the bioavailability and blood pressure lowering effects of recently developed alternatives to oily fish, namely chicken-meat and eggs naturally enriched with algae-sourced omega-3-PUFAs.

This was a double-blinded, controlled, randomised trial. Using a 2X2 factorial design, 161 healthy participants were randomized to eat at least 3 portions/week of omega-3-PUFA enriched (or control) chicken-meat, and to eat at least 3 omega-3-PUFA enriched (or control) eggs/week, for 6 months.

Compared to control foods, eating enriched eggs, enriched chicken-meat and the combination for 6 months, resulted in plasma EPA increments (μg/g) of 3.1[2.8], 8.8[2.9]* & 4.7[2.9], plasma DHA increments (μg/g) of 5.1[3.7], 9.3[3.8]* & 13.1[3.9]*, and omega-3-index (sum of EPA + DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids in erythrocytes, %) increments of 0.9[0.3]*, 0.7[0.4]* & 1.5[0.4]*, respectively. Mean 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, mmHg) declined with the enriched foods 0.3[1.3]/-0.2[1.0], -0.7[1.4]/-1.4[1.0], & -1.9[1.4]/-2.9[1.0]*, respectively. Data provided as mean difference[SEM], and * denotes p < 0.05.

Regular consumption of omega-3-PUFA enriched chicken-meat and eggs resulted in statistically significant and clinically relevant increases in plasma and red cell levels of DHA and EPA. Both plasma and red cell bioavailability were similar to those previously described for oily fish. Furthermore, blood pressure, an important biomarker of cardiovascular health, decreased in those eating the omega-3-PUFA enriched foods. Omega-3-PUFA enriched chicken-meat and eggs offers consumers an attractive additional alternative to eating oily fish. Unlike many lifestyle interventions, long-term large population health benefits are not dependent on willingness of people to make long-lasting dietary changes, but on the widespread availability of a range of inexpensive, commonly eaten, naturally enriched foods.

Intuitive eating is an intrinsic ability to moderate the amount and type of food, promoting a healthy diet and self-regulation of one's own weight. Different instruments (IES-H, IES-T, IES-2) have been developed to assess intuitive eating between different population groups from different countries. The construct validity and invariance of the 23-item Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) has been widely validated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis. However, these Classical Test Theory (CTT) methods have not always confirmed the same 4-factor structure.

Rasch analysis, a Modern Test Theory method (MTT), has been used as an alternative approach to examine the psychometric properties of various health and medical instrument (HADS, KIDSCREEN-52, LANSS, MHRM). One significant difference between CTT and MT is the method of calculating a composite score. A CTT total sore is based on the summation of raw categorical scores, whereas these raw categorical scores are converted to interval-scaled measures into a Rasch composite score.

Data was collected from 625 respondents was fitted to the Rasch Rating Scale Model. The data fitted the model adequately, as less than 5% and 1% of absolute standardised residuals were found to be ≥ 2 and ≥ 3, respectively. A Principle Component Analysis of Rasch residuals (PCAR) was used to determine the unidimensionality of the IES-2 and its subscales, after checking and adjusting for lack of item fit and proper rating scale functioning. PCAR indicated that all 23 items could not function as a single total unidimensional Rasch measure. However, the same item structure for the 4 subscales, originally proposed by Tylka and Kroon Van Diest, was confirmed by PCAR. The relationship between the respondents and the IES-2 items in each subscale could be explained using a Wright map, allowing both to be represented on the same logit scale.

Statistical different levels of intuitive eating were determined for each subscale from a table representing the relationship between the lowest and highest possible raw scores and their Rasch measures. Wright maps showed the position of respondents between cut-off lines indicating different statistical levels along each unidimensional subscale of intuitive eating. The majority of respondents were classified into 2 out of 4 levels in the subscale Unconditional Permission to Eat, 3 out of 5 levels in Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons, 3 out of 5 levels in Reliance on Internal Hunger and Satiety Cues and 2 out of 4 levels in Body-Food Choice Congruence.

Recently, popularity of minimally processed potatoes (MPP) is growing as well as other minimally processed fruits and vegetables, due to its convenience and easy preparation, what consumers nowadays prefer. However, these types of products are very perishable, influenced by a number of factors, particularly cultivar and tuber condition. Potato is suitable for a long storage, but certain changes occur in its chemical composition during storage. These changes, among other factors, greatly depend upon cultivar, as well as storage conditions, and consequently affect on MPP durability and quality. Besides, MPP is subjected to heat treatment before consumption, where raw potatoes chemical composition and the way of heat treatment affect the chemical composition of the prepared potato dish. Potato sweetening is known phenomenon that occurs during storage, what negatively affect on health safety of fried potato.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cultivar and tubers storage time, as well as MPP storage time and heat treatment on the sugar content in raw, boiled and fried potatoes.

Potato cultivars Birgit and Lady Claire used in this study were stored for 1 and 4 months in warehouse (8 °C /RH 95 %). MPP was produced by washing, peeling, slicing followed by anti-browning treatment (dipping in 2 % sodium ascorbate solution/3 min), draining and vacuum packing in PE/PA bags. After 1st, 5th and 8th day of storage at 10 °C, MPP were boiled and fried. All samples, including raw MPP, were freeze dried and sugar content was determined by UPLC MS/MS.

Most abundant sugar was sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose, where cv. Birgit contained slightly higher values of all sugars compared to cv. Lady Claire. Initial sugar content of both cultivars was very low. However, during tuber aging, as well as during MPP storage time, content of individual sugars increased in most of samples, with slightly higher increase in cv. Birgit raw samples. Furthermore, heat treatment affects on sugar composition, since glucose and fructose are generally reduced in boiled and fried potatoes with certain differences depending on the cultivar. Total sugar content of cv. Birgit MPP mostly increased during storage, regardless tuber age and the way of heat treatment, while in cv. Lady Claire samples opposite trend with few exceptions was observed. Generally, cv. Lady Claire has lower and slightly more stable sugar content upon tuber aging, MPP storage time and heat treatment.