Canopy arthropods were sampled by insecticide fogging to study their community structure in two New Caledonian primary rain forests. The representativeness of these samples was analysed by two different methods: the diversity-area relationship and the relationship between the distribution of the taxa and the sample size, using Pielou's method. The results showed that the higher the degree of aggregation, the higher must be the minimum sample size to ensure a stable distribution. In the same way, the higher the diversity index, the higher must be the sample size to ensure a representative sample of the community. In this study, 40 sample units of 1 m2 were used, although, samples of 9 to 25 m2 seem to be sufficient according to the distribution of the taxa sampled. Five to 30 m2 should be sufficient to ensure representative samples of the whole community for estimating diversity.

The foraging behaviour of capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) was assessed in relation to habitat and season in a flooded savanna of Venezuela from February (dry season) 1993 to June (rainy season) 1994. Direct observations were carried out to record group movements and foraging activities of individual capybaras when feeding on specific plant species. The time devoted to feeding upon some species was recorded in relation to total foraging time (feeding + searching). Capybaras spent similar times feeding on reed (Eleocharis interstincta; Cyperaceae) and Paratheria prostrata (Poaceae) patches during the dry season though plant quality was different. During the rainy season, reeds were almost ignored by the animals which fed mainly on Hymenachne amplexicaulis, a grass with a significantly higher content of energy and protein. Capybaras fed for longer time during the dry season but more selectively during the rainy season. Capybaras were the dominant grazers in this flood savanna as inferred from the comparative effects they produced in the height, biomass and quality of the pasture in relation to those effects produced by other vertebrate herbivores, namely, cattle, feral horses and asses.

The reproductive success of plants depends to a very large degree on the quantity and quality of seed dispersal. If dispersal is by animals (zoochory), characteristics of fruits such as colour, size, shape and nutritional content have been shown to influence the likelihood of visitation by frugivores or the rate of fruit removal (e.g. Fuentes 1994, Howe 1983, Murray et al. 1993). While these characteristics function in the attraction of dispersers, plants may also evolve characters that manipulate the behaviour or the physiology of dispersers after the consumption of fruits and the ingestion of seeds. An example of such post-consumption manipulation of dispersers' behaviour by plants is provided by mistletoes. The viscous mistletoe seeds stimulate the disperser (usually birds) to either rub the cloaca (when seeds are passed through the gastro-intestinal tract) or the bill (when seeds are regurgitated) on a branch (e.g. Reid 1991). It has also been proposed that fruits might manipulate the disperser's physiology by including laxatives that determine the optimal passage time through the disperser's gut (Murray et al. 1994), although this view has recently been challenged (Witmer 1996).

Throughfall and soil solution chemistry were studied for 1 y in a tropical montane forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Passage of precipitation through the forest canopy resulted in an increase in the concentration and flux of all solutes except H+ and NO3−. Throughfall chemistry showed no strong seasonal patterns, but concentrations of many solutes declined during weeks of high rainfall. Enrichment in throughfall relative to precipitation was similar to values reported recently for several other tropical sites, with the exception of NH4+, which was particularly high at this site. Based on net throughfall deposition of Cl−, dry deposition of marine aerosols appears to be a relatively minor component (c. 15%) of total deposition. In soil solution, no seasonal patterns in concentration were evident and variability was highest for elements with high biological activity (especially N). Concentrations and fluxes of K+ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed the largest declines as throughfall passed through the soil profile; concentrations of most other elements increased or were relatively constant. Declining DOC flux through the soil profile appears to be due to sorption processes similar to those observed in many temperate forests. Concentrations and fluxes of HCO3− and SiO2 increased substantially in soil solution, but never approached those observed in the stream. This suggests that additional weathering must occur as groundwater moves from this ridgetop site to the stream.

The effects of wet and dry seasons on soil termites within a humid tropical West African forest are examined. Samples were taken monthly, over a 14-mo period, and termite abundances and species richness were estimated. These estimates were compared with the total cumulative rainfall for 30-d, 7-d and 2-d periods before each sampling. For all these time periods abundances and species richness of termites were significantly negatively correlated with rainfall. However, the strongest correlations were generally found with the 2-d period, suggesting that short-term movement of termites up and down the soil profile may be the most important factor in the observed differences, rather than longer term changes in overall abundance or species composition. This conclusion was supported by a detrended correspondence analysis which showed no significant changes in species composition between dry and wet months.

Les effets de saisons sèches ou humides, sur des termites souterrains d'une forêt tropicale humide Ouest-Africaine sont examinés. Les échantillons étaient prélevés mensuellement, sur une période de 14 mois. L'abondance en termites ainsi que leur richesse spécifique sont estimées. Ces estimations sont mises en relation avec un total cumulé des pluies d'une période de 30, 7 et 2 jours avant chaque échantillonage. Pour toutes ces durées, l'abondance et la richesse spécifique sont significativement négativement corrélées avec la pluviométrie. Toutefois, les corrélations les plus fortes sont généralement trouvées avec des pluies des 2 jours précédants, suggérant que les mouvements à court terme des termites au sein du profil du sol, seraient le facteur le plus important des differences observées, plutôt que des changements à long terme de leur abondance ou composition spécifique. Cette conclusion est confortée par une analyse des correspondances, qui ne montrent pas de changements significatifs dans la composition spécifique entre mois secs et pluvieux.

Performance of seedlings of seven rain forest, canopy dominant Shorea species was studied in a transplant experiment in forest sites at three different elevations (low, mid and high) within the humid zone of southwest Sri Lanka. Five species generally inhabit low- to mid-elevations, one at mid- and lower montane elevations, and one exclusively at lower montane elevations. Temperature, rainfall and cloudiness varied with elevation. For each site seedlings were grown in pots under partial shade conditions using similar soils and evermoist conditions. All growth measures showed differences among elevation sites, among species and in the interaction between species and elevation sites. Performances of species collectively showed (i) decline in height and leaf number with increase in elevation, (ii) higher dry mass at low- and mid-elevation sites compared to that at high-elevation and (iii) a higher mass of single leaves at the mid-elevation site than at the high-elevation site. Rank order of species changed across elevations for both height and dry mass. Dry mass declined with elevation in four of the seven species studied. S. gardneri, the only exclusively lower montane species, increased dry mass with elevation. Height declined with elevation for six of the species with only S. gardneri showing no change. Changes with elevation in the rank order of species for total leaf number and mass of single leaves were small. However, total leaf number and masses of single leaves differed among species and among elevations. S. megistophylla and S. disticha had a few leaves with high individual masses, while S. gardneri, S. affinis and S. trapezifolia had many leaves with less mass per individual leaf. One group of species showed relatively little change in leaf number per seedling and large changes in mass of single leaves. The other group varied more in leaf number but mass of individual leaves remained constant. Growth allocation to leaf production versus individual leaf size appears related to the successional division of Shorea section Doona. Also all species grew better at the low-elevation site irrespective of their natural ranges except S. gardneri, whose natural range is restricted to high elevations, and exhibits markedly lower growth responsiveness than the other wide ranging species.

Although two studies (Loubry 1994, Sabatier 1985) have been conducted on the phenology of primary forest tree species in French Guiana, there exists little synthetic information on the phenology of a forest dominated by pioneer species. Charles-Dominique (1986) conducted zoological observations at ARBOCEL between 1981 and 1985, where he indicated the fruiting periods of certain species. However, stands of early pioneer plants such as Solanum spp. and Cecropia obtusa Trécul 9Cecropiaceae) have reduced in number or have completely disappeared from the study area since then (Larpin 1989, Toriola et al. 1998).

Despite the importance of treefall gaps in tropical forest dynamics, few studies have followed gap-phase processes for more than 2 y. We monitored, for five years, the growth and survival of many seedlings of Tetragastris panamensis (Engler) O. Kuntze, Protium panamense (Rose) I. M. Johnston, and Desmopsis panamensis (Rob.) Saff. (three common tree species of the Panamanian tropical moist forest) in artificially created treefall gaps and under intact-canopy control plots. On these same plots, we also monitored light levels using hemispherical photographs taken over an 8-y period. Seedling height growth was faster in gaps than under intact canopies during the first 42 mo of regrowth, then declined to rates similar to those under intact canopies. Light levels in gaps similarly rose and fell, returning to pre-gap levels by month 48. Only Tetragastris panamensis showed higher survival in gaps, contrary to the general assumption that seedling survival is enhanced by gap creation. Our results document important transition points that mark the conclusion of the gap phase, suggesting an estimate of 4y for the duration of the gap phase in this tropical forest.

Past controlled growth experiments indicate that the seedling and sapling responses of the tropical rainforest canopy tree species Toona ciliata are most consistent with a light-demanding, early successional pioneer. This ecological niche assignment was tested in the mature stage of its life cycle after it achieves a position in the upper canopy. Mortality, survivorship and crown growth rates over the 18-y period 1976–1994 were measured using co-registered repeat airborne stereophotographic coverage of a representative forest stand in northeast Queensland, Australia, where T. ciliata had the fourth highest relative importance in a population of 46 co-occurring canopy tree species. The airborne re-inventory was conducted in a 3.6-ha sample area and limited to only canopy trees. The results were compared with a ground-based inventory of both canopy and subcanopy trees ≥10 cm dbh in a 0.5-ha permanent plot. Over the period 1976–1994, there was no mortality and no evidence of decline among T. ciliata conspecifics having crown areas >60 m2 and trunk diameters >30 cm. In the 3.6-ha airborne sample area, more than 85% of T. ciliata survivors experienced positive crown growth, in contrast to only 57% of the other co-occurring canopy trees. Toona ciliata's crown growth rates were highest in the 60–80-m2 crown size class. Upon reaching an upper canopy position, T. ciliata not only persisted as a dominant canopy tree species, but it also achieved some of the largest crown areas (>100 m2). Toona ciliata mortality in the ground-based plot involved mainly subcanopy trees of 10 – 30 cm dbh that had not yet assumed a canopy position and were not detectable in the aerial stereopairs. Both the crown and dbh growth rates of T. ciliata indicate enhanced vigour in the later stage of its life cycle. Its long-term survivorship and growth patterns are indicative of a persistent canopy tree species that fits the niche of a long-lived, shade-intolerant pioneer. These results demonstrate the usefulness of a long-term airborne database on the life-histories of canopy tree crowns for more clearly defining their ecological niches.

The vast array of species found in the humid lowland tropical forests of the world are frequently divided into two general groups, light-demanders and shade-tolerators (Denslow 1980, Swaine & Whitmore 1988). In this dichotomy the characteristics of the gap-demanders are often given to include small seed size, dormancy mechanisms, potentially rapid growth, and requirement of direct sunlight for germination and establishment. Conversely, shade-tolerators are considered to have large, short-lived seeds, the potential to germinate in canopy shade and an ability to grow slowly in deep shade (Swaine & Whitmore 1988). Failing to conform to either general pattern, small-seeded shade-tolerant species have been documented from both the Central American and South-east Asian tropics (Ellison at al., Metcalfe & Grubb 1995). Some of these small-seeded species have been shown to be able to germinate in filtered light approximating to canopy shade (Metcalfe 1996), and seedlings of other small-seeded species have been recorded growing under a closed canopy (Grubb 1996, Kiew 1988, Raich & Gong 1990). Several taxa shown by Metcalfe (1996) and Metcalfe & Grubb (1997) to be small-seeded and shade-tolerant were found in considerable numbers in the soil seed bank in Sabah by Kennedy (1991), and one (Urophyllum glabrum) by Putz & Appanah (1987) in Peninsular Malaysia. Species with small seeds (less than about 1-10 mg) do not have the resources to emerge from underneath a covering of leaf litter, and require litter-free sites for successful establishment (Guzmán-Grajales & Walker 1991, Molofsky & Augspurger 1992, Putz 1983).

The stomach contents of 683 fishes representing 39 species were examined to determine the diet of fish living in fast-flowing waters (rapids) of the Sinnamary River in French Guiana. Aquatic invertebrates were shown to be an important source of food in the rapids biotopes, in contrast to what has previously been observed for slow-flowing waters. Aquatic insects (e.g., the larval stages of Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera) make up 55% of the diet of fish living in rapids. Such prey animals were more common in those biotopes than in slow-flowing waters. Twenty-two species of fish, each represented by at least 10 individuals in all samples, were analyzed for their stomach contents. The spectrum of prey items allowed for an estimation of the similarity of feeding habits. These diets were further compared to those inferred for other rivers of the Amazonian and Guianian regions.

Soluble carbohydrates are the major nutritional reward in the pulp of most vertebrate dispersed fruits (Corlett 1996, Herrera 1987, Johnson et al. 1985, Jordano 1995). However, although detailed analyses have been made of the carbohydrate content of many cumtivated fruits (e.g. Nagy et al. 1990, Widdowson & McCance 1935), most studies of wild fruits have only quantified total soluble carbohydrates (e.g. Conklin & Wrangham 1994, Corlett 1996, Foster & McDiarmid 1983, Herrera 1987, Izhaki 1992). This is unfortunate because relatively minor differences in the chemical structure of nutrients can have profound implications for frugivorous animals (Martinez del Rio & Restrepo 1993), and the fruit choices of these animals in turn, may have major implications for the abundance and distribution of the plant species.

The diets of 17 lizard species (seven families) studied simultaneously in a Caribbean lowland forest of Nicaragua were compared. Lizards varied in body size over nearly one order of magnitude. Twelve species for which there were adequate samples separated by prey types and most diet overlaps were low. A pseudocommunity analysis on volumetric diet data revealed significant guild structure in the assemblage. At each nearest neighbour rank in niche space, observed overlaps were higher than expected based on chance alone when all values in the consumer-resource matrix were randomized. There was no difference between observed and pseudocommunity overlaps with zero positions in the consumer-resource matrix retained (conserved-zero overlaps) indicating that the zero structure of the community matrix was important in maintaining structure and that lizards were converging on key resources. Individual prey size varied among species and mean prey size was significantly correlated with body size of lizard species. A phylogenetic analysis revealed no relationship between similarity in prey use (dietary overlap) and evolutionary relationships — more closely related species did not eat more similar prey types. Based on this analysis of Nicaraguan lizard diets and comparisons with other New World tropical lizard assemblages, it is suggested that factors contributing to the organization of tropical lizard assemblages are complex including historical differences in morphology (size), prey types and sizes, habitat structure and species interactions.

For sustainable logging to be achieved in tropical forests, there must be successful gap-phase regeneration to restock the logged-over area. This study examined three aspects of gap-phase regeneration in selectively logged lowland swamp forest of northeast Costa Rica. First, logging gaps were censused immediately after extraction to determine the density of advanced regeneration. Stem density and basal area of residual trees ≥ 10 cm dbh in logging gaps was >85% lower than undisturbed forest, and all trees in gaps had sustained structural damage. The common canopy species Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae) was the most abundant species in gaps whereas the timber tree Carapa nicaraguensis (Meliaceae) was absent from all censused gaps. This suggests that canopy replacement, particularly by Carapa, will depend on trees <10 cm dbh or by seed input into logging gaps. Second, the diversity of the understorey was compared with 6-y old single-tree and multiple-tree logging gaps. Multiple-tree logging gaps were the most diverse, but dominated by two ruderal species; however many shade-tolerant species were present in those gaps. This indicates that controlled selective logging can result in a localized shift in species composition, but that logging gaps should return to pre-logging composition with time under a carefully implemented, controlled harvesting regime. Finally, this study found a significant effect of a fringing Carapa tree on logging gap seedling density. Thus, seed arrival into gaps is a barrier to logging gap regeneration, particularly for a large-seeded tree species. Gap-phase regeneration by a large-seeded tree species in managed forest would benefit from seed broadcasting into gaps.

Phyllostomide bats are the most important consumers of Piper fruits in the Neotropics (Heithaus et al. 1975) and, in particular, Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina are the species which demonstrate distinct preferences for these fruits (Charles-Dominique 1991, Fleming 1981, Fleming et al. 1977, Marinho-Filho 1991, Palmeirim el al. 1989). This is also true of Piper arboreum Aubl. (Piperaceae) in the gallery forests of Central Brazil (Bizerril & Raw 1997).

While leaf-cutter ants are thought to collect mainly vegetative plant material, they have also been observed collecting seeds or fruit parts on the forest floor (Alvarez-Buylla & Martínez-Ramos 1990, Kaspari 1996). For example, leaf-cutter ants have been observed carrying considerable numbers of Brosimum alicastrum Sw. and Cecropia spp. seeds into their nests (Wirth 1996) and Leal & Oliveira (1998; pers. comm.) found them foraging on the fruits and seeds of 19 different species of Brazilian cerrado vegetation, including six Miconia species. Under some circumstances, seed removal and relocation by leaf cutter ants might even be sufficient to affect local recruitment patterns of trees. For example, in Costa Rica, Atta cephalotes can remove all fallen fig fruit from beneath a Ficus hondurensis crown in a single night (Roberts & Heithaus 1986), while in Venezuela, seedling recruitment of the savanna tree Tapirira velutinifolia was positively associated with the seed harvesting and seed cleaning activities of the ant Atta laevigata (Farji Brenner & Silva 1996).