Let Fq denote the finite field with q elements, Zm the residue class ring Z/mZ. It is known that the projective linear groups G = PSL2(Fq) and PGL2(Fq) (q a prime-power ≥ 4) are characterised among finite insoluble groups by the property that, if two cyclic subgroups of G of even order intersect non-trivially, they generate a cyclic subgroup (cf. Brauer, Suzuki, Wall [2], Gorenstein, Walter [3]). In this paper, we give a similar characterisation of the groups G = PSL2 (Zþt+1) and PGL2 (Zþt+1) (p a prime ≥ 5, t ≥ 1).

Let Ω be the group of the functions ƒ(z) of the complex variable z, analytic in some neighborhood of z = 0, with ƒ(0) = 0, ƒ′(0) = 1, where the group operation is the composition g[f(z)](g(z), f(z) ∈ Ω). For every function f(z) ∈ Ω there exists [4] a unique formal power series where the coefficients ƒq(s) are polynomials of the complex parameter s, with ƒ1(s) = 1, such that and, for any two complex numbers s and t, the formal law of composition is valid.

Perturbation expansions are sought for the flow variables associated with the diffraction of a plane weak shock wave around convex-angled corners in a polytropic, inviscid, thermally-nonconducting gas. Lighthill's method of strained co-ordinates [4] produces a uniformly valid expansion for most of the diffracted front, while the remainder of this front is treated by a modification of the shock-ray theory of Whitham [6]. The solutions from these approaches are patched just inside the ‘shadow’ region yielding a plausible description of the entire diffracted shock front.

In [1], it was shown that if ƒ ∈ Lp(Rn), where 1 < p < ∞, then the closed subspace of Lp (Rn) spanned by functions of the form [where a1, …, an, b1, …, bn, are real numbers; ak, ≠ 0; k = 1, …, n] coincides with the whole of Lp(Rn). In the present note, analogous results are derived for the spaces of integrable functions, essentially bounded measurable functions, bounded continuous functions, and continuous functions vanishing at infinity.

Some further numerical results are obtained for plane waves propagated into elastic and plastic solids. Quantitative agreement with experimental results indicates that rate of strain effects are not significant.

A subset of a topological space which is both closed and open is referred to as a clopen subset. Here, a 0-dimensional space is a Hausdorff space which has a basis of clopen sets. Here, a 0-dimensional space is a Hausdorff space which has a basis of clopen sets. By a compactification αX of a completely regular Hausdorff space X, we mean any compact space which contains X as a dense subspace. Two compactifications αX and γX are regarded as being equivalent if there exists a homeomorphism from αX onto γX which keeps X pointwise fixed. We will not distinguish between equivalent compactifications. With this convention, we can partially order any family of compactifications of X by defining αX ≧ γX if there exists a continuous mapping from γX onto αX which leaves X pointwise fixed. This paper is concerned with the study of the partially ordered family [X] of all 0-dimensional compactifications of a 0-dimensional space X.

Let G, N be groups, let A(N) be the automorphism group of N and let I(N) be the subgroup of inner automorphisms. A homomorphism θ: G → A(N)/I(N) will be denoted by (G, N, θ) and called an abstract kernel. (G, N, θ) induces in an obvious manner a structure of a (left) G-module on the centre C of N. A well known construction of Eilenberg and MacLane [1, § 7–9] assigns to (G, N, θ) its obstruction Obs (G, N, θ) ∈H3(G, C). This assignment is such that if C is an arbitrary G-module then every element of H3(G, C) is of the form Obs (G, N, θ) for a suitable abstract kernel (G, N, θ).

In [4], Hanson has obtained necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for optimality of a program in stochastic systems. However, in many cases, especially in a general treatment, a program satisfying these conditions cannot be determined explicitly, so that the question of existence of an optimal program in such systems is significant. In this paper, we obtain conditions sufficient for existence of an optimal program by applying the direct methods of the calculus of variations [9], [6] and the theory of optimal control [7], [5].

Recall that the spectrum, σ(T), of a linear operator T in a complex Banach space is the set of complex numbers λ such that T—λI does not have a densely defined bounded inverse. It is known [7, § 5.1] that σ(T) is a closed subset of the complex plane C. If T is not bounded, σ(T) may be empty or the whole of C. If σ(T) ≠ C and T is closed the spectral mapping theorem, is valid for complex polynomials p(z) [7, §5.7]. Also, if T is closed and λ ∉ σ(T), (T–λI)−1 is everywhere defined.

Let E, Ê, and E′ denote a locally convex linear Hausdorff space, completion of E and the dual of E, respectively. It has been observed that Ê is a subspace of E″ under certain conditions on E. It is the primary goal of this paper to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the Ê ⊂ E″ to be valid. Such conditions are found and are given Theorem 4. With a variation of the technique used, several equivalent characterizations of semi-reflexive spaces are given in Theorem 5. The nationa throughtout will follow that in [2].

By an ordered semigroup we mean a semigroup with a simple order which is compatible with the semigroup operation. Several authors, for example Alimov [1], Clifford [2], Conrad [4] and Hion [7], studied the archimedean property in some special kinds of ordered semigroups. For a general ordered semigroup, Fuchs [6] defined the archimedean equivalence as follows: a ~ b if and only if one of the four conditionsholds for some positive integer n.

In this paper a denotes a square matrix with real or complex elements (though the theorems and their proofs are valid in any Banach algebra). Its spectral radius p(a) is given by with any matrix norm (see [4], p. 183). If p(a) < 1 and n is a positive integer then the binomial series converges and its sum satisfies S(a)n = (1−a)−1. Let where q is any integer exceeding 1. Then u(a) is the sum of the first q terms of the series (2). Write and let a0, a1, a2,…be the sequence of matrices obtained by the iterative procedure Defining polynomials φ0(x), φ1(x), φ2(x),…inductively by we have aν = φν (a) and therefore aμaν = aνaμ for all 4 μ, ν. The following is proved in section 2: Theorem 1. If ρ(a) < 1 thenconverges and P(a) = S(a). Furthermore, if p(a) < r < 1, thenfor all ν, where M depends on r and a but is independent of ν and q.

Laplace transform techniques for solving differential equations do not seem to have been directly applied to the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics. This may be because the Laplace transform of a wave function, in contrast to the Fourier transform, has no direct physical significance. However, this paper will show that scattering phase shifts and bound state energies can be determined from the singularities of the Laplace transform of the wave function. The Laplace transform method can thereby simplify calculations if the potential allows a straightforward solution of the transformed Schrödinger equation. Suitable cases are the Coulomb, oscillator and exponential potentials and the Yamaguchi separable non-local potential.

Throughout this paper, G will denote a locally compact Hausdorff group with a chosen left Haar measure m. For each s ∈ G, τs denotes the left translation operator which acts on functions ƒ according to the rule; τsƒ(x) = ƒ(s−1x) and on measures or distributions in the corresponding way. The associted left difference operators ts−1 is denoted by Δs. On occasions it will be more convenient to write τ(s) and Δ(s) in place of τs and Δs.

The theorem of Trevor Evans [1] that every countable semigroup can be embedded in a two-generator semigroup becomes obvious in automata theory as the statement that every countable automaton can be embedded in one with binary inputs. Standard techniques of automata theory [1], [3] yield a proof of the Evans Theorem using wreath products, as in Neumann [4].