In 1808 German physician coins the term “Psychiatry”. Before that Doctors treating mental patients were termed “‘Allienist Doctor”, as the patients were kept in allination in that era. Before that in ancient times Hippcrates 460-377B.C identify epilepsy derives from brain, Plato387B.C teaches brain is the seat of mental disorders. Philophers or the religious monks tackled the behavioral problems or wories or the hopelessnes of suffered soul by their deeper insight as to the cause of sorrow or sufferings and the way towards relief from them. Lord Buddha Founder of Buddhisim admitted “Attachement is the cause of all evils”. Bhagbat geeta the epic of Hindu myhthology teaces on an unattached form of work, dperform the works as duty and never impart “self sensce”. as the They echoed on indefinity of soul in the life & which cannot be destroyed by fire, death or hit by any way. The seat of a divine soul inside the human body makes the definite body “infinity”.

Amalgammation of spiritual ideas and practices may help in the recovery of minor mental stresses & some disorders Is ascertained here.

72 patients (44 male & 28 females in the age range of 24-46,. ), those were suffering from anxiety disorders GAD and Ac. Panic disorders were mached against an equal number of other 72 patents as per ICD_10.1st group recieves spiritual philoshopy and practices for 10 minuteseach day.

Fast recovery & sustainicity in the 1st gr.were observed against the control gr. who receives drug alone.

Imparting philoshopy or spirituality helps in recovery of mental state.

“Rite of passage” is an etnographic concept developed by VanGennep that defines the vital transition of an individual between two different status. It is divided in three stages: separation, liminal/threshold and aggregation. Turner described the liminal phase, and the terms of “communitas” and “liminoid” (structure of a rite without religious/spiritual elements). One widely-known Rite of Passage is the initiation of the shamans.

Study the elements of a rite of passage present in Psychiatric Trainning.

• • Field study (observational, descriptive, non-experimental).

• • Preliminary Sample=10trainees (5man+5women); last year of Psychiatric Trainning.

• • “ad hoc” semi-structured interview (21items subdivided in open questions). 10interviews (average duration=75mins). Permanent register:digital recorder.

• • Summary and analysis of the answers. Review of the literature.

1. - Psychiatric Trainning shared the elements and tri-phasic structure of VanGennep's “rite of passage” concept

2. - Trainees saw themselves as more empathic(7/10) and humanistic(8/10) than other specialties colleagues. Stigma towards mental illness(8/10) and fear of suicide(9/10) were also considered as their distinctives.

3. - The collective behaved as a communitas(10/10)

4. - No spiritual elements(0/10): liminoid process

5. - Resemblances of the ancestral shamans' Initiation: Despite bloody practices were over, suffering was also present(7/10), but was seen as necessary(6/10) and well tolerated(7/10).

6. - Trainees felt that they grew spiritual and mentally(7/10) during the trainning years

Results suggest that Psychiatric Trainning has stable phenomena that:

• • are compatible with the Rite of Passage schema

• • Are considered exclusive of Psychiatry by trainees

• • Have not been systematically studied as a whole, which could help to improve the training.

The international classifications in psychiatry, i.e. ICD-10 and DSM4R, allowed a fast increase of factual information. The improvement of reliability account for most of it. But it did not came with an increase in validity. We will argue that these classification are not “validable” unless questioning some of the postulates that guided their elaboration.

We will state the epistemological principle underlying scientific and medical classifications and compare the ones at work in psychiatric classifications. Examples from the field of psychoses will be given.

Validity is a notion that can only apply to scientific classification, i.e. that aim at providing a model for an external reality. The validable part of a classification is the model on which it relies, not the definition that ensue the model. In medicine, the term “disease” apply to natural morbid entities defined by an hypothesis, i.e. a model, on their aetiology or pathophysiology. Only this hypothesis can be validated.

ICD and DSM utility is oriented toward a practical objective. This constrains choices in their elaboration not adapted to pursue a scientific goal. The most challenging is the atheoretical orientation which take away from the classification their only validable part, i.e. a model.

There is urgent need to clarify the utility of ICD and DSM in psychiatry, i.e. epidemiology and clinical practice. Requiring their use in scientific inquiry could only slow down any progress toward the discovery of real disease in psychiatry.

In the context of a growing body of international research though not in German-speaking countries, this study examines

1. 1) the extent of spirituality of staff in a psychiatric hospital,

2. 2) their relationship to staff's attitudes towards religion / spirituality (ReS) of patients

3. 3) and the integration of religious and spiritual contents to the patient's therapy.

An anonymous survey distributed to the staff in the department of psychiatry and psychotherapy of the Freiburg university hospital in 2009. Main predictor variable was the extent of spirituality using DRI. Main criterion variables were the relevance of ReS of patients and staff's attitudes towards ReS during their therapies using the questionnaire of Curlin et al.(2007).

The response rate was 44.16% (n=197). The extent of spirituality of staff is 6.89 on a scale of 12.0. Although there is no significant relationship between the extent of spirituality and staff's attitudes towards ReS as well as their integration of religious and spiritual contents to therapies, staff regard the influence of ReS generally positive to patients. 95.4% endorse ReS as coping strategy. However staff do not integrate religious and spiritual practices in their therapies. The most frequent reasons are insufficient time/occasion, insufficient knowledge and concern about offending patients.

Religious and spiritual contents have not been integrated yet in psychiatric therapy methods, although they are regarded as important for patients. Further studies and discussion about religious and spiritual matters are essential for their integration into psychiatric therapies to overcome these problems for patients and staff.

Keeping and maintaining mental health in a community or at a large in a soceity is a difficult,but promising task.Mental health is a dynamic state as that of state of health which is also going to be redefined than a state of complete physical, mental and soceial health. A positive mental health is not merely absence of any mental disorders, rather a flourishng environment where an individual can grow,work, and fulfil his dreams & aspiration & also nurcher own imagination in a fruitful manner.

Here it was a comparism between a rural and a community catchment area of 2 different places and mental health questionories were distributed among 2 high scool students who are derived fom 2 different socioeconomic status.

50 male & 50 female student of 2 catchment area in rural,as well in city school were collected in same proforma.Facilities in village school includes large playing ground,more joint family stucture & more choseveness.In city per capita income, library facility, playing facility,rcreationalsopes are more flourishly arranged.Mental disorders noted are early diagonosed and early intervenation done in city school.In rural scools all 12 known cases of some mentaldisturbances were takencare of in late.

From the questinary itself, from the reports of teachers and fellow student it shows mental health is more in positively maintanned state in city environment scools, as well early diagnosis & care.In rural settings good library and liberal friend ship & chosive pattern of family & soceity helps.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the possible implication of physical education in the process of hemispheric lateralization in childhood, and behind this in the acquisition of the speech and hand writing language.

The present study was taken on 116 pupils (av. = 6.4 yrs). Our goal was to emphasize if the ball games can play any role in the finalization of cerebral dominance. Using three tests of psychomotricity i.e. Tapping test, String test and Matorin test, we selected 18 ambidextrous pupils. Ten of them have a slightly greater performance of the right hand. These pupils were separated in two sample-groups:

• Sample I: 5 pupils involved in a regularly ball-games-program

• Sample II: 5 pupils who did not practice this program

This research has shown that children from sample I presented a greater performance and skill in achieving the speech and the hand writing language.

In a previous reported study we observed a comparable influence regarding performance and skill in achieving the speech and the hand writing language at pupils with borderline IQ. In this study the pupils performed a score between 89 and 120 at WPPSI III (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence).

We conclude that it may be taking in account the influence of these kinds of practice to influence the acquisition of the speech and hand writing language.

One of the most important prognostic factors in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia is the number of hospitalizations they need during their life. In this work we describe risk factors which determinate psychotic relapse.

Retrospective review of the clinical histories of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who needed hospitalization during the year 2008 using Hospital Ramon Cajal's history software. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software 15.0 version.

1. - Socio-demographic: We collected a total of 57 patients, 60% were men and 77,2% were single who lived with their families. 52,8% only had Primary education and 14% had been to University. 38,6% were pensioner and 12,3% workers.

2. - Risk factors: 54,4% had abandoned their medication, 7% had had recent modifications in their medication, and 35,1% received long acting antipsychotic. 42,1% were identified as substance users.

3. - 40,4% had been diagnosed with schizophrenia more than three years ago; 57,9% had had less than 3 previous hospitalizations, and 54,4% need hospitalization the previous year.

Male under 30 years old have more risk of needing more hospitalizations. The main risk factor for suffering new psychotic episodes is the medication nonadherence, modifying medication only causes new episodes in few patients. Patients receiving long-acting antipsychotic agents suffer less psychotic relapse. Substance abuse among schizophrenia patients is a major complicating factor since almost half of the hospitalizations are related to it.

The aim of the present study was to assess the preventive and promotion activities in the mental health area in 12 Slovenian regions. In addition, some of sociodemographic and health indicators related to increased probability of mental health problems were analysed in order to estimate the amount of preventive/promotion programmes in the regions with highest threats to mental health.

301 mental health services have been assessed according to their promotion and preventive activities in the mental health area. Services were surveyed according to their implemented activities, prevention types, funding sources, target groups, addressed risk and preventive factors and available staff at services.

98% of assessed services were involved in one or more preventive and/or promotion activity. The selective primary prevention approach prevailed, whereas services mainly focused on major mood disorders and addiction. The most common types of activities were: individual / group counselling, lecture, workshop and media appearance, where the plan of support, interpersonal conflicts and organised lifestyle as addressed risk and protective factors predominated. In the preventive/promotion programmes were the most represented social workers, psychologists and volunteers. In the contrast with the scarcity of activities in Zasavska and Savinjska region, the most abundant choice of programmes was found in Osrednjeslovenska and Obalno-kraška region.

Our study indicated that considerable differences appeared between Slovenian regions in the view of diversity and extent of preventive / promotion activities since availability and variety of this activities were particularly scarce in the regions with highest threats to mental health.

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is an old term, describing the form of schizophrenia that does not respond to a treatment dose of Chloropromazine, equal to 1,5 gr.

20 (n=20) patients have been studied, that were diagnosed with schizophrenia, and did not respond to any combination of typical or non-typical anti-psychotic drugs. These patients were 19-62 years of age, and were administered the BPRS and PANSS scales at start of the examination or the hospitalization, and during the 1st, 3rd, and 6th month evaluation. The said patients were treated with a combination of Amisulpiride, and Clozapine.

The patients received a dosage range of 400-1200mg for the Amisulpiride, and 300-900mg for the Clozapine. 18 patients (90%) responded to this treatment, and showed an improvement in the BPRS and PANSS scales, from the 1st month of treatment using a combination of Amisulpiride-Clozapine. Later, during the 3rd month of treatment, one of the patients discontinued the treatment, as she presented leucopenia (white cell count: 3250). The discontinuation of Clozapine treatment was decided. Clozapine was replaced by 20mg Olanzapine.

Despite the fact that the sample of patients was very small (n=20), it seems that the combination of Amisulpiride and Clozapine is effective for the treatment of patients showing resistance in pharmaceutical treatment and the combination of typical and non-typical neuroleptics.

Aripiprazole is a non-typical 2nd generation anti-psychotic drug, which acts on the majority of D-receptors of dopamine, as well as 5HT2 serotonineergic receptors.

240 (n=240) patients, age 20 to 75 years, have been studied during the years 1999 to 2009. 80 of these patients were male and 160 were female, treated with Aripiprazole. The subjects were diagnosed with major depressive episode with psychotic features, combined with SSRIs, SNRIs, and NaSSas. The severity of depression at the patients was assessed with the MADRS, SCL-90R, and BPRS scales, administered during evaluation and after 1, 3, and 6 months following the initiation of therapy. After 6 months, the patients were also submitted to the GAF (Global Assessment Functionality).

217 (n=217) patients (90,4% o the population) showed a decrease following evaluation with the scales MADRS, SCL-90R, and BPRS respectively. The MADRS and SCL-90R showed a considerable decrease of somatic symptoms, suicidal ideation, and luck of activity, while the BPRS scale showed a decrease of delirious ideas and hearing delusions that constitute common features of the disorder. Furthermore, the GAF had considerably increased after 6 months.

Based on the study above, Aripiprazole constitutes a basic choice for the treatment of Psychotic Depression. Given that the patient sample is relatively small, multi-focused studies are required in order to investigate in depth the original hypothesis.

The main objective of this work was to compare the emotional and behavioral problems reported by adolescents with and without psychotic-like symptoms.

The sample was composed of 1,713 non-clinical adolescents with a mean age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.7), of which 832 (48.6 %) were males.

The results showed that the participants with psychotic-like symptoms reported a higher number of emotional and behavioral problems compared to the participants who did not inform of said experiences.

The findings converge with data from previous studies of patients with schizophrenia as well as in schizophrenia-prone individuals, offering support to the dimensional models of psychosis, and have clear implications with a view to establishing primary prevention strategies for these high-risk individuals.

This paper outlines evidence from field work conducted in Sydney (a large capital city on the southern east coast of New South Wales, Australia) and in Alice Springs (a small town located in Central Australian desert in the Northern Territory, in the heart of Australia), among young adults living with mental distress. It aims to explore the efficacious effects of bringing young and elders together, in unconditionally supportive communities of belonging, providing mirroring and feedback in the journey of recovery and growth for both groups.

The paper applies case study profiling and autoethnographic practitioner reflection on work conducted between 2004-2009, in a PhD field group of 60 participants in an “open urban tribe”; and among all ages of the community involved with headspace youth mental health project in Alice Springs.

The paper describes positive impacts on both age groups from sharing in the practice of “working the business of life” together - in the indigenous sense of giving feedback, humour, witnessing and testimony, about individual's life choices.

The evidence arising from this work is that sharing perspectives, experiences, fears and triumphs, in environments of trust and safety, can lead to strengthening and growthful outcomes for all ages. The paper concludes that combining people of diverse ages, cultures and consciousnesses can have efficacious effects on all involved. This leads to further evidence for the author's All Fruits Theory, akin to Queer Theory only referring to diversity in consciousness rather than gender preference.

The schizophrenia has associated traditionally with major rates of comorbilidad physics. In addition the antipsychotic ones of the second generation are causers of the so called metabolic syndrome (increase of weight, dislipemia and diabetes) that favor directly the cardiovascular disease in our patients.

To develop a therapeutic plan to diminish the sobremortalidad and sobremorbilidad of our schizophrenic patients (according to different studies between 25-50 % of cardiovascular risk). To detect the factors of risk, which influence the metabolic Syndrome: a high level of cholesterol HDL, IMC, smoking and hyperglycemia.

To apply measures of prevention for the diabetes, for the arterial hypertension and the dislipemias.

Retrospective study is realized, checking the clinical histories of the patients beginning medication with aripiprazol for symptomatology psychotic and support the treatment at least 6 months later. We realized preventive specific measures in the patients including education to the patient, careful selection of the antipsychotic with substitution if there appear signs of metabolic syndrome.

39 patients that initiated treatment with aripiprazol, therapeutic doses. Of 39 patients 24 (61,54 %) is smoking, 18 (46,16 %) has an IMC> 25, 11 (28,39 %) hipertriglicerinemia, 5 (12,82 %) index of glycemia basal> 125 and 6 (15,38 %) with hipercolesterolemia.

The antipsychotic atypical alter the metabolic regulation. The treatment with aripiprazol suggests minor risk of metabolic syndrome, in relation to previous similar studies, with antipsychotic others. We think it performs vital importance the prevention of the overweight orientated to patients with the first psychotic episode.

Morphine withdrawal leads to cognitive deficits and an increase in corticosterone concentrations in plasma. Evidently glucocorticoid hormones influence memory. Therefore the current study evaluated the effects of metyrapone and mifepristone on memory deficit following spontaneous morphine withdrawal.

To evaluate memory novel object recognition task was used, which comprised of three sections; habituation, first trial and the test trial. In this method, the difference in the exploration time between a familial (F) object and a novel (N) object is taken as an index of memory performance (recognition index, RI ={N − F/N + F} × 100). Male NMRI mice weighing 25-30 g were made dependent by increasing doses of morphine (30-90 mg/kg) subcutaneously twice daily for three days; RI was assessed 4 hour after the last dose of morphine on the third day. Mifepristone and metyrapone were used subcutaneously (40 min and 90 min, respectively) before the first trial.

Memory performance was impaired in morphine dependent animals (RI= −14.8% ± 10.7, P< 0.05). Serum corticosterone concentration in 4 hr morphine withdrawn animals was 26.6 ± 0.9 ng/ml, which was 20% more than normal animals. Metyrapone 25 mg/kg, and mifepristone 50 mg/kg notably improved RI to 34.8% ± 10.8 and 25.4% ± 11.7 respectively, compared to vehicle group.

Conclusions: Therefore mifepristone and metyrapone by manipulating the corticosteroid function improves memory performance after withdrawal. These results show that increased glucocorticoid concentration is involved in memory deficit caused by morphine withdrawal.

The predictD study is a pioneering international study whose main objective was to develop a risk index for the onset of major depression in general practice attendees.

The aim of this exploratory study was to determine the opinion of primary care attendees and their general practitioners about how to implement primary prevention of major depression. The intervention consisted of informing primary care attendees about their risk level and risk profile for the onset of major depression.

The study participants were primary care attendees and general practitioners in urban health centres of 7 Spanish provinces. The methodology used was qualitative: there were 14 in-depth interviews (two from each province), 7 DAFO groups and 7 focus groups.

The results showed that attendees generally welcomed this precautionary measure. Some even proposed potential changes in their lifestyles to prevent depression, such as improving social relationships, taking things more calmly or doing more leisure activities, while others asked their GP for advice. The GPs were more resistant about informing primary care attendees, raising doubts about the validity-reliability of the instrument, their lack of education about what they should or should not advise their attendees, the danger of creating excessive fear in their attendees, or the barrier of lack of time in the office to do these activities.

Primary care attendees welcome this preventive measure more than their general practitioners.