To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of PSDQ Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire, PSDQ.

443 parents whose children aged 6 to 16 who lived in Chongqing were selected. 52 of them were retested 6 weeks later in order to assess the retest reliability. Determination of reliability include:internal consistency: to calculate Cronbach coefficient; coefficient of retest reliability: to calculate Person correlation of results of the results in every subscale in twice measurements of 52 parents. Determination of validity: content validity, structural validity, discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis.

For each subscale and factor, the values of kappa for inter - rater reliability were 0.625 to 0.884 (p < 0. 05); retest reliability were 0.537 to 0.832 (p < 0. 05) ; The scores of the subscale in the PSDQ were correlated with each factor significantly (coefficient of correlation: 0.732 to 0.951,p < 0. 05) and the coefficient of correlation is more than those between each factor of this subscale(coefficient of correlation: 0.382-0.834,p < 0. 05). Maker of confirmatory factor analysis show met the criteria standard for adequacy of fit. CMIN/df: 2.218-3.745; TLI: 0.808-0.920; RMSEA: 0.052-0.079; MECVI of default model is very close to that of saturated model, most of proliferation index are more than 0.8.

Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) has good reliability and validity, in line with requirements of Psychometric is useful as a tool to evaluate the parenting styles from parents.

Despite their proven efficacy and tolerability, many patients are often switched among antipsychotics therapies due to the lack of therapeutic response. Many physicians begin to switching antipsychotics with the original intention to discontinue the drug, and, continue with another therapy. Several new antipsychotics available allow us to improve the long- term therapy.

Nineteen year open label study in ‘real world’ setting in 121 inpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-III -> DSM-IV-TR) observed first time in 1992 in a neuropsychiatric centre and subsequently clinically evaluated until 2011; data collected and compared to switching between antipsychotics (from haloperidol to clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole). At baseline: epidemiogical and biological parameters, PANSS, QLindex and, subsequently, with CGI-S scores during every clinical visit of control [T1 → T7]. The overall analysis carried out with EZAnalyze(c) ver.3.0.

In the clozapine group remission rates were higher than other groups; Interrupted therapy: 27.62% of patients with risperidone, 34.85% with quetiapine. A consistent number of patients (8.04%), who have suspended the ‘first’ therapy with haloperidol, have assumed again the therapy with haloperidol toT7. Outcome was good in 28.4%,intermediate in 50,1% and poor in 21%. CGI-S T7 vs T0 (Severity of illness= p: 0,0066; Global improvement = p: 0,02844; Efficacy index =p: 0,00597)

Study suggested that most clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia maintain remission states after being switched to atypical antipsychotics; a T7 (19 years) a consistent number of patients assumed again haloperidol with satisfactory rate of 51.18% then previous pharmacological treatments with a atypical antipsychotics.

Modern situation n Ukraine is charachterized by rapid growth of socio-economic inequality.

To evaluate mental health, psychosocial problems and suicidality in adolescents aged 14-17 years with regards to socio-economic factors of the families.

To evaluate role of socio-economic enaquality as a factor impairing adolescents’ mental health.

Components of SEYLE protocol were adapted to local regulations and were used to measure wide range of psycho- social factors characterizing adolescents’ mental health. 250 children aged 14-17 representing different types of schools (from elite gymnasiums to municipal boarding-schools) were questioned.

It was found that main psychosocial problems of adolescents were in the domains of sleep disturbances, internet addiction, unhealthy life styles including smoking, alcohol and risky behaviours. Both negative and positive characteristics have a tendency to clastering. Suicidal thoughts are admitted by 30% of children with a slight prevalence in girls. One of the strong predictors of negative life styles and mental health problems is the answer to the question if a child have ever seen a parent being drunk. There was a marked association between mental health problems and socio-economic status of the family. Poorer economic status of the family was associated with higher level of depression, feeling of stress, loneliness, psychosomatic symptoms and suicidal thoughts in adolescents.

Socio-economic status of the families, parents life styles, internet abuse and fatigue play an important role in adolescents suicidality. Children are very susceptible to the stress in parents caused by socio-economic circumstances.

Polypharmacy involving prescribed medications in the psychiatric population is increasing. The main psychiatric reason is to gain rapid therapeutic response as well as to bolster medication effectiveness in treating patients with refractory psychotic symptoms, mood symptoms, or behavioral problems. This may also increase the need for additional medications to treat side-effects. Further, these patients have significant co-morbid conditions, requiring additional non-psychiatric medications.

To examine polypharmacy amongst psychiatric patients during their visit to an internist's office.

To confirm the presence of significant polypharmacy in patients with psychiatric diseases.

All patients seen in our office from residential boarding homes and under care of psychiatrists were included in the study. A list of all medications (antipsychotic and non-psychiatric) were obtained from the boarding home, office charts and pharmacy and tabulations done. Polypharmacy was defined as 5-9 medications and excessive polypharmacy more than 10 medications.

Of the total of 146 patients (92 males, 54 females, aged 24-82 years), 4 (3%) were on one, 6 (4%) on two, 3 (2%) on three, 12 (8%) on four, 9 (6%) one five, 11 (8%) on six,16 (11%) on seven, 14 (10%)on eight, 22 (15%) on nine, 8 (5%) on ten, 41 (28%) on 11 or more medications.

Polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy is common in psychiatric patients. Monotherapy was extremely rare, with only 4 patients (3%) being on only one drug. Our data suggests that polypharmacy in a residential psychiatric population is more common and more severe than previously reported.

Fifteen percent of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) meet the criteria for comorbid major depression. To maximize response of both depression and diabetic disorder, one should consider antidepressant treatment.

The present study compared the efficacy of agomelatine and sertraline in the treatment of symptoms of depression/anxiety, diabetes self-care, and metabolic control in a sample of depressed patients with non-optimally controlled type 2 DM.

This was an observational study of 40 depressed patients with DM who were randomly assigned to receive either agomelatine or sertraline, and were assessed over a 4-month period for depression, anxiety, self care, fasting plasma glucose, haemoglobin A1c and body weight.

HDRS scores fell at the end of the study for both treatment groups; significantly lower HARS scores were noted at the last assessment for the agomelatine group. Body weight increased slightly in the sertraline group. Although an improvement in fasting plasma glucose was observed in the final assessment in both treatment groups glycated hemoglobin showed a tendency towards lower values in the agomelatine group. Both groups had better SCI scores at the end of the study; the changes in the agomelatine group were higher. Both antidepressants were well tolerated and none of the patients dropped-out of the study.

The main finding of the present study was that agomelatine had a more positive effect than sertraline on symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as metabolic parameters and health-related behaviors, in depressed patients with type 2 DM.

Iceland has taken a significant economic toll following the recession starting in late 2008. Unemployment has risen sharply, personal and business bankruptcies too.

The aim of this paper to examine the possible impact of the social consequences of the economic crisis on the suicide rate.

The Icelandic Bureau of Statistics publications, Causes of Death Register, Unemployment Statistics and Purchase Power Index, were utilized. The suicide rate is based on those between 16 and 90 years, per 100.000 inhabitants. The unemployment rate includes those 16-74 years old. Due to the small population size data are presented as three-year averages from 1981-2010.

The unemployment rate during this period was 0.5-3.0%, with a slightly higer rate in the mid-nineties, until mid- 2008, when it rose rapidly, peaking in 2010 at 8.1%. The suicide rate has declined, particularly during the last ten years, 13.4- 16.5/100.000, with no signs of paralleling the unemployment increase from 2008 onwards. There is one exception, the region with the highest unemployment rate in the past 10 years. The suicide rate there has been high, rising sharply in the past three years. The sample size is small, so this must be interpreted with caution.

The suicide rate has been relatively stable in Iceland, and not affected by the current economic crisis. There are signs, though, that that the region hardest hit by the unemployment is at a higher risk for suicides.

Stigma is a formidable barrier to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with mental illness or HIV-AIDS, even among young persons. In contrast with HIV-AIDS, efforts by Nigerian policy makers to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness are virtually non-existent. Information on the attitude of school children towards affected individuals is essential in placing the need to combat the stigma associated with these disorders in the right perspective.

This study determined the social distance of a sample of secondary school students in Nigeria towards individuals with mental illness, as compared with those with HIV-AIDS.

A cross-sectional comparative survey. Secondary school students (n=170) in Lagos, Nigeria completed the modified Borgadus Social distance Scale.

The respondents were more likely to be socially distant from patients with mental illness than those with HIV/AIDS (p< 0.001, 95% CI, 2.56-8.24). About seven out of ten (71.8%) and 20.6% of the participants would be afraid to have a conversation with someone who has mental illness and HIV-AIDS respectively (p< 0.001). Those unwilling to be in the same classroom with a student that has mental illness and HIV/AIDS were 74.7% and 17.6% respectively (p< 0.001). Less than a tenth (9.4%) could maintain friendship with someone who has mental illness.

The findings suggest that secondary school students in Nigeria desire a higher level of social distance from individuals with mental illness than those with HIV-AIDS. Interventions targeted at reducing the stigma associated with mental illness among school children deserve priority attention.

Elevated prolactin levels in a general medicine practice invariably raise the suspicion of prolactinoma. Prolactinoma is, a benign adenoma or tumor of the pituitary gland often producing clinically significant levels of prolactin. The finding of elevated prolactin levels is therefore associated with distinct clinical and therapeutic implications. However antipsychotic medications are a major cause of hyperprolactinemia and recognition of this fact may obviate complicated and expensive testing in these patients.

To evaluate the cause of hyperprolactinemia in patients seen in a general medicine practice.

To document the role played by anti-psychotic medications in hyperprolactinemia.

We identified 364 consecutive office patients who had their prolactin levels routinely measured during an 8 month period. None of these patients were pregnant or lactating. Testing was done by a commercial laboratory and normal levels were defined as 4.0 ng/ml to 15.2 ng/ml.

Of 364 patients (203(56%) males, 161 (44%)females [ages 26 to 82]), 84 (23%) had elevated prolactin levels. Of these 55(65%) were in patients who were on antipsychotic medications. 29(35%) patients had non-psychiatric cause of hyperprolactinemia.

Prolactin levels are normally elevated during pregnancy and lactation. Elevated prolactin levels are also seen in many medical conditions including prolactinoma and primary hypothyroidism. Levels may also be elevated with the use of SSRI and SNRI medications and during times of extreme emotional stress. This study shows that the vast majority of patients seen in an general medicine practice with elevated prolactin levels have mental illnesses and are on anti-psychotic medications.

Guilt and Shame have been extensively studied and used as mechanisms for explaining many psychological phenomena. They are frequent and important human experiences and have been proposed as both adaptive and pathological in accordance to psychiatric disorders.

This presentation aims to review literature on guilt and shame experiences and in particular their relation to psychopathology.

The first part appraises the most noticeable connections brought about by cultural settings and theological, philosophical and psychological (expressly psychoanalytical) epistemologies while intending to isolate phenomenological properties of guilt and shame. The latter will be object of a second part where there is an exploration of the possibility for a phenomenological structure of guilt and shame and the search for singularity factors.

It will review studies using the phenomenological method to decompress both experiences and specifically analyze self-experience, interpersonal experience and the experience of time during such episodes.

All previous probing will help on reviewing the possibility of guilt and shame experiences as being involved in Psychiatry and in psychopathological phenomena (rather than being used as explanatory devices)

Guilt and shame have phenomenological similarities and singularities. As pure experiential phenomena they are still inescapable occurrences in specific psychiatric disorders while their absence also relates to other disorders.

Infection and the resultant immune response may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Higher levels of inflammation appear to be associated with worse psychotic symptoms in these patients. Further anti-inflammatory agents such as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been shown to improve symptoms in this population. CRP and ESR are two simple, cheap and readily available measurements that reliably reflect inflammation.

To evaluate if inflammation is common in schizophrenia patients.

To establish that acute phase inflammatory marker CRP and chronic phase inflammatory marker ESR are elevated in the schizophrenia patients.

We retrospectively reviewed the laboratory results of all schizophrenia patients seen in our office during a period of one year. These visits were for routine yearly physical. All patients were diagnosed and being treated for schizophrenia by psychiatrists. CRP was considered indicative of inflammation if it measured between 1 and 10 while ESR was considered abnormal if it was more than 20.

Of a total of 60 patients (47 men; 13 women; ages 22-54): CRP elevated in 30 of 60 (50%): men 22 (47%) out of 47; females 8 out of 13 (61%). ESR elevated in 21(40%) out of 52: men 15 (37%) out of 41: females 6 (55%) out of 11.

Patients with schizophrenia appear to have high rates of inflammation. This may partly explain the increased premature morbidity and mortality seen in these patients. The therapeutic use of aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs in this population needs to be explored.

Throughout the course of care, sexuality's patients with urological cancer can be distorded. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of urological cancer on quality of life and the impact of the disease on their psychological state and social lives.

This is a descriptive study that took place from July until mid-October 2012 in a urology department including 36 male patients with urologic cancer (bladder cancer…)

We used: SF36, HAD scale, Neuroticism scale.

We noticed that the average age of patients; 93.3% were married. The mean age of discovery cancer was 65.9 + / - 11.74 years.

Before starting treatment, erectile dysfunction has increased to 83.3% suggesting the involvement of a psychological effect, especially with the reached the urogenital tract and an unpredictable violation of their sexual life.

After treatment, erectile dysfunction was observed in 86.7% with a decrease in libido 96.7%, with psychological and organic effect.

Anxiety score ranged from 2 to 16; 23.3% of patients had a score above 10 and 40% of them have belong to level 3 of depression.

An average score of neuroticism was 146.53 + /- 20.44 with a maximum of 181.

The average score of SF36 was 61.05 + / -16.42 and we noted that 67.5% of patients had impaired quality of life.

A program to improve the care of patient with urological cancer is very important, because the dimensions of sexual health and his effect on quality of social life and psychology.

Recent neuroendocrinological studies have suggested that gonadal sex hormones play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Low testosterone levels are also associated with negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Patients receiving treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder also show high rates of sexual dysfunction. Studies suggest that testosterone augmentation may play a potential therapeutic role in these patients.

To study a cohort of schizophrenia patients for the presence of hypotestosteronemia.

To establish that low testosterone hormone levels occur at a lower age in schizophrenia population.

We reviewed the total testosterone levels of all male schizophrenic patients seen in our office over a period of one year for a routine yearly physical. The blood was tested by LabCorp using the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (L/MS-MS). Normal values using this sensitive method are between 348.0–1197 ng/dL.

There were a total of 61 male schizophrenia patients who had their testosterone levels tested during this period. Their ages ranged from 22 to 48 years. 23 (38%) out of the 61 men had serum testosterone less than 348 ng/dl, while 38 (62%) had testosterone levels between 348 ng/dl and 1197 ng/dl. None had testosterone levels above normal.

A significant number of our male patients with schizophrenia had hypotestosteronemia. Since gonadal sex hormones play a significant role in the patho-physiology of schizophrenia, testosterone levels should be routinely measured in the male patients. The role of testosterone supplementation in these patients needs to be further explored.

Teachers are potential partners in the referral and management of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) especially in resource constrained settings. However, their ability to play this role is a function of their knowledge of ADHD and their attitude towards children with the disorder. There is paucity of information on the attitude of Nigerian school teachers towards children with ADHD.

This study assessed the attitude of a sample of primary school teachers in Lagos, Nigeria towards children with ADHD.

Primary school teachers (n = 144) recruited from four mainstream schools in Lagos State were presented with vignettes describing school children with ADHD. Thereafter, they completed questionnaires which elicited their knowledge of ADHD and attitudes towards children with the disorder.

The responses of the participants indicated a high level of misperception about ADHD and negative attitudes towards children with the disorder. Only 9.0% and 16.7% of the respondents agreed that ADHD could be successfully managed with medications and psychological interventions respectively. One out of four (25.7%) teachers affirmed that they would avoid relating with a child with ADHD, while 35.4% would be unwilling to accept a student with ADHD in their class.

There is a high level of misperception about ADHD among Primary school teachers in Nigeria. This highlights the need for educational Interventions targeted towards improving the knowledge of teachers about ADHD. Furthermore, mental health literacy could be incorporated into the curriculum of institutions training primary school teachers.

To investigate the characteristics of the aggressive in-patient in a Danish forensic hospital.

The study was conducted in a forensic psychiatric setting at Psychiatric Centre Sankt Hans. It utilizes data from the three year period between 2008 and 2010. Staff Observation Aggression Scale - Revised (SOAS-R) is used to examine all aggressive incidents during the period mentioned.

212 patients were admitted between 2008 and 2010, the majority of which being mainly men (98.6%) with a diagnosis within ICD10 F20-F29 (79.7%). In total there were 1507 recorded aggressive incidents, and 63.2% of the patients were registered with at least one incident of aggression. Ethnic minorities were overrepresented in comparison to the background population (37.3% vs. 9.5%).

We found that Danish-born patients were more frequently aggressive compared to ethnic minorities (OR 1.8 p = 0.029), and that alcohol/substance abuse was a predictor of aggression (OR 3.47 p =< 0.001). According to age we found that the aggressive patient was significant younger compared to the non-aggressive patient (p = 0.043).

Aggression is a prevalent phenomenon in a forensic psychiatry setting. Patients with at least one aggressive incident as recorded in the SOAS-R are characterized by being male, Danish and abusing. In addition schizophrenia is the most frequent diagnosis in forensic psychiatry at Psychiatric Center Sankt Hans.

Patients with schizophrenia have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. They also have high levels of cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, smoking, raised glucose, physical inactivity, obesity and dyslipidaemia, Hypertension has significant negative effect on immediate delayed and recognition memory in these patients. However, its presence in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia has not been well studied.

To establish a high prevalence of hypertension in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia.

To confirm a high prevalence of hypertensive treatment in these patients.

Four residential institutions for patients with schizophrenia were chosen for the study. There were a total of 145 patients with schizophrenia. The first had 48 patients, males 30 and females 18, the second had 42 patients; 29 males 13 females, the third had 27 patients; 13 males and 14 females and the fourth had 28 patients; 15 males and 13 females. Compurterized print outs from the pharmacies and records from the institutions and office were reviewed.

Of the 145 institutionalized schizophrenia patients, there were 87 males (60%) and 58 females (40%). The average age was 55.76 years. Of these 145 patients, 82 (56%) were on treatment for hypertension and 63 (44%) were not. Of the 87 males, 47(54%) were hypertensive 40 (46%) normotensive. Of the 58 females, 35(60%) were on antihypertensive treatment and 23 (40%) were normotensive.

56% of our institutionalized patients with schizophrenia were on anti-hypertensive treatment. Due to close medical monitoring, awareness and treatment was one hundred percent.

Frequent attenders to the Accident & Emergency (A&E) can cause a huge burden on the services.

To screen this group of patients for any previous existing psychiatric background as well as to identify patients with Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms (MUPS) in order to sign post them to the appropriate services and to create a joint management plan with the A&E department.

Not different from the objectives.

The list top 52 frequent attenders to two busy A&E departments in the North East of England for the period between Jan-Jun 2012, was obtained. Their records been verified on PARIS (the local Psychiatric Services Electronic Notes System) looking for at least one previous encounter with the services, if the patient was open to mental health and if the patient was care coordinated during that period. Diagnosis, history of substance misuse and significant alerts as well as housing were recorded. For the MUPS main reason for presentation was recorded. Joint care plan with A&E was also verified.

This group generated 851 attendance to A&E during this period. Mean attendance 16 (12-41). Nearly 80% of the sample had at least one encounter with the psychiatric services. 40% were actively open to the services. 18 patients were care cordinated. 30% had significant alert to harm others. 9 patients in total were classified as homeless.

Significant number of regular patients at the A&E department have psychiatric background. There was limitation in identifying MUPS due to anomalies in coding.

Analysis of barriers regarding the attendance of the health care system under consideration of cultural- and migrationrelated factors.

Cross-sectional survey with immigrants from Turkey (n = 77), Spain (n = 67), Italy (n = 95) and German resettlers from the former Soviet Union (n = 196), recruited on migration and addiction services of the German Caritasverband, the Arbeiterwohlfahrt and migrant organizations.

Spanish and Italian immigrants mainly search for help in their families and social environment. Immigrants from the former Soviet Union use home remedies and experience more linguistic difficulties as barriers for the use of health services, just like Turkish immigrants. Turkish immigrants reported feeling misunderstood regarding their cultural peculiarities by the expert staff as another main barrier. Other major influence factors were German language proficiency and the subjective wellbeing in Germany.

The consideration of cultural-related as well as linguistic factors in health care services is an essential contribution for improving health care of immigrants.