Orographic drag formation is investigated using a numerical wave model (NWM), based on the pressure-coordinate dynamics of non-hydrostatic HIRLAM. The surface drag, wave stress (vertical flux of horizontal momentum), and wave drag are split to the longitudinal and transverse components and presented as Fourier sums of their spectral amplitudes weighted with the power spectrum of relative orographic height. The NWM is accomplished, enabling a spectral investigation of the buoyancy wave stress, and drag generation by orography and is then applied to a cold front, characterised by low static stability of the upper troposphere, large vertical and directional wind variations, and intensive trapped wave generation downstream of obstacles. Resonances are discovered in the stress and drag spectra in the form of high narrow peaks. The stress conservation problem is revisited. Longitudinal stress conserves in unidirectional flow, 2D orography conditions, but becomes convergent for rotating wind or 3D orography. Even in the convergent case the vertical momentum flux from the troposphere to stratosphere remains substantial. The transverse stress never conserves. Disappearing at the surface and on the top, it realises the main momentum exchange between lower an upper parts of the troposphere. Existence of stationary stratospheric quasi-turbulence (SQT) is established above wind minimum in the stratosphere.

Numerical simulation of stratified flow of two fluids between two infinite parallel plates using the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method is presented. The developing process from entrance to fully development flow is captured. In the simulation, the computational domain is represented by various types of particles. Governing equations are described based on particles and their interactions. Grids are not necessary in any calculation steps of the simulation. The particle number density is implicitly required to be constant to satisfy incompressibility. The weight function is used to describe the interaction between different particles. The particle is considered to constitute the free interface if the particle number density is below a set point. Results for various combinations of density, viscosity, mass flow rates, and distance between the two parallel plates are presented. The proposed procedure is validated using the derived exact solution and the earlier numerical results from the Level-Set method. Furthermore, the evolution of the interface in the developing region is captured and compares well with the derived exact solutions in the developed region.

We critically compare the practicality and accuracy of numerical approximations of phase field models and sharp interface models of solidification. Here we focus on Stefan problems, and their quasi-static variants, with applications to crystal growth. New approaches with a high mesh quality for the parametric approximations of the resulting free boundary problems and new stable discretizations of the anisotropic phase field system are taken into account in a comparison involving benchmark problems based on exact solutions of the free boundary problem.

In this paper, a remapping-free adaptive GRP method for one dimensional (1-D) compressible flows is developed. Based on the framework of finite volume method, the 1-D Euler equations are discretized on moving volumes and the resulting numerical fluxes are computed directly by the GRP method. Thus the remapping process in the earlier adaptive GRP algorithm [17,18] is omitted. By adopting a flexible moving mesh strategy, this method could be applied for multi-fluid problems. The interface of two fluids will be kept at the node of computational grids and the GRP solver is extended at the material interfaces of multi-fluid flows accordingly. Some typical numerical tests show competitive performances of the new method, especially for contact discontinuities of one fluid cases and the material interface tracking of multi-fluid cases.

This paper concerns the electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary shaped three dimensional imperfectly conducting objects modeled with non-constant Leontovitch impedance boundary condition. It has two objectives. Firstly, the intrinsically well-conditioned integral equation (noted GCSIE) proposed in [30] is described focusing on its discretization. Secondly, we highlight the potential of this method by comparison with two other methods, the first being a two currents formulation in which the impedance condition is implicitly imposed and whose the convergence is quasi-optimal for Lipschitz polyhedron, the second being a CFIE-like formulation [14]. In particular, we prove that the new approach is less costly in term of CPU time and gives a more accurate solution than that obtained from the CFIE formulation. Finally, as expected, It is demonstrated that no preconditioner is needed for this formulation.

This article is to discuss the bilinear and linear immersed finite element (IFE) solutions generated from the algebraic multigrid solver for both stationary and moving interface problems. For the numerical methods based on finite difference formulation and a structured mesh independent of the interface, the stiffness matrix of the linear system is usually not symmetric positive-definite, which demands extra efforts to design efficient multigrid methods. On the other hand, the stiffness matrix arising from the IFE methods are naturally symmetric positive-definite. Hence the IFE-AMG algorithm is proposed to solve the linear systems of the bilinear and linear IFE methods for both stationary and moving interface problems. The numerical examples demonstrate the features of the proposed algorithms, including the optimal convergence in both L2 and semi-H1 norms of the IFE-AMG solutions, the high efficiency with proper choice of the components and parameters of AMG, the influence of the tolerance and the smoother type of AMG on the convergence of the IFE solutions for the interface problems, and the relationship between the cost and the moving interface location.

Aiming at simulating micro gas flows with accurate boundary conditions, an efficient hybrid algorithm is developed by combining the molecular dynamics (MD) method with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The efficiency comes from the fact that the MD method is applied only within the gas-wall interaction layer, characterized by the cut-off distance of the gas-solid interaction potential, to resolve accurately the gas-wall interaction process, while the DSMC method is employed in the remaining portion of the flow field to efficiently simulate rarefied gas transport outside the gas-wall interaction layer. A unique feature about the present scheme is that the coupling between the two methods is realized by matching the molecular velocity distribution function at the DSMC/MD interface, hence there is no need for one-to-one mapping between a MD gas molecule and a DSMC simulation particle. Further improvement in efficiency is achieved by taking advantage of gas rarefaction inside the gas-wall interaction layer and by employing the “smart-wall model” proposed by Barisik et al. The developed hybrid algorithm is validated on two classical benchmarks namely 1-D Fourier thermal problem and Couette shear flow problem. Both the accuracy and efficiency of the hybrid algorithm are discussed. As an application, the hybrid algorithm is employed to simulate thermal transpiration coefficient in the free-molecule regime for a system with atomically smooth surface. Result is utilized to validate the coefficients calculated from the pure DSMC simulation with Maxwell and Cercignani-Lampis gas-wall interaction models.

A weak Galerkin (WG) method is introduced and numerically tested for the Helmholtz equation. This method is flexible by using discontinuous piecewise polynomials and retains the mass conservation property. At the same time, the WG finite element formulation is symmetric and parameter free. Several test scenarios are designed for a numerical investigation on the accuracy, convergence, and robustness of the WG method in both inhomogeneous and homogeneous media over convex and non-convex domains. Challenging problems with high wave numbers are also examined. Our numerical experiments indicate that the weak Galerkin is a finite element technique that is easy to implement, and provides very accurate and robust numerical solutions for the Helmholtz problem with high wave numbers.

The modified embedded atom method (MEAM) with the universal form of embedding function and a modified energy term along with the pair potential has been employed to determine the potentials for alkali metals: Na, K, by fitting to the Cauchy pressure (C12 − C44)/2, shear constants Gν = (C11 − C12 + 3C44)/5 and C44, the cohesive energy and the vacancy formation energy. The obtained potentials are used to calculate the phonon dispersions of these metals. Using these calculated phonons we evaluate the local density of states of neighbours of vacancy using Green’s function method. The local density of states of neighbours of vacancy has been used to calculate mean square displacements of these atoms and formation entropy of vacancy. The calculated mean square displacements of both 1st and 2nd neighbours of vacancy are found to be lower than that of host atom. The calculated phonon dispersions agree well with the experimental phonon dispersion curves and the calculated results of vacancy formation entropy compare well with the other available results.

This paper investigates the eigenmode optimization problem governed by the scalar Helmholtz equation in continuum system in which the computed eigenmode approaches the prescribed eigenmode in the whole domain. The first variation for the eigenmode optimization problem is evaluated by the quadratic penalty method, the adjoint variable method, and the formula based on sensitivity analysis. A penalty optimization algorithm is proposed, in which the density evolution is accomplished by introducing an artificial time term and solving an additional ordinary differential equation. The validity of the presented algorithm is confirmed by numerical results of the first and second eigenmode optimizations in 1D and 2D problems.

In this paper, the power-law fluid flows in a two-dimensional square cavity are investigated in detail with multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM). The influence of the Reynolds number (Re) and the power-law index (n) on the vortex strength, vortex position and velocity distribution are extensively studied. In our numerical simulations, Re is varied from 100 to 10000, and n is ranged from 0.25 to 1.75, covering both cases of shear-thinning and shear-thickening. Compared with the Newtonian fluid, numerical results show that the flow structure and number of vortex of power-law fluid are not only dependent on the Reynolds number, but also related to power-law index.

This paper studies convergence analysis of an adaptive finite element algorithm for numerical estimation of some unknown distributed flux in a stationary heat conduction system, namely recovering the unknown Neumann data on interior inaccessible boundary using Dirichlet measurement data on outer accessible boundary. Besides global upper and lower bounds established in [23], a posteriori local upper bounds and quasi-orthogonality results concerning the discretization errors of the state and adjoint variables are derived. Convergence and quasi-optimality of the proposed adaptive algorithm are rigorously proved. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the quasi-optimality of the proposed adaptive method.

This paper presents two uniformly convergent numerical schemes for the two dimensional steady state discrete ordinates transport equation in the diffusive regime, which is valid up to the boundary and interface layers. A five-point node-centered and a four-point cell-centered tailored finite point schemes (TFPS) are introduced. The schemes first approximate the scattering coefficients and sources by piecewise constant functions and then use special solutions to the constant coefficient equation as local basis functions to formulate a discrete linear system. Numerically, both methods can not only capture the diffusion limit, but also exhibit uniform convergence in the diffusive regime, even with boundary layers. Numerical results show that the five-point scheme has first-order accuracy and the four-point scheme has second-order accuracy, uniformly with respect to the mean free path. Therefore a relatively coarse grid can be used to capture the two dimensional boundary and interface layers.

We present a multi-phase image segmentation method based on the histogram of the Gabor feature space, which consists of a set of Gabor-filter responses with various orientations, scales and frequencies. Our model replaces the error function term in the original fuzzy region competition model with squared 2-Wasserstein distance function, which is a metric to measure the distance of two histograms. The energy functional is minimized by alternative minimization method and the existence of closed-form solutions is guaranteed when the exponent of the fuzzy membership term being 1 or 2. We test our model on both simple synthetic texture images and complex natural images with two or more phases. Experimental results are shown and compared to other recent results.

We consider the relativistic Euler equations governing spherically symmetric, perfect fluid flows on the outer domain of communication of Schwarzschild space-time, and we introduce a version of the finite volume method which is formulated from the geometric formulation (and thus takes the geometry into account at the discretization level) and is well-balanced, in the sense that it preserves steady solutions to the Euler equations on the curved geometry under consideration. In order to formulate our method, we first derive a closed formula describing all steady and spherically symmetric solutions to the Euler equations posed on Schwarzschild spacetime. Second, we describe a geometry-preserving, finite volume method which is based from the family of steady solutions to the Euler system. Our scheme is second-order accurate and, as required, preserves the family of steady solutions at the discrete level. Numerical experiments are presented which demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed method even for solutions containing shock waves and nonlinear interacting wave patterns. As an application, we investigate the late-time asymptotics of perturbed steady solutions and demonstrate its convergence for late time toward another steady solution, taking the overall effect of the perturbation into account.

In this paper we develop a conservative local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method for the Schrödinger-Korteweg-de Vries (Sch-KdV) system, which arises in various physical contexts as a model for the interaction of long and short nonlinear waves. Conservative quantities in the discrete version of the number of plasmons, energy of the oscillations and the number of particles are proved for the LDG scheme of the Sch-KdV system. Semi-implicit time discretization is adopted to relax the time step constraint from the high order spatial derivatives. Numerical results for accuracy tests of stationary traveling soliton, and the collision of solitons are shown. Numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy and capability of the method.

This work proposes a generalized boundary integral method for variable coefficients elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs), including both boundary value and interface problems. The method is kernel-free in the sense that there is no need to know analytical expressions for kernels of the boundary and volume integrals in the solution of boundary integral equations. Evaluation of a boundary or volume integral is replaced with interpolation of a Cartesian grid based solution, which satisfies an equivalent discrete interface problem, while the interface problem is solved by a fast solver in the Cartesian grid. The computational work involved with the generalized boundary integral method is essentially linearly proportional to the number of grid nodes in the domain. This paper gives implementation details for a second-order version of the kernel-free boundary integral method in two space dimensions and presents numerical experiments to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method for both boundary value and interface problems. The interface problems demonstrated include those with piecewise constant and large-ratio coefficients and the heterogeneous interface problem, where the elliptic PDEs on two sides of the interface are of different types.

The paper is concerned with the unconditional stability and error estimates of fully discrete Galerkin-Galerkin FEMs for the equations of incompressible miscible flows in porous media. We prove that the optimal L2 error estimates hold without any time-step (convergence) conditions, while all previous works require certain time-step restrictions. Theoretical analysis is based on a splitting of the error into two parts: the error from the time discretization of the PDEs and the error from the finite element discretization of the corresponding time-discrete PDEs, which was proposed in our previous work [26, 27]. Numerical results for both two and three-dimensional flow models are presented to confirm our theoretical analysis.

In the present work two component dense semiclassical plasma of protons and electrons is considered. Microscopic and electrodynamic properties of the plasma by molecular dynamic simulation are investigated. For these purposes semiclassical interparticle potential which takes into account quantum mechanical diffraction and symmetry effects is used. The considered range of density of plasma is n = 1022cm−3 to n = 1024cm−3. Fluctuations and dynamic dielectric functions were calculated using velocity autocorrelation functions.

Numerical methods based on gyrocenter gauge kinetic theory are suitable for first principle simulations of high frequency waves in magnetized plasmas. The δf gyrocenter gauge PIC simulation for linear rf wave has been previously realized. In this paper we further develop a full-f nonlinear PIC algorithm appropriate for the nonlinear physics of high frequency waves in magnetized plasmas. Numerical cases of linear rf waves are calculated as a benchmark for the nonlinear GyroGauge code, meanwhile nonlinear rf-wave phenomena are studied. The technique and advantage of the reduction of the numerical noise in this full-f gyrocenter gauge PIC algorithm are also discussed.