Although minor details still remain to be worked out, the grammatical relationship between the sentence in Column I and the noun phrases in Column II of (1) below is considered beyond doubt. Lees, in his monograph (1960:85-94), formulated first explicit transformational rules to account for the grammatical relationship observed between the sentence (a) and the two noun phrases, one with a relative clause (b), the other with an attributive adjective (c).

Most, if not all natural languages possess complex sentences in which one single noun phrase serves as the superficial subject for two or more verbs. The most obvious case is the one involving sentences with co-ordinate verb phrases as in (1):

• (1) the man hit the girl and kicked the boy

  However, inasmuch as in the case of co-ordinate constructions one single noun phrase can also serve as the object of two or more verbs, such constructions will not be our concern in this paper. That is, any analysis that can characterize a sentence such as (1), can also characterize a sentence such as (2), where the girl is the object of both hit and kicked.

• (2) the man hit and kicked the girl

  In this paper, we will restrict our attention to constructions involving coreferential subordinate subject deletion in Russian, i.e., infinitival, gerundial and participial clauses.* We will demonstrate that, despite many superficial differences, such constructions can be characterized in terms of essentially the same general grammatical process: the deletion of a redundantly repeated, subordinate subject NP. This analysis will be shown to be more adequate than one which requires the postulation of a set of two or more independent transformations which describe the data in an ad hoc way.

A l’audition, le français canadien donne l’impression d’avoir un patron rythmique différent de celui du français standard: le rythme régulier de ce dernier, fait de syllabes sensiblement égales, suivies d’une syllabe finale accentuée, semble manquer au français canadien. Plusieurs chercheurs ont déjà étudié la question des longueurs vocaliques dans les deux parlers. Jean-Paul Vinay (1955) constate que « les syllabes toniques fermées du français du nord sont sensiblement plus longues que celles du canadien. Par contre, dans toutes les autres positions, ce sont les voyelles canadiennes qui sont plus longues » (p. 75). Georges Straka et Jean-Denis Gendron (1966) et Marcel Boudreault (1968 et 1970) constatent que les facteurs phonologiques et étymologiques responsables des allongements qu’on trouve en français standard sont sensiblement les mêmes en français canadien—soit des oppositions du type patte/pâte, soit des durées conditionnées par l’entourage phonique du type [nε:3]. Gendron remarque ainsi qu’en syllabe « accentuée » la répartition des durées vocaliques suit de près celle du français standard—les mêmes consonnes, [r] et [z] surtout, [3], [v], [vr], étant « allongeantes ». En syllabe « inaccentuée », cependant, le français canadien garderait les demi-longueurs (ex. pâté, neiger, etc.) qui sont en train de disparaître du français standard. « Les demi-longueurs y sont fortement marquées, si fortement que dans le parler populaire il semble que la voyelle en position inaccentuée aille jusqu’à conserver la pleine durée de la syllabe accentuée » (p. 142). Le fait avait déjà été mis en relief par les résultats de Vinay.

This is the second of two papers comparing relational network theory with transformational theory. In Reich 1970b we defined some basic nodes and compared relational network theory with a subset of transformational theory which is commonly acknowledged to be linguistically inadequate. In this paper we shall review the types of problems which context-free phrase-structure grammars cannot adequately handle. We shall then show that each of these problems occurs in that portion of English grammar which is concerned with the English auxiliaries; thus a good test of any proposed grammatical theory is whether or not it can be used to describe a grammar of the auxiliaries in an acceptable way. Finally, we shall describe in detail a relational network grammar of the auxiliaries and attempt to demonstrate that relational network theory passes this test.

In his article “Postposed main phrases: an English rule for the Romance subjunctive,” Canadian “Journal of Linguistics, 14:1, pp. 3-30, Dwight Bolinger discusses some aspects of the rule of Absorbed-negation, more commonly known as Not-transportation or Neg-transportation. It is the aim of this paper to deal wi th those structures which are related by Neg-transportation in Spanish with respect to the statements made by Bolinger in the above article.

Neg-transportation as discussed in the literature is the rule which transports a negation originally found in the underlying structure of an embedded clause to the matrix. Bolinger thinks that the negation “belongs to the main verb, …, as much as to the verb in the noun clause” (ft. 14, pp. 23-24). Interesting as this is, I will not argue it here but will take issue with the statement made on page 23: “Native speakers of Spanish confirm the idea of absorbed negation when they report that 226 is closer in meaning to 227 than the subjunctive 228 would be:

226. No creo que es así.
227. Creo que no es así.
228. No creo que sea así.”