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2022 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 30 of 102

Mixed Oligopoly and Public Enterprises

Mixed Oligopoly and Public Enterprises
  • Joanna Poyago-Theotoky
  • Published online:
    09 April 2024
    Print publication:
    06 June 2024
  • This Element offers a review and synthesis of the theoretical analysis of mixed oligopoly, that is a hybrid market structure in which public (state-owned) and private firms interact, using a variety of strategic variables. A distinguishing feature of a mixed oligopoly is that firms have different objectives. A public firm's objective is a notion of social welfare while a private firm is profit maximising. Privatisation and partial-privatisation of a public firm is also discussed, together with several applications from diverse subfields spanning industrial organisation, applied microeconomic theory, innovation, international trade and environment policy. The authors also discuss ways in which the original analysis has been enriched to study the interaction between providers of public sector services as opposed to traditional goods.
Worse Than Ignorance

Worse Than Ignorance
  • The Challenge of Health Misinformation
  • Peter J. Schulz, Kent Nakamoto
  • Published online:
    04 April 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
    • Element
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  • This Element considers health misinformation and the problems it presents. The evolving communication context—changing doctor-patient relationships and developments in information technology—presents patients with a vastly enriched information landscape and new challenges to patients navigating it. These challenges are magnified as growing patient empowerment and autonomy have increased expectations for patient involvement in medical decisions. In this context, the ways people approach presented information, learn from it, understand it, and use it, exacerbate the risk that they become misinformed—believing things that are inimical to improved health. Moreover, these same processes make it difficult to correct such beliefs. Approaches building on trust between patient and professional exemplify improved communication to increase accurate patient knowledge and understanding in the service of better health. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Clinical Priority for Common Emergency and Urgent Conditions in Neurosurgery

Clinical Priority for Common Emergency and Urgent Conditions in Neurosurgery
  • Taha Lilo, Ioannis Fouyas
  • Published online:
    04 April 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Emergency Neurosurgery is a constantly evolving specialty, resulting in ever increasing challenges posed on the higher specialty trainee. The focus of this Element is to guide the reader on the application of robust and easily applicable management strategies whilst dealing with the most challenging aspects of their professional workload. The authors have categorised the various subgroups of emergency neurosurgical workload, devised a comprehensive management algorithm, included case scenaria related to the most challenging emergency situations and highlighted easily overlooked clinical information. In summary, this Element will provide robust and easily applicable management strategies whilst dealing with the most challenging aspects of the emergency neurosurgical workload.
Forensic Linguistics in China

Forensic Linguistics in China
  • Origins, Progress, and Prospects
  • Yuan Chuanyou, Xu Youping, Lu Nan
  • Published online:
    04 April 2024
    Print publication:
    02 May 2024
  • This Element offers a comprehensive examination of forensic linguistics in China. It traces the origins of the field in the 1980s and 1990s, and highlights the progress made in the 2000s, with a focus on the work of influential scholars such as Pan Qingyun, Wang Jie, Du Jinbang, Liao Meizhen, Yuan Chuanyou, and Wang Zhenhua. It discusses the development of Discourse Information Theory, the Principle of Goal, Functional Forensic Discourse Analysis, and Legal Discourse as a Social Process. It also analyses studies on language evidence and explores legal translation. It discusses emerging research areas, including cyberbullying language research, internet court discourse analysis, authorship analysis, expert assistance systems, and speaker identification and evidence of forensic phonetics. This Element provides valuable insights into the growth and potential of forensic linguistics in China, serving as a comprehensive resource for scholars, researchers, and practitioners interested in the intersection of language and law.
Art and Artificial Intelligence

Art and Artificial Intelligence
  • Göran Hermerén
  • Published online:
    04 April 2024
    Print publication:
    02 May 2024
  • The overriding question discussed in this Element can be stated simply as: can computers create art? This Element presents an overview of the controversies raised by various answers to this question. A major difficulty is that the technology is developing rapidly, and there are still many uncertainties and knowledge gaps as to what is possible today and in the near future. But a number of controversial issues are identified and discussed. The position taken on controversial issues will depend on assumptions made about the technology, about the nature and location of consciousness, about art and creativity. Therefore, a number of hypothetical answers are outlined, related to the assumptions made.
Aggrieved Labor Strikes Back

Aggrieved Labor Strikes Back
  • Inter-sectoral Labor Mobility, Conditionality, and Unrest under IMF Programs
  • Saliha Metinsoy
  • Published online:
    03 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • Why do we see large-scale labor protests and strikes under some IMF programs such as in Greece in 2010 and not in others such as in Ireland in the same year? This Element argues that extensive labor market reform conditions in an immobile labor market generate strong opposition to programs. Labor market reform conditions that decentralize and open up an immobile labor market cause workers either to lose in terms of rights and benefits, while being stuck in the same job or to fall into a less protected sector with fewer benefits. Conversely, in more mobile labor markets, wage and benefit differentials are low, and movement across sectors is easier. In such markets, labor groups do not mobilize to the same extent to block programs. The author tests this theory in a global sample and explores the causal mechanism in four case studies on Greece, Ireland, Latvia, and Portugal.
The Methods and Ethics of Researching Unprovenienced Artifacts from East Asia

The Methods and Ethics of Researching Unprovenienced Artifacts from East Asia
  • Christopher J. Foster, Glenda Chao, Mercedes Valmisa
  • Published online:
    03 April 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
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  • The immense outpouring of archaeological discoveries this past century has shed new light on ancient East Asia, and China in particular. Yet in concert with this development another, more troubling, trend has likewise gained momentum: the looting of cultural heritage and the sale of unprovenienced antiquities. Scholars face difficult questions, from the ethics of working with objects of unknown provenance, to the methodological problems inherent in their research. The goal of this Element is to encourage scholars to critically examine their relationships to their sources and reflect upon the impact of their research. The three essays in this Element present a range of disciplinary perspectives, focusing on systemic issues and the nuances of method versus ethics, with a case study of the so-called 'Han board' MSS given as a specific illustration. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Disavowing Authority in the Shakespeare Classroom

Disavowing Authority in the Shakespeare Classroom
  • Huw Griffiths
  • Published online:
    02 April 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • Based on real experiences of teaching Shakespeare in diverse classrooms and outreach programmes, this Element questions the role of authority in Shakespeare teaching. It connects an understanding of how Shakespearean texts function with critical thinking about teaching, especially derived from the work of Jaques Rancière. Certain elements of the Shakespearean text - notably how it was intended to teach its first readers, the actors, and its uses of dramatic irony - are revealed as already containing possibilities for more decentred forms of knowledge production.
First Cities

First Cities
  • Planning Lessons for the 21st Century
  • Dean Saitta
  • Published online:
    02 April 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • This Element describes and synthesizes archaeological knowledge of humankind's first cities for the purpose of strengthening a comparative understanding of urbanism across space and time. Case studies are drawn from ancient Mesopotamia, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They cover over 9000 years of city building. Cases exemplify the 'deep history' of urbanism in the classic heartlands of civilization, as well as lesser-known urban phenomena in other areas and time periods. The Element discusses the relevance of this knowledge to a number of contemporary urban challenges around food security, service provision, housing, ethnic co-existence, governance, and sustainability. This study seeks to enrich scholarly debates about the urban condition, and inspire new ideas for urban policy, planning, and placemaking in the twenty first century.
Governing Sea Level Rise in a Polycentric System

Governing Sea Level Rise in a Polycentric System
  • Easier Said than Done
  • Francesca Pia Vantaggiato, Mark Lubell
  • Published online:
    30 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • How do polycentric governance systems respond to new collective action problems? This Element tackles this question by studying the governance of adaptation to sea level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Like climate mitigation, climate adaptation has public good characteristics and therefore poses collective action problems of coordination and cooperation. The Element brings together the literature on adaptation planning with the Ecology of Games framework, a theory of polycentricity combining rational choice institutionalism with social network theory, to investigate how policy actors address the collective action problems of climate adaptation: the key barriers to coordination they perceive, the collaborative relationships they form, and their assessment of the quality of the cooperation process in the policy forums they attend. Using both qualitative and quantitative data and analysis, the Element finds that polycentric governance systems can address coordination problems by fostering the emergence of leaders who reduce transaction and information costs. Polycentric systems, however, struggle to address issues of inequality and redistribution.
Inclusive Fitness and Kin Selection

Inclusive Fitness and Kin Selection
  • Hannah Rubin
  • Published online:
    29 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • The biological world is full of phenomena that seem to run counter to Darwin's insight that natural selection can lead to the appearance of design. For instance, why do organisms in some species divide reproductive labor? The existence of non-reproducing organisms in such 'eusocial' species looks to be at odds with an evolutionary theory which posits traits exist because they help organisms survive and reproduce. What is the evolutionary advantage of an insect being distasteful to its predators? The distastefulness appears designed to deter predators, but can only affect the predator's actions when the insect is eaten; it is hard to see how such a trait could be passed on. This Element will cover the shared foundations of evolutionary explanations for these and other seemingly puzzling phenomena, focusing on the concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection.
Pragmatics, Grammar and Meaning in SLA

Pragmatics, Grammar and Meaning in SLA
  • Aoife K. Ahern, José Amenós-Pons, Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes
  • Published online:
    29 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • This Element explores the role of pragmatics, and its relationship with meaning and grammar, in second language acquisition. Specifically, this Element examines the generative paradigm, with its focus on purely linguistic aspects, in contrast with, and complemented by, the view of language adopted in the wider perspective on communication that Relevance Theory offers. It reviews several theoretical standpoints on how linguistic phenomena that require combining semantic, pragmatic and syntactic information are acquired and developed in second languages, illustrating how these perspectives are brought together in analysing data in different linguistic scenarios. It shows that the notion of procedural meaning casts light on the range of interpretative effects of grammatical features and how they vary across languages, suggesting ways to complete the picture of the interface factors that affect second language development.
The Dimensions and Implications of the Public's Reactions to the January 6, 2021, Invasion of the U.S. Capitol

The Dimensions and Implications of the Public's Reactions to the January 6, 2021, Invasion of the U.S. Capitol
  • Gary C. Jacobson
  • Published online:
    29 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • The January 6, 2021 invasion of the US Capitol building by a mob trying to block certification of Biden's victory attacked a bedrock principle of American democracy, the peaceful transfer of power following an election. This Element reviews how the pubic evaluated the invaders, their actions, Donald Trump's responsibility, and the House investigations as they evolved after January 6. It then analyzes these reactions in the broader context of contemporary American politics and considers the consequences of January 6 for the 2022 election, the Republican coalition, polarization, Trump's indictments, electoral politics in 2024, and the future health of American democracy.
Mathematical Pluralism

Mathematical Pluralism
  • Graham Priest
  • Published online:
    29 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Mathematical pluralism is the view that there is an irreducible plurality of pure mathematical structures, each with their own internal logics; and that qua pure mathematical structures they are all equally legitimate. Mathematical pluralism is a relatively new position on the philosophical landscape. This Element provides an introduction to the position.
Early Modern Atlantic Cities

Early Modern Atlantic Cities
  • Mariana Dantas, Emma Hart
  • Published online:
    29 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • The Atlantic World was an oceanic system circulating goods, people, and ideas that emerged in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. European imperialism was its motor, while its character derived from the interactions between peoples indigenous to Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Much of the everyday workings of this oceanic system took place in urban settings. By sustaining the connections between these disparate regions, cities and towns became essential to the transformations that occurred in this early modern era. This Element, traces the emergence of the Atlantic city as a site of contact, an agent of colonization, a central node in networks of exchange, and an arena of political contestation. Cities of the Atlantic World operated at the juncture of many of the core processes in a global history of capitalism and of rising social and racial inequality. A source of analogous experiences of division as well as unity, they helped shape the Atlantic world as a coherent geography of analysis.
Relevance Logic

Relevance Logic
  • Shay Allen Logan
  • Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Relevance logics are a misunderstood lot. Despite being the subject of intense study for nearly a century, they remain maligned as too complicated, too abstruse, or too silly to be worth learning much about. This Element aims to dispel these misunderstandings. By focusing on the weak relevant logic B, the discussion provides an entry point into a rich and diverse family of logics. Also, it contains the first-ever textbook treatment of quantification in relevance logics, as well as an overview of the cutting edge on variable sharing results and a guide to further topics in the field.
Amulets in Magical Practice

Amulets in Magical Practice
  • Jay Johnston
  • Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • This Element takes as its remit the production and use of amulets. The focus will be on amulets with no, or minimal, textual content like those comprising found stone, semi-precious gem and/or animal body parts. That is a material form that is unaccompanied by directive textual inscription. The analysis considers this materiality to understand its context of use including ritual and metaphysical operations. Through discussion of selected case studies from British, Celtic, and Scandinavian cultures, it demonstrates the associative range of meaning that enabled the attribution of power/agency to the amuletic object Uniquely, it will consider this material culture from an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing together insights from the disciplines of cultural studies, religious studies, 'folk' studies, archaeology and Scandinavian studies. It develops the concept of 'trans-aniconism' to encapsulates an amulet's temporal relations and develops the proposition of 'landscape amulets.'
Labour of the Stitch

Labour of the Stitch
  • The Making and Remaking of Fashionable Georgian Dress
  • Serena Dyer
  • Published online:
    27 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • The making of fashionable women's dress in Georgian England necessitated an inordinate amount of manual labour. From the mantuamakers and seamstresses who wrought lengths of silk and linen into garments, to the artists and engravers who disseminated and immortalised the resulting outfits in print and on paper, Georgian garments were the products of many busy hands. This Element centres the sartorial hand as a point of connection across the trades which generated fashionable dress in the eighteenth century. Crucially, it engages with recreation methodologies to explore how the agency and skill of the stitching hand can inform understandings of craft, industry, gender, and labour in the eighteenth century. The labour of stitching, along with printmaking, drawing, and painting, composed a comprehensive culture of making and manual labour which, together, constructed eighteenth-century cultures of fashionable dress.
Ecological Psychology

Ecological Psychology
  • Miguel Segundo-Ortin, Vicente Raja
  • Published online:
    27 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Ecological psychology is one of the main alternative theories of perception and action available in the contemporary literature. This Element explores and analyzes its most relevant ideas, concepts, methods, and experimental results. It discusses the historical roots of the ecological approach. The Element then analyzes the works of the two main founders of ecological psychology: James and Eleanor Gibson. It also explores the development of ecological psychology since the 1980s until nowadays. Finally, the Element identifies and evaluates the future of the ecological approach to perception and action.
In Search of Integrity

In Search of Integrity
  • A Life-Journey across Diverse Contexts
  • Robert Serpell
  • Published online:
    26 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • This Element traces the origins of an individual's philosophical orientation and the processes by which it was elaborated over the course of his life-journey. The author discusses how selected stories from his personal experience reflect the intimate culture of a particular social group of which he was a participant member at the time. The author's life-journey includes a tumultuous period of emerging adulthood in Singapore and Oxford. Moving to Zambia in 1965 aged 21, he conducted research, teaching and writing including sojourns in England and in Maryland USA. He discusses how his perspective in cultural psychology relates to his personal life as a migrant and as a parent, and to his views on how the world can best address the challenges of cooperative communication in the 2020s.

Page 30 of 102