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2022 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 29 of 102

The Pedagogy of Watching Shakespeare

The Pedagogy of Watching Shakespeare
  • Bethan Marshall, Myfanwy Edwards, Charlotte Dixie
  • Published online:
    18 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • The pedagogy of acting out Shakespeare has been extensive. Less work has been done on how students learn through spectatorship. This element will consider all within the current context of Shakespeare teaching in schools. Using grounded research, it will include work undertaken on a schools National Theatre production of Macbeth, as well as classroom-based, action research, using a variety of digital performances of Shakespeare plays. Both find means of extending student knowledge in unexpected ways through encountering interpretations of Shakespeare that the students had not considered. In reflecting on the practice of watching Shakespeare in an educational context- both at the theatre and in the classroom- this Element hopes to offer suggestions for how teachers might re-think the ways in which they present Shakespeare performed to their students particularly as a powerful way of building personal and critical responses to the plays.
Emotions and Monotheism

Emotions and Monotheism
  • John Corrigan
  • Published online:
    18 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • The emotional turn in scholarship has changed the way in which historians of religion think about monotheistic traditions. New histories of religion have adapted and incorporated the totalizing sensibilities of twentieth century annalistes, the granular view of social historians, groundbreaking philosophical investigations, and the spirit of interdisciplinary collaboration between historical analysis, anthropology, and psychology. Religion as a principal bearer of culture has shaped emotional life profoundly, just as human emotion has constituted religious life. Taking a qualified constructivist approach to emotion enables understanding of the dynamism, fluidity, and ambiguity in emotional experience, alongside continuities, and facilitates analysis of how that feeling has animated religious life in monotheistic traditions. It equally sharpens insight into how monotheistic religion itself has made emotion. Affect, emotion, and mixed emotions are three categories of feelings evidenced in monotheistic religions. Each is illustrated with respect to the similarities and differences among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Animal Models of Human Disease

Animal Models of Human Disease
  • Sara Green
  • Published online:
    17 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • The crucial role of animal models in biomedical research calls for philosophical investigation of how and whether knowledge about human diseases can be gained by studying other species. This Element delves into the selection and construction of animal models to serve as preclinical substitutes for human patients. It explores the multifaceted roles animal models fulfil in translational research and how the boundaries between humans and animals are negotiated in this process. The book also covers persistent translational challenges that have sparked debates across scientific, philosophical, and public arenas regarding the limitations and future of animal models. Among the are persistent tensions between standardization and variation in medicine, as well as between strategies aiming to reduce and recapitulate biological complexity. Finally, the book examines the prospects of replacing animal models with animal-free methods. The Element demonstrates why animal modeling should be of interest to philosophers, social scientists, and scientists alike.
The Gift of Transformative Leaders

The Gift of Transformative Leaders
  • Nathan O. Hatch
  • Published online:
    17 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • Great organizations flourish at the hands of transformative leaders. Most organizations remain competitive but are unlikely to advance without impetus. Only exceptional leaders in an organization can fulfill an ambition for real institutional advancement. In this Element, Nathan Hatch, a former university president and provost at two top-30 national universities, draws on their more than forty-year career in higher education to showcase leaders the author recruited and empowered to advance and transform institutions. At each institution, the author witnessed pockets of mediocrity transform into national examples of excellence. Finding the right leader to spearhead the work was the key to growth and success nearly every time. Through the stories of thirteen transformative leaders, Hatch illuminates how the author approached identifying talent and empowered leaders to lead in bold and creative ways.
Chinese Émigré Composers and Divergent Modernisms

Chinese Émigré Composers and Divergent Modernisms
  • Chen Yi and Zhou Long
  • Mia Chung
  • Published online:
    16 April 2024
    Print publication:
    30 May 2024
  • This Element examines the factors that drove the stylistic heterogeneity of Chen Yi and Zhou Long after the Cultural Revolution. Known as 'New Wave' composers, they entered the Central Conservatory of Music once the Cultural Revolution ended and attained international recognition for their modernisms after their early careers in America. Scholars have often treated their early music as contingent outcomes of that cultural and political moment. This Element proposes instead that unique personal factors shaped their modernisms despite their shared experiences of the Cultural Revolution and educations at the Central Conservatory and Columbia University. Through interviews on six stages of their development, the Element examines and explains the reasons for their stylistic divergence.
Background Music Cultures in Finnish Urban Life

Background Music Cultures in Finnish Urban Life
  • Heikki Uimonen, Kaarina Kilpiö, Meri Kytö
  • Published online:
    16 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
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  • This Element focuses on how music is experienced, articulated, and reclaimed in urban commercial environments. Special attention is paid to listeners, spaces, and music, co- and re-produced continuously in their triangular relationship affected by social, legal, economic, and technological factors. The study of the historical development of background music industries, construction of contemporary sonic environments, and individual meaning-making is based on extensive data gathered through interviews, surveys, and fieldwork, and supported by archival research. Due to the Finnish context and the ethnomusicological approach, this study is culture-sensitive, providing a fresh 'factory-to-consumer' perspective on a phenomenon generally understood as industry-lead, behavioral, and global. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Values and Ethics

Values and Ethics
  • Alan Cribb, Vikki Entwistle, Polly Mitchell
  • Published online:
    16 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
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  • Ethics involves examining values and identifying what is good, right, and justified – and why. Diverse values and ethical issues run through healthcare improvement, but they are not always recognised or given the attention they need. While much effort goes into understanding whether intervention X effectively leads to change Y, questions such as 'is X ethically acceptable?', 'does Y count as an improvement?', 'should Y be prioritised?', and 'if so, why?' are sometimes neglected. This Element demonstrates the ethical considerations and rich array of values that inevitably underpin both the goals of healthcare improvement (what aspects of quality or what kinds of good are pursued) and how improvement work is undertaken. It outlines an agenda for improvement ethics with the aim of helping those involved in healthcare improvement to reflect on and discuss ethical aspects of their work more explicitly and rigorously. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Measurement of Subjective Probability

The Measurement of Subjective Probability
  • Edward J. R. Elliott
  • Published online:
    13 April 2024
    Print publication:
    02 May 2024
  • Beliefs come in degrees, and we often represent those degrees with numbers. We might say, for example, that we are 90% confident in the truth of some scientific hypothesis, or only 30% confident in the success of some risky endeavour. But what do these numbers mean? What, in other words, is the underlying psychological reality to which the numbers correspond? And what constitutes a meaningful difference between numerically distinct representations of belief? In this Element, we discuss the main approaches to the measurement of belief. These fall into two broad categories-epistemic and decision-theoretic-with divergent foundations in the theory of measurement. Epistemic approaches explain the measurement of belief by appeal to relations between belief states themselves, whereas decision-theoretic approaches appeal to relations between beliefs and desires in the production of choice and preferences.
Islam and Environmental Ethics

Islam and Environmental Ethics
  • Muhammad Yaseen Gada
  • Published online:
    13 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • This Element explores environmental ethics in Islam. Its core argument is that Islamic culture and civilization are rich in environmental concerns; Islam has unique considerations and directions about what sort of human-nature relationship there should be. Muslim environmental commentators have explored basic environmental or eco-ethical principles that are deeply embedded in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Protecting and conserving the environment are not only moral duties but also an obligation in Islam. The Islamic environmental ethical system offers both conceptual paradigms and operational components to realize environmental justice and sustainable development.
Suspension of Belief

Suspension of Belief
  • Daniel Vazquez
  • Published online:
    13 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • This Element offers a systematic outline of ancient conceptions and uses of suspension of belief (understood broadly) while engaging with contemporary philosophy. It discusses the notion of epochē ('suspension of judgement') and other related terms, like aporia, aphasia, paradox, hypothesis, agnosticism, and Socratic wisdom. It examines the Academic and Pyrrhonian sceptics and some of their arguments and strategies for suspension. It also includes the use and conditions for suspension of belief in other philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Plotinus, Protagoras, and Democritus. The Element is divided into four thematic sections, each addressing one of the following questions: What is suspension of belief? When does it arise? What could its scope be? And what are its practical and moral implications?
Evolutionary Perspectives on Enhancing Quality of Life

Evolutionary Perspectives on Enhancing Quality of Life
  • Mads Larsen, Nina Witoszek
  • Published online:
    13 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
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  • Positive psychology is a thriving field with increasing political influence, yet there are few evolutionary studies that have had a tangible impact on rethinking mechanisms of well-being. This Element reviews existing literature and proposes synthesizing insights into human flourishing under an umbrella of multilevel selection (MLS). Conceptualizing quality of life as 'Happiness + Meaning = Well-being' draws attention to how people navigate between individual and group needs, and how they reconcile selfish pursuits with altruism and cooperation. We define happiness as the cluster of affects that reward individuals for solving adaptive challenges. We approach meaning as a reward that individuals experience when contributing to their community. By way of examples, we critically examine the Nordic well-being societies whose ethos and education advance prosocial values and practices and strike a balance between individualist and communitarian ideals. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Management of Seizures in Neurosurgical Practice

Management of Seizures in Neurosurgical Practice
  • Julie Woodfield, Susan Duncan
  • Published online:
    13 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • Seizures are a presenting feature of many neurosurgical disorders, and can arise as a result of neurosurgical treatment or its complications. Recognition and effective management of seizures can be life-saving, and will minimise long term seizure induced morbidity. In this Element the authors describe seizure diagnosis, emergency and ongoing management, and considerations in neurosurgical conditions.
The Festival of India

The Festival of India
  • Development and Diplomacy at the End of the Cold War
  • Rashna Darius Nicholson
  • Published online:
    12 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • An in-depth study of the Festival of India (1985–1986) in the United States, one of the biggest events ever mounted to promote goodwill between two countries. Comprising more than seven hundred programs of music, dance, drama, film shows, art exhibitions, and workshops sponsored by over two hundred cultural institutions across over a hundred cities, the festival constituted a prismatic event that refracted the complex forces at play on the global stage during the 1980s. The Element delineates how this multi-sited spectacle of unprecedented size and near unfathomable political, economic, and cultural influence impacted theatre and performance studies. Simultaneously, it traces how two complex historical shifts were communicated to the global public at the end of the Cold War: India's desire to transition from planned Nehruvian socialism to laissez faire capitalism and the efflorescence of the model of 'cultural development' that centred the arts in development.
Approaching the Interval in the Early Modern Theatre

Approaching the Interval in the Early Modern Theatre
  • The Significance of the 'Act-Time'
  • Mark Hutchings
  • Published online:
    12 April 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • In requiring artificial light, the early modern indoor theatre had to interrupt the action so that the candles could be attended to, if necessary. The origin of the five-act, four-interval play was not classical drama but candle technology. This Element explores the implications of this aspect of playmaking. Drawing on evidence in surviving texts it explores how the interval affected composition and stagecraft, how it provided opportunities for stage-sitters, and how amphitheatre plays were converted for indoor performance (and vice versa). Recovering the interval yields new insights into familiar texts and brings into the foreground interesting examples of how the interval functioned in lesser-known plays. This Element concludes with a discussion of how this aspect of theatre might feed into the debate over the King's Men's repertory management in its Globe-Blackfriars years and sets out the wider implications for both the modern theatre and the academy.
Knowledge and Global Inequality Since 1800

Knowledge and Global Inequality Since 1800
  • Interrogating the Present as History
  • Dev Nathan
  • Published online:
    11 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
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  • The Element highlights the monopolization and exclusion from high-value knowledge in analysing divergent and, recently, partially convergent income trends across 200-odd years of the global capitalist economy. A Southern lens interrogates this history, in the process showing how developing command over knowledge creation sheds light on the middle-income trap. Overall, it shows a new way of looking at global capitalist economic history, highlighting the creation of, command over and exclusion from knowledge. This forces us to analyse the role of the subjective or agential element in making history; a subjective element that, however, always works from within and transforms existing structures and processes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Narrative and Religion in the Superdiverse City

Narrative and Religion in the Superdiverse City
  • Stephen Pihlaja
  • Published online:
    11 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • This Element focuses on how narrative is used to construct religious identity in superdiverse contexts, considering specifically how people talk about their own religious identity, and the religious identity of others. Drawing on interviews with twenty-five participants, and numerous site visits throughout the city of Birmingham (UK), the analysis focuses on how self and other positioning is used to construct religious identity in talk about beliefs, actions, and behaviours in different contexts. Additionally, the analysis shows how conflict emerges and is resolved in spaces where people of different faiths and no faith interact, and how people talk about and understand community. Finally, a model for talking about faith in diverse contexts is presented to help people find common goals and act together towards shared interests.
Monotheism and Fundamentalism

Monotheism and Fundamentalism
  • Prevalence, Potential, and Resilience
  • Rik Peels
  • Published online:
    11 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • This Element explores the relation between monotheism and fundamentalism. It does so from both an empirical perspective and a more theoretical one that combines theological and philosophical insights. The empirical part addresses how as a matter of fact, particularly quantitively, monotheism and fundamentalism relate to one another. The more theoretical part studies the relation between the two by considering the doctrine of God and the issue of exclusion, theories of revelation, and ethics. Finally, the book considers whether monotheism has particular resources that can be employed in mitigating the consequences of or even altogether preventing fundamentalism. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Abrahamic Vernacular

The Abrahamic Vernacular
  • Rebecca Scharbach Wollenberg
  • Published online:
    10 April 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • Contemporary thought typically places a strong emphasis on the exclusive and competitive nature of Abrahamic monotheisms. This instinct is certainly borne out by the histories of religious wars, theological polemic, and social exclusion involving Jews, Christians, and Muslims. But there is also another side to the Abrahamic coin. Even in the midst of communal rivalry, Jews, Christians, and Muslim practitioners have frequently turned to each other to think through religious concepts, elucidate sacred history, and enrich their ritual practices. Scholarship often describes these interactions between the Abrahamic monotheisms using metaphors of exchange between individuals-as if one tradition might borrow a theological idea from another in the same way that a neighbor might borrow a recipe. This Element proposes that there are deeper forms of entanglement at work in these historical moments.
Disability and Healing in Greek and Roman Myth

Disability and Healing in Greek and Roman Myth
  • Christian Laes
  • Published online:
    10 April 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Disability and Healing in Greek and Roman Myth takes its readers to stories, in versions known and often unknown. Disabilities and diseases are dealt with from head to toe: from mental disorder, over impairment of vision, hearing and speaking, to mobility problems and wider issues that pertain to the whole body. This Element places the stories in context, with due attention to close reading, and pays careful attention to concepts and terminology regarding disability. It sets Graeco-Roman mythology in the wider context of the ancient world, including Christianity. One of the focuses is the people behind the stories and their 'lived' religion. It also encourages its readers to 'live' their ancient mythology.
Action Understanding

Action Understanding
  • Angelika Lingnau, Paul Downing
  • Published online:
    10 April 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • The human ability to effortlessly understand the actions of other people has been the focus of research in cognitive neuroscience for decades. What have we learned about this ability, and what open questions remain? In this Element the authors address these questions by considering the kinds of information an observer may gain when viewing an action. A 'what, how, and why' framing organises evidence and theories about the representations that support classifying an action; how the way an action is performed supports observational learning and inferences about other people; and how an actor's intentions are inferred from her actions. Further evidence shows how brain systems support action understanding, from research inspired by 'mirror neurons' and related concepts. Understanding actions from vision is a multi-faceted process that serves many behavioural goals, and is served by diverse mechanisms and brain systems.

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