Some dehydroxylated sericites were boiled with solutions of various salts. A rectorite-like regular mixed-layer was formed when 2M sericite was treated with solution containing salts such as NaNO3, Na2SO4, CaSO4, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4 respectively. A random mica/montmorillonite mixed-layer was formed from 1M sericite. In order to change the 2M sericite into a regularly interstratified mineral, they are heated to the temperature range of dehydroxylation. The formation of a regularly interstratified mineral from 2M sericite can be explained by the change in the (OH) bond direction after the extraction of the potassium ion.

Von Frisch's discovery of the methods by which bees communicate is a landmark in human achievement comparable with Champollion's elucidation of hieroglyphics, and Professor Benveniste has performed a service in introducing it to the notice of readers of Diogenes. Nevertheless the very importance of the facts discovered makes it desirable to discuss their interpretation from a somewhat different standpoint.

Ion exchange analyses of the clay-sized fraction of sediments in Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas suggest the selective adsorption of Na at the expense of Mg. The literature suggests that Mg should be preferentially adsorbed. As the chlorinity of the lake waters increases from 300 mg/l to 3250mg/l, the percentage of exchangeable Na increases from 13·6 to 30·6 while the percentage of exchangeable Mg decreases from 65·6–36·8. The observed exchangeable Na percentages are higher than the ones calculated from the sodium-adsorption-ratios. The difference is attributed to an increase in the Na exchange constant of the sediment and therefore an increased selectivity for Na. With an increase in chlorinity, montmorillonite increases from 47 to 61 per cent and the total of the exchangeable cations (Na, Mg, Ca, K) increases from 36 to 82 m-equiv./100 g.

Transmission and diffraction electron micrographs were made of illite and montmorillonite to study the changes that take place as the clays were heated continuously to 1200°C.

In both of the clay minerals studied, expulsion of a highly fluid material occurred subsequent to dehydroxylation and prior to the development of the first-formed high temperature phases. It was hypothesized that this material represented the expulsion of constituents in the clay in excess of those needed for the formation of the first high-temperature phase. Electron diffraction indicates that the high-temperature phases that formed all developed with some preferential orientation, and were strongly influenced in their development by the structure of the original clay.

The concept of acculturation is at the centre of the social changes which are taking place, not without some disorganization, in the developing countries. The increasing interest which they continue to arouse therefore necessitates, among other things, the utilization of exact and operational concepts in the study of a social reality undergoing profound changes and suddenly confronted with civilizations totally different from their own.

The method of known additions for estimating clay-mineral content was reversed in that increasing proportions of soil clay were added to a standard composed of equal weights of kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. After glycolation, peak-area ratios were calculated from 7.2 (kaolinite), 10 (illite), 14 and 17 Å (vermiculite and montmorillonite) diffraction peaks of standard, mixes, and soil clay. Ratios were plotted against % soil clay from the standard (0%) through the mixes (14 to 77%). Curves of fit were calculated and projected to 100% soil clay giving theoretical values which agree with measured values. As weight proportions are known in the standard, the projections permit estimates of clay-mineral weight proportions in the soil clay.

The GATT security exceptions were practically in hibernation until recently. The recent WTO disputes panel activity concerning such exceptions is characterized by a standard of review that places the accent on ‘when’ action should be taken and not so much on ‘what’ action should be taken. We see two problems with this construction. First, the ‘when’ might be a function of privileged information that those possessing it might be unwilling to divulge in a transparent manner. Second, national security is an amorphous concept, and unless we disaggregate it, it is impossible to pronounce the appropriateness of measures adopted to pursue the underlying objective. In turn, the absence of disaggregation could lead to false positives and negatives, as the same action could be pursuing essential security or providing protection to domestic players.

Reagere, reactio does not belong to classical Latin. Reagere appears, as late as the fourth century A.D., in Avienus, but not reactio. Nonetheless, antiquity was not unaware of the concept of reciprocal action, where the “patient” reacts in return on the agent. The Aristotelian doctrine of antiperistasis occupied physicists up until the time of Galileo: “All movers, as long as they move, are at the same time moved.” The Latin authors dispense with reagere and reactio. It is the verb pati, designating the passive state to which the prefix re is added in the aphorism attributed to the Scholastics in the 18th century dictionaries: omnis agens agendo repatitur.

Since the appearance of man on the surface of the earth, one can say that the essence of his history lies in the modifications he has gradually introduced into the landscape. Destruction, change and construction: these three elements showed themselves very early on in man's history and, with its development, have taken on an ever clearer and more marked character. If the action of a single man on the environment is already important, then that of a larger number can have modifying and absolutely determinative consequences.

Science may be designated as the search for the understanding of phenomena apprehended by one or more of the senses in terms of theoretically postulated entities and the interrelationships between them in such a manner that the apprehended phenomena may be deducible from them along with others for which it was not postulated and with respect to which its truth and falsity, or rather fecundity or sterility, could be judged. This continuous interplay between the theoretically postulated and the sensuously apprehended, initially in terms of that which is first sought to be understood but more essentially in terms of that which has not yet been apprehended but which can be apprehended if the theoretical postulation is true, is the heart of the scientific enterprise as we have come to practice it today. The theoretical postulation thus links the past with the future, and thus makes the seeking for knowledge connected in an essential manner with what can only be called its relation to the future.

H-ion was added to Na or Ca bentonite suspensions. The H-ion was added either in solution, as HCl, or adsorbed on a cation exchange resin. The variation with time of the quantities of H and Al in various phases of the system was determined.

In the first stage of the reaction both exchangeable H and exchangeable Al on the clay increased rapidly. Several facts showed that the exchangeable Al was not liberated by crystal structure decomposition. It is postulated that its appearance is the result of a rapid dehydroxylation, of hydroxy Al groups located at plate edges or adsorbed on basal planes, producing water and trivalent Al ions.

During the second stage of the reaction, spontaneous self-decomposition of the clay structure takes place. It was found that when the H-clay in alone in suspension or with low concentration of acid, the decomposition stops after the liberation of a limited quantity of Al. Most of this Al is adsorbed on the clay and it becomes the prevailing exchangeable ion. On the contrary, when the H-clay is aging in the presence of H-resin, a system of consecutive reactions is operating. In this system, Al liberated from the structure is transferred to the adsorbed state in the clay and from there to the resin. As a result the decomposition reaction does not stop as in the absence of the resin, but is carried further.

Gradual change from 60% montmorillonite/40% illite randomly interstratified clay minerals at 3500 ft depth to 20% montmorillonite/80% illite at 10,200 ft can be observed in a complete section of Mesozoic shales at Barikewa in New Guinia. The top of a similar complete type Mesozoic section at 10,544 ft in the nearby Omati borehole contains 20–40% montmorillonite in randomly interstratified montmorillonite/illite. From 10,800 ft downward there is only 10–20% expandable material. Consequently depth of burial rather than stratigraphic level controls the proportion of expandable material present. Similar diagenetic alterations occur in the Wilcox Formation, Louisiana, also controlled by burial.

The amount of illite 2M polymorphs in the Papuan samples is usually less than 5 per cent, the illite 10Å peak sharpness ratio is about 1·4. Corresponding values for the Louisiana samples are 43% 2M polymorphs and about 2∙0 sharpness ratio. Chemical analysis of the Papuan shales show low MgO and K2O values when compared with the Louisiana samples. The latter sediments contain some chlorite, the former hardly any. Differences demonstrate a higher proportion of relatively unweathered material in the American samples.

Increase of chlorite content, increase of magnesium content and decrease of kaolinite content from 12,368 ft down in the Louisiana samples suggests a change in sedimentation pattern.

Interstratified layer structures were studied by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. In order to distinguish between expansible and non-expansible layers, Interstratified mica-smectite was treated with laurylamine hydrochloride solution. Electron micrographs of the layers at the curled edges of the crystals show expanded basal spacings of 24 Å and unexpanded spacings of 10 Å. It was observed that adjacent pairs of expanded and unexpanded layers in the micrographs form non-expansible units. Arrangement of the expanded and unexpanded layers shows that the layers expanded by sorption of laurylammonium ions have expansible and non-expansible surface characteristics on opposite sides of the layer. The relationships between the ratio of component layers and basal spacings in two component systems are discussed.

Samples containing allophane with molar Al/Si ratios from 1.0 to 2.0 have been examined by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and phosphate adsorption methods. The infrared spectra of allophane with Al/Si ratios close to 2.0 showed that the wall of the allophane spherules is made up of imogolite structural units similar to “proto-imogolite.” X-ray fluorescence gave no clear evidence of Al in tetrahedral sites (AlIV), while pyridine adsorption results suggested that a small number of Bronsted acid sites (AlIVOH) are present in silica-rich allophanes. Lewis acid sites (AlH2O) are present in both silica-rich and alumina-rich allophanes. The results suggest that the framework for the allophane structure is an Al octahedral sheet.

Allophanes with Al/Si ratios close to 1.0 contain condensed silicate units either on the outside surface of the Al octahedral sheet, giving rise to a halloysite-like structure, or bonded on the inside surface of an imogolite-like structure. Allophanes with Al/Si ratios between 1.0 and 2.0 appear to be mixtures of the “proto-imogolite” structure and the allophane (Al/Si = 1.0) structure.

A detailed study of sediments from the Triassic of the French Jura shows that clay minerals vary continuously with the facies. Near the coasts of the Jura Sea, sediments consisted of sandy, continental detritus and the minerals are poorly crystallized. At the center of the basin, in what was a cation-rich chemical environment, they are well crystallized. A progressive mineralogical variation can be observed from degraded illite to well-crystallized chlorites passing through the intermediate stages of more-or-less regular mixed-layer structures. This variation is due to a true crystalline transformation.

Similarly, chemical variations in clay minerals and whole-rock samples are related to the paleogeography of the basin. The distribution of major and trace elements is a function of distance from the Jura Sea coastline and also a function of the mineralogical composition of the fine fraction. The most obvious relationships are: (1) An increase in the concentration of MgO and the percentage of ignition-loss water from the coast toward the deep sea; (2) A decrease in the concentration of SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2 as well as that of trace elements such as vanadium, gallium, and cobalt from the coastal regions to the center of the basin; (3) A lack of statistically significant variations in the concentration of Fe2O3, Mn3O4, B, and Ni throughout the basin.

The authors conclude that: ( 1 ) Transformations (aggradations) observed by means of X-ray diffraction methods are in agreement with the chemical analyses; (2) Transformations are contemporaneous with the sedimentation; they are not diagenetic; (3) Clay minerals play an important role in the geochemical balance of sedimentary basins.

We are still far from a religious history of Europe (l'histoire réligieuse de l'Europe) which would satisfy the requirements of modern religious scholarship. We do, however, have a picture of the religions of Europe, the old and the new, of their metamorphoses and effects on the intellectual world of European man, which we can use as a temporary survey. A modification in this survey concerns not only scholars; the religious history of Europe is our religious history, regardless of the value it has for the individual as creed or philosophical doctrine. Unlike religion, religious history cannot be repudiated on the basis of doubts as to its truth or its existential validity (could this be “my” religion?). What is more, such a history cannot be side-stepped, for even the repudiation of all religion is an act within religious history; and a presentation of the religious history of Europe which does not concern itself with Nietzsche would not satisfy our demands as scholars.