The interaction of water with synthetically prepared goethite (α-FeOOH) and amorphous hyd-rated ferric oxide surfaces was studied using i.r. absorption and water vapor adsorption measurements. I.R. results show that the last traces of physically adsorbed water are removed from the amorphous material by outgassing at 25°C. In contrast, goethite retains approximately a monolayer of physically adsorbed water with similar outgassing. This monolayer of water on goethite, which is presumably hydrogen-bonded at least in part with structural hydroxyls, is readily exchangeable with D2O.

Integral entropies of adsorption were evaluated from water vapor adsorption isotherms at 15, 25 and 35°C and compared with values for mobile and immobile layers calculated through application of statistical mechanics (McCafferty and Zettlemoyer, 1970). Entropy values for both the first physically adsorbed monolayer of water on the amorphous material and the second monolayer on goethite were about the same as or greater than those calculated for an immobile layer, indicating strong hydrogen bonding of water by both surfaces. The larger deviation between the entropy values for goethite and those calculated for the immobile layer may be associated with changes in the structure of the first as well as the second physically adsorbed water layers. Surface areas, calculated using the BET method, were 320 and 32 m2 g-1 for the amorphous material and goethite respectively. Since the unit surface activity is probably about the same for the two materials, it follows that as the amorphous material crystallizes to form goethite, there would be a reduction in total surface activity in proportion to the reduction in surface area.

Potassium was removed from 5 to 20-μ size fractions of two phlogopites by treatment with sodium tetraphenylboron and replaced with various exchange ions. The b-dimension of the mica increased with K+ removal, which suggests that the K+ ion in phlogopite acts to constrain b. This being the case, the K—O bond in phlogopite must be lengthened and weakened relative to the K—O bond in dioctahedral micas.

The crystal structure of natural boehmite, AlOOH, from Tveidalen, Langesundsfjorden, Norway, with a = 3.693(1), b = 12.221(2) and c = 2.865(1) Å, was refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data (MoKα maximum 2θ = 120°) to an Rw value of 0.032 in space groups Amam and A21am. In both cases the proton was found to occupy positions of the type (x, 0.038, 0), where x = 0.104 and 0.396, about 0.75 Å from the donor oxygen atom. This arrangement corresponds to the presence of chains of asymmetric hydrogen bonds with random polarity parallel to the a axis, and indicates that the effective space group is Amam. No significant electron density was observed either at the center (0, 0, 0) or at the position (1/4, y, 0), corresponding to symmetric and bifurcated hydrogen bonds, respectively, between the layers of octahedra.

Calculations of the total energy of a representative portion of the boehmite structure as a function of hydroxyl orientation, using semiempirical molecular orbitals of the Hückel type, are in agreement with the observed electron density distribution and suggest a preference for (1) sp3, rather than sp2, hybridization of the donor oxygen atom orbitals, and (2) asymmetric, rather than symmetric hydrogen bonds. Disorder of the hydrogen atom positions within individual hydrogen bond chains is shown to be much less likely than disorder between adjacent fully coherent chains.

In the subsection “Grammar of Eros (The Language of Love)” in section 2 of book 2 of The Star of Redemption, the beating heart of the work, Franz Rosenzweig offers a peculiar portrait of the event of revelation. What is presented is a dramatization of the encounter between the loving God and the beloved human soul, a developing scene consisting of a series of utterances and experiences, many of which appear unwarranted. Why does Rosenzweig present revelation in this manner? This article seeks to explain the seemingly arbitrary twists and turns in the dramatized “plot” through which Rosenzweig depicts revelation by demonstrating that it follows in its main features the prevalent Protestant understanding of revelation as encompassing not only divine self-disclosure but also the discovery of sin, confession, forgiveness of sin, reconciliation, attainment of selfhood, and redemption, and is framed according to the directives of the Lutheran foundational principle of “at once a sinner and justified (Simul Justus et Peccator). In so doing, it exhibits Rosenzweig’s deep embeddedness in the Protestant theological discourse of his time and shows that The Star should be understood in light of the contemporary Protestant theology.

The history of modern Asia, at least in western countries, for a long time has been conceived only in function of European history. The question was to meditate on the “problem of the Far East,” which is to say on the conditions and objects of the intervention of great Powers in Asia. It consisted in granting privileges to European activities in Asia: missions and trading, military expeditions and diplomatic negotiations. Such a tendency is, for example, very clear in the otherwise notable works of authors such as H. B. Morse or H. Cordier; while the first had been in China for many years as officer of the Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs Service, the second was the son of an agent of the Paris National Bank in Shanghai. Nevertheless neither of them knew any Chinese and they did not consider the use of that language any more necessary for an historian of modern China than it had been for a businessman residing in Shanghai concessions during the belle époque of the unequal treaties. The works they published are dedicated to the history of relations between China and the great Powers (Open Door, concessions and extraterritoriality, functioning of treaties), and are only marginally and occasionally interested in the deep movements of Chinese society and Chinese politics: Tai-ping, reformatory movements, social struggle.

The crystal structure of a synthetic boehmite sample has been refined to an R of 0.047 in the space group Amam from X-ray powder diffraction data. Inclusion of hydrogen atoms and/or refinement in the space group A21am gave poorer results. Cell dimensions were determined as a = 3.6936 (± 0.0003), b = 12.214 (± 0.001), c = 2.8679 (± 0.0003) Å. All Al-O(OH) distances lie between 1.88 and 1.91 Å. Shared octahedral edges are 2.51–2.52 Å, and unshared octahedral edges are 2.86–2.87 Å, in excellent agreement with those for layered silicates. The O-H … O distance between contiguous octahedral sheets is 2.71 Å. The computed X-ray pattern matches closely with the experimental pattern, indicating the degree to which the crystal structure has been determined.

Clay mineral compositions in specimens of Recent marine sediments in the neighbourhood of Japan and sedimentary rocks from Japan were studied. Identification of the clay minerals was made chiefly by X-ray, differential thermal and infrared analyses. Their relative amounts were determined by comparing the intensities of their basal X-ray reflections.

Recent marine sediments: Specimens from the bottom of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean contain montmorillonite, illite, chlorite and kaolinite. The amount of mont-morillonite varies locally, but that of kaolinite is generally small. Clay mineral compositions of the Eastern Sea specimens are different from those of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean and the crystallinity of clay minerals seems to be better in the Kastern Sea. It is most likely that the clay minerals in the Eastern Sea sediments were supplied from the continent. Specimens of the bottom sediments at the entrance of Tokyo Bay contain montmorillonite, illite, chlorite and a lesser amount of kaolinite. The amount of montmorillonite varies markedly with locality and tends to be low where the movement of sea water is relatively intense. This may be due to a finer particle size of montmorillonite in comparison with the other clay minerals.

Sedimentary rocks: The relationship between sedimentary formations and clay mineral compositions shows that the compositions are characteristic of the depositional environments. For example, kaolinite is abundant in the formations deposited in fresh water but its content is low in the formations deposited under marine environment. The Paleozoic formations from the Tohoku region contain chlorite and illite without exception; however, the Mesozoic formations contain them in various proportions according to localities.

Charles Kerényi began his research before 1927. In that year he achieved brilliant renown, thanks to a suggestive and wonderfully comprehensive book on the Greco-oriental novel that is replete with ideas. He wrote it from the illuminating standpoint of the history of religions. Following the author of the classical Psyche, and with innumerable contributions of his own, he once again gave proof of that delicate sense of the religious subconscious which could have subsisted, more or less somnolent, in the composite spirit of the Mediterraneans of yesterday and today. We are eternally indebted to the curious, folkloric inquiries which have transported us to their time, introducing us to an ancient religiosity, secret, and perhaps unconscious. The Hellenistic or Greco-Roman novels, forerunners of some of our most modern literature, drew substance at will from eternal, human belief. In stoically scrutinizing their content—one might even say balderdash—we tend therefore to forgive them much because of the richness of their soil, infused as it was with popular legends which carry with them a highly tonic and savory mixture of old rites, discarded superstitions, half-extinguished cults. Where, for example, can one seek a better statement on the notion of the pure and the impure, which still preoccupies us so much today? Or on the sensitivity of those who, in quest of virtue, went off whenever necessary and with great ado to meet the assembled gods?

Interlayer K in muscovite, biotite, phlogopite, illite and vermiculite-hydrobiotite samples was replaced by cation exchange with Na. The rate and amount of exchange varied with the mineral and the level of K in solution.

Essentially, all the K in muscovite, biotite, phlogopite and vermiculite was exchangeable when the mass-action effect of the replaced KT was reduced by maintaining a very low level of K in solution. The time required for this exchange varied from < 10 hr with vermiculite to > 45 weeks with muscovite. Only 66% of the K in the illite was exchangeable under these conditions. When the replaced K was allowed to accumulate in the solution, the amount of exchange was determined by the level of K in solution required for equilibrium. These levels decreased with the degree of K-depletion and with the selectivity of the mica for K. The order of selectivity was muscovite > illite > biotite > phlogopite > vermiculite. Decreasing the K in solution from 10 to 7 ppm increased the exchangeable K in biotite from 30 to 100%. A K level of only 0.1 ppm restricted the exchange of K in muscovite to 17%.

A decrease in layer charge was not required for K exchange, but a decrease did occur in K-depleted biotite and vermiculite. Muscovite with the highest layer charge (247 meq/100 g), least expansion with Na (12.3Å), and least sensitivity to solution pH had the highest selectivity for K and the slowest rate of exchange. The K in vermiculite was the most readily exchangeable.

How can we justify a comparative study between one idea that is originally essentially geographical and another that is essentially religious? If, on another hand, we examine the two terms on the basis of their currently accepted meaning, and the two realities on the basis of their present content, such a comparison may not become more comprehensible. But in reality, Europe has expanded beyond its physical boundaries: in this sense it is the matrix and historical point of reference both for America and Australia, and even for Russia. With reference to scientific and technical civilization, its inventions and attainments coincide with the modern strata of activity of all contemporary societies. On the contrary, politically it crouches within its West-European nucleus, trying to construct a new identity, limited and distinct, based on specificities that should distinguish it from everything it has projected outside, and from everything it has subjected and denied. This suggests the multiplicity of levels and perspectives.

Conductometric titrations of clay suspensions with surfactant solutions offer a rapid method of surface area determination of clay particles suspended in aqueous media. A cationic surfactant, dodecylamine hydrochloride, was used in this investigation. This surfactant was adsorbed by electrostatic bonding at cation exchange sites and by van der Waals forces. A monomolecular or bimolecular layer of the surfactant coats the particle and the completion of the layer is determined from a change in slope of the conductometric titration curve due to the formation of micelles. Good agreement between this method and BET determined values were obtained for kaolinite. The bentonite suspensions had a strong tendency to flocculate after the initial stage of adsorption causing the results to vary considerably. This method of surface area measurement of clay particles offers many advantages over the present techniques: (1) a dry particle is not required; (2) the equipment is inexpensive and available in many laboratories; (3) the method is rapid; (4) vacuum and high temperature are not required, and (5) the method measures the internal as well as external surface area.

The co-absorptions of various purines and pyrimidines from aqueous solutions by Na- and Ca-montmorillonite are studied in the range of pH 1–6. The pyrimidines, thymine and uracil, which are not absorbed from solutions of these Compounds alone, are appreciably absorbed from solutions containing also adenine or 2,6-diaminopurine, are weakly absorbed from solutions containing hypo-xanthine, and are not absorbed from solutions containing purine, cytosine, and caffeine. The specific co-absorption is tentatively attributed to hydrogen-bond formation between the molecules in solution rather than to an overlapping of the molecular configurations (vertical stacking). The montmorillonite-organic associations have a basal spacing of about 12-5 Å which permits only a single molecular layer between successive silicate layers.

Slaty strata and their weathering products comprise a large portion of the geologic formations of the western foothills in the Sierra Nevada, Mid-Northern California. The weathering products of Mesozoic slates in particular, locally known as ‘swelling’ chlorites, have caused numerous problems in road construction.

A typical stratigraphic section of slates, which includes ‘swelling’ chlorites, is given for the area of Chili Bar, California, as part of the general geology of the western foothill formations. Remolded slate densities were observed to decrease while measured swelling pressures increased with increasing slate alteration. Swelling pressures in excess of 12.5 psi were observed. Curves are presented in comparison with DTA results showing the effect of alteration on the slate.

The results of X-ray diffraction analyses, in correlation with i.r. data, show a typical slate mineral composition for unaltered material of about one-half chlorite with the remainder being about equal portions of muscovite and quartz. The entire chlorite content of the altered slate becomes a regular mixed-layer clay mineral, corrensite, which has been observed to alter to sedimentary vermiculite and Mg-saponite in residual soil. An i.r. absorption peak at 3690 cm-1 characterizes the mixed-layer clay mineral. Heat treatment of the mixed-layer clay mineral structure reduces the 14.3 Å basal spacing to 11.8Å at 540°C, which decreases to 10.6Å at 850°C, disappearing by 1050°C. Procedures are given for direct quantitative analysis of these three-phase mineral systems using simultaneous linear equations.

Evidence is presented for the alteration minerals formed during weathering of the slate, including Fourier analysis of the mixed-layer clay structure.

A purple-colored clay of 1M mica polymorph in association with lead-zinc ore was collected from an abandoned mine dump near Silverton. Colorado. Electron micrographs show that the crystallites of the clay are less than 2μ in size and have poorly developed hexagonal outlines. Differential thermal and i.r. absorption analyses indicate similarity with those of muscovite. The structural formula of the 1M mica polymorph is (K1.45 Na0.02) (Al3.75 Mg0.19) (Si6.90 Al1·10) O20 (OH)4. The purple color may be related to trace amounts of manganese in the clay.

On the orthodox account of the private law compensatory principle, the claimant is compensated for the loss that they actually suffered because of the defendant’s wrong. Although the principle has various exceptions, it is widely accepted in both case law and academic commentary. We argue that it is nevertheless flawed, both doctrinally and theoretically. Claimants are never really compensated for their actual loss, and, contrary to popular belief, leading theoretical accounts of private law compensation (corrective justice and the continuity thesis) suggest that a principle of compensation for actual loss is not desirable in any event.