The Greek theater produced not only a single triumphal procession of Dionysus. The god of tragedy made his way into the Renaissance and the baroque period through the story of Orpheus, given new dramatic and musical life. This was the theme of my study in Diogenes, 1959: “The Birth and Rebirth of Tragedy.” But the god of comedy was none other than the god of tragedy, and his path led, already in ancient times, to a particular dramatic genre: a genre which in its last, mild form became at the same time the vehicle of humanity, as the actual, great herald of Greek culture, and the model for European drama, inasfar as the latter did not purport to be a continuation of Greek tragedy.

This paper reports the measured distribution of major cations in interstitial, exchangeable and non-exchangeable phases of estuarine sediments. The observed changes in ionic ratios result from the valence and dilution effects in the Donnan equilibrium concept according to which the ion exchanger favors the sorption of divalent ions at the expense of monovalent cations and cations migrate to the outer solution. The above findings have direct application to an interpretation of diagenetic changes in clay minerals.

Steamboat Springs, Nevada, an area of present-day hot springs, clearly illustrates the genetic dependence of some kaolin deposits on hot-spring activity. Andesite, granodiorite and arkosic sediments are locally altered at the land surface to siliceous residues consisting of primary quartz and anatase, plus opal from primary silicates. These siliceous residues commonly exhibit the textural and structural features of their unaltered equivalents. Beneath the siliceous residues, kaolin and alunite replace primary silicates and fill open spaces, forming a blanketlike deposit. Beneath the kaolin-alunite zone, montmorillonite, commonly accompanied by pyrite, replaces the primary silicates. On the ground surface, the same alteration mineral zones can be traced outward from the siliceous residue; however, hematite rather than pyrite accompanies montmorillonite.

Chemical analysis indicates that sulfuric acid is the active altering agent. The acid forms from hydrogen sulfide that exsolves from deep thermal water, rises above the water table and is oxidized by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living near the ground surface. This acid dissolves in precipitation or condensed water vapor and percolates downward destroying most of the primary minerals producing a siliceous residue. Coincidence of the water table with the downward transition from siliceous residue to kaolin-alunite signifies decreasing hydrogen metasomatism because of dilution of descending acid by ground water.

In hot-spring areas, beds of siliceous sinter deposited at the surface by hypogene thermal water look, superficially, like areas of surficial acid alteration. Features diagnostic of a surficial alteration are the relict rock structures of a siliceous residue and a kaolin-alunite zone immediately beneath.

The Moment-SOS hierarchy, first introduced in optimization in 2000, is based on the theory of the S-moment problem and its dual counterpart: polynomials that are positive on S. It turns out that this methodology can also be used to solve problems with positivity constraints ‘f(x) ≥ 0 for all $\mathbf{x}\in S$’ or linear constraints on Borel measures. Such problems can be viewed as specific instances of the generalized moment problem (GMP), whose list of important applications in various domains of science and engineering is almost endless. We describe this methodology in optimization and also in two other applications for illustration. Finally we also introduce the Christoffel function and reveal its links with the Moment-SOS hierarchy and positive polynomials.

In 1933, the rector of the University of Leyden, J. Huizinga, chose as the theme of his solemn speech, “the boundaries of play and of work in culture.” He was to take this subject up again and to develop it in a powerful and original work published in 1938, Homo ludens. Most of the statements in this book are debatable. Nonetheless, it opens the way to extremely fertile research and reflection. It is to Huizinga's lasting credit that he masterfully analyzed the fundamental characteristics of play and that he demonstrated the importance of its role in the development of civilization. He wanted on the one hand to find an exact definition of the essential nature of play; on the other hand, he attempted to shed some light on that part of play that haunts or enlivens the principal manifestations of all culture, the arts as well as philosophy, poetry as well as juridical institutions, and even certain aspects of war.

Uncertainty has attached to a medieval library catalogue entry mentioning Papias cum sermonibus diversis at Stams Abbey. Most recent editors of Papias have suspected that it refers to the medieval lexicographer rather than the second-century Christian author of the same name. This note calls attention to a marginal citation in a Stams manuscript from the lexicographer that helps put to rest the hypothesis of a full Latin manuscript of Papias of Hierapolis.

This work describes the separation of alunite from natural alunitic kaolins by applying a selective flocculation procedure. In order to determine the most efficient separating procedure preliminary experiments were performed with artificial mixtures of alunite and kaolin. The same procedure was then applied to natural alunitic kaolin which enabled the preparation of kaolin of considerable purity.

Not many of the answers, true enough, are known: what is really new in the study of recent African history—the two millenniums, let us say, before A.D. 1500—is not so much that the answers are being supplied as that the questions are being put. That in itself is something of a milestone. Few may have denied the eventual possibility of tracing firm outlines for that place and period; all but the merest handful have had other fish to fry. These fish have been, and are, extremely important—as important as the study of human origins through the slow millenniums of the Pleistocene or, at the other end of time, as the story of colonial beginnings through the scurried decades of the last century. It is no small thing that Dart, Breuil, Leakey, and their colleagues can now assert with solid evidence behind them that Homo sapiens first saw the light in Africa; while in another direction the astonishing continuity of the African story has acquired spectacular emphasis from the recovery in southeast African waters of coelacanth, a most ancient creature whose latest known fossils had occurred in rocks that are older than seventy million years. Compared with that majestic gap in time, the centuries before European preoccupation with Africa may have seemed small and unimportant; they were in any case, and for one reason or another, largely ignored.

The effect of heat treatment on surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, physical and chemical structure up to 700°C have been studied on samples of naturally occurring chrysotile minerals from California and Quebec. Techniques used included thermogravimetric analysis, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, electron microscopy, X-ray powder and electron diffraction. The materials behaved similarly on heating to 100°C showing a 0.5% weight loss attributable to desorption of physisorbed water. At 500°C, Quebec samples retained the chrysotile crystal structure while Californian samples were X-ray amorphous. Forsterite was formed by dehydration of both chrysotiles at 700°C; the greater stability of the Quebec samples to this process is explained by the presence of brucite as an impurity which enters into stray solid-solid interactions with the chrysotile.

This Article is a follow-up to a recent Gazette Article about a probabilistic betting game studied by Abdin et al. [1]. We examine the speed of convergence of the probability needed to investigate this game by giving concrete examples, using the large deviation, which is a valuable tool for estimating probabilities of repeated trials (see [2], [3, Chapter 6], [4, Section 5.11]). Moreover, to get a deep understanding of the game, we study fairness when it is repeated infinite times. Let us call it fairness in the sense of infinity, whose exact definition will be given in the final section.

The adsorption mechanism of iso-propylammonium (PAH+), the cationic component of Roundup, by various homoionic montmorillonites and the structures of the associations obtained in the interlayer space were investigated, using infrared, X-ray, and carbon analysis methods. Adsorption from aqueous and ethanol solutions of Roundup was studied. The infrared spectra were compared with those obtained by the treatment of montmorillonites with ethanol and CCl4 solutions of the free iso-propylamine (PA). The adsorption of PA from ethanol gives rise to protonation of the amine. PA sorbed from CCl4 solution forms an ammonium-amine association. Adsorption of PAH+ from alcohol solution of Roundup occurs by the mechanism of cation exchange. With transition metal exchangeable cations, PAH+ is sorbed in excess, forming hydrogen bonds between NH3+ groups and hydroxyls resulting from dissociation of water molecules. The process of adsorption of PAH+ from aqueous solutions of Roundup depends on the concentration of the solution. If montmorillonite is reacted with 0.5% solution of Roundup, PAH+ is adsorbed by exchanging metal cations and the adsorption capacity of the clay does not exceed the c.e.c. If the montmorillonite is reacted with 5.0% solution of Roundup, the PAH+ exchanges protons originating from the hydrolysis of the interlayer water. Protons which are transferred from the interlayer space to the water solution are accepted by the anion component of Roundup. The amounts of PAH+ adsorbed from concentrated Roundup solutions are much higher than the cation exchange capacity of montmorillonite. Hydrogen bonds are formed between the ammonium and water or hydroxyl groups on the interlayer space. With the trivalent exchange ions Al and Fe, which tend to polymerize in the interlayer space, excess sorption gives rise to hydrogen bonding of NH3+ to oxygen of the polymer.

Infrared absorption spectra show important changes in the positions and form of the absorption bands of a film of attapulgite after it has been pumped out. An attempt to differentiate among some of the multiple frequencies due to OH groups is based on the information obtained from dehydration and deuteration experiments. The 1198 cm−1 shoulder, characteristic of attapulgite, is assigned to a Si-O vibration. When attapulgite is refluxed with 5N HCl for 5 hr the octahedral layer is dissolved. The acid attack causes the disappearance of the Si-O-Si absorption bands from attapulgite giving rise to a characteristic vibration at 1090 cm−1, as well as another absorption at 960 cm−1. The latter indicates the presence of silanol groups.

The unity and continuity of Indian civilization is both a commonplace and a problem. It is usually taken for granted as a truth too evident to require proof. Yet when scholars begin to inquire into the exact nature of this unity and continuity and into the ways in which it is attained, they quickly encounter many unanswered questions. In a recent paper on “The Content of Cultural Continuity in India,” the American indologist Professor W. Norman Brown concludes that, while there has been a highly developed civilization on the Indian subcontinent since the third millennium в. с. with many elements of cultural continuity, it remains a problem to say what has given this Indian civilization its distinctive character and vitality. He himself does not believe that this question will be answered by making a catalogue of the hundreds of cultural traits (such as the use of the swastika, the sacredness of the pipal tree and of the cow, the joint family and the caste system, ascetism, the doctrines of karma and rebirth and of ahinsā) which persist across large spans of Indian civilization. Even if the historical and ethnic origins of these traits could be traced, this knowledge would not be sufficient, he thinks, to discover the vitalizing principle of Indian civilization. That principle, he suggests, lies in the field of values and attitudes and not in the material productions of arts, literature, and the sciences, or in particular skills, customs, institutions, or forms of thought. He analyzes, as one example of such a basic value, the notion of duty and the stress on correct action.