Malgré son importance dans divers domaines, le raisonnement par analogie n'a pas encore reçu de représentation formelle unifiée. Notre contribution suggère un schéma d'inférence général compatible avec différentes logiques. Premièrement, une assertion analogique définit la similarité entre deux objets en fonction de leurs propriétés, de façon seulement relative. Deuxièmement, une inférence analogique transfère une propriété nouvelle d'un objet à un objet similaire, grâce à une méta-hypothèse d'arrière-plan qui relie deux ensembles de propriétés. Le degré de croyance dans la conclusion est directement relié au degré de croyance dans cette méta-hypothèse.

Since the introduction of a separate axis in DSM-III (1980), the validity of the categorical nature of the classification of personality disorders has been seriously questioned. Subsequently, a number of multidimensional alternatives have been proposed based on statistical procedures or theoretical considerations. At the same time, the study of the neurobiological underpinnings of personality and personality disorders has created a better understanding of etiological and pathogenetic processes responsible for these chronic disorders. The findings of these studies corroborate some of the major findings of statistical studies regarding the nature of the frequent comorbidity of axis II disorders. In the discussion, a mixed, two-tier diagnostic model is proposed to serve both scientific and clinical aims without the disadvantages of an exclusive choice for either categorical or dimensional approaches to the classification of personality pathology.

The morphology and ecology of a†new species of the cyanophyte/cyanobacterial genus Aphanizomenon Morren ex Bornet etFlahault, A. slovenicum Rekar et Hindák, are described from Lake Bled, NW Slovenia. The species produced a heavy waterbloom in May - December 1997 but disappeared during 1998. Macroscopic flakes of bundles of trichomes similar to A. flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault formed in a layer between 10 - 20 m depth. They differed from A. flos-aquae by shorter and narrow short cylindrical to barrel-shaped cells, and by trichomes that sometimes consisted of morphologically different cell sections. Maximum abundance was found in August : 655 trichomes.m1-1. Heterocytes were occasionally present and akinetes have been observed only in laboratory cultures. The main characteristics of the investigated cultures of A. slovenicum and A.flos-aquae isolated from a fishpond at Ledava (NE Slovenia) are given.

In the present paper Candonopsis murchisoni n. sp., C. dani n. sp., C. williami n. sp., C. kimberleyi n. sp., and C. westaustraliensisn. sp., are described, while C. tenuis (Brady, 1886) is redescribed. All species have been collected in the subterraneanwaters of Western Australia. The new species are easily distinguishable from the existing world species in details of the carapace,walking leg, cleaning leg, furca and hemipenis. Because of new features found, revised diagnosis and a key to the worldspecies are provided. Some species, previously described in the genus Candonopsis Vavra, 1891, are considered as incertaesedis, while others are removed from this genus, which now contains 25 species. Finally, the authors propose the elevation ofthe subgenera Caribecandona Broodbakker, 1983 and Cubacandona Broodbakker, 1983 to the generic level.

In Morocco, poisoning events of fish, aquatic birds and livestock have been observed in some reservoirs and shallow lakes. In all cases, the reasons for animal mortality reasons have not been confirmed and the toxic cyanobacteria strains that were abundant in these water bodies have been suggested as their cause. Since 1994, the authors started taxonomic, ecological and toxicological studies by collecting samples from various lakes reservoirs and ponds. The results show that more than 18 out of 26 lakes reservoirs used for human water supply contained at least one species of planktonic cyanobacteria, where the genus Microcystis was dominant (Microcystis aeruginosa f. aeruginosa, M. aeruginosa f. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. pulverea f.delicatissima) and was associated with Oscillatoria, Planktothrix, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Phormidium and other genera. Taxonomic studies shows that among more than 150 cyanobacteria taxa identified in Moroccan freshwater ecosystems, 35 are potentially toxic. For several species, the toxicity of both natural blooms and isolated strains lyophilized material was confirmed by mouse bioassay and the microcystins content evaluated by the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A map of geographicdistribution of Microcystis strains inventoried in moroccan water bodies is presented.

Rangabradya n. gen. and Rangabradya indica n. sp. from the subterranean freshwaters of India axe described. The new genusbelongs to a group of genera in the family Ectinosomatidae Sars, 1904 possessing fusiform body shape and it is very similar tothe genus Halectinosoma Lang, 1944. The new genus has the exopodite and basiendopodite of the fifth leg completely fused,without surface seta, as well as a characteristic appearance of the antennula, antenna and maxilla. The position of the genusRangabradya n.gen. within the family Ectinosomatidae is discussed.

The plant. The camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) Mc. Vaugh] is a shrub from the Myrtaceae family. It grows naturally in floodable and swampy areas of the Amazonian basin. This plant is cultivated in Peru and Brazil with fruit yields ranging from (12 to 20) t × ha-1 × year-1. The fruit. The fruit, from (1 to 3) cm in diameter, is pink to dark purple; it is the highest known source of natural vitamin C, providing (850 to 5,000) mg mg × 100 g-1 edible portion. The market. In the last few years, both national and international demand for the camu-camu fruit has drastically increased for the production of health food or of natural vitamin C. The current fruit production is not sufficient to satisfy the market. Conclusion.M. dubia stands out amongst other Amazonian fruit species as having a high economic and social potential. Little information is available on its processing, showing the need for research in this area.

The seventh in a series on the Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) of New Caledonia, this papers treats three new genera(Paraluma, Oumas, and Amoa) and 12 new species. For Paraluma gen.n., the type species P. cancellata sp.n., P. triangularissp.n., P. gilva sp.n. and P. minuta sp.n. are described from male and female imagos and nymphs, P. pulla sp.n. from male imagosand nymphs, and P. maculata sp.n. from male and female imagos. For Amoa gen.n., the type species A. fronini sp.n., A. subsolanosp.n. and A. orthogonia sp.n. are described from male and female imagos and nymphs, A. cressonensis sp.n. from nymphsonly and A. hebes sp.n. from the male imago only. Oumas orbis gen.n. sp.n. is described from male and female imagos andnymphs.

After examination of 44 populations of Attheyella (Brehmiella) wulmeri (Kerhervé, 1914) (Copepoda : Harpacticoida) from Montenegro (SE Europe), its taxonomic status is revised. Three new synonyms of this species are established : A. (B.) osmana Kiefer, 1955, A. (B.) naphtalica Por, 1983, and A. (B.) paranaphtalica Pesce & Galassi, 1988. Detailed description, map of distribution, as well as a review of all important variable characteristics are presented.

Tanytarsus bukavus Lehmann, 1979 and Tanytarsus congolensis Lehmann, 1979 are transferred to the genus CladotanytarsusKieffer. Adult males as well as pupae of both species are redescribed and the female of T. bukavus is described as new to science.An emended diagnosis to include the presence or absence of pedes spurii B for Cladotanytarsus pupae is given.

Madagascar has been isolated from other land for about 100 million years. Thus the hydra of the island have been evolving independently of the hydra on the continents during the Tertiary geological period. On the northern continents the species of hydra cluster into four groups. Three species were found in a search of about 100 sites across Madagascar. These species represent two, and perhaps three, of the four groups of species that are found on the northern continents. A green hydra found throughout the island is similar to the European Hydra viridissima. One type of brown hydra, H madagascarensis n.sp., has characters intermediate between those of the vulgaris and braueri groups of continental brown hydra. The third species, unnamed in this paper, belongs to the vulgaris group. One continental group of hydra, the oligactis group, is not represented on Madagascar. The hydra that occur in Madagascar are very similar to some on the continents, indicating that these animals evolve exceedingly slowly.

Two species of superfamily Cytheracea from Skadar Valley (Montenegro), are presented in this paper. Leptocythere pseudoproboscidea n.sp., collected in a spring is very close to Leptocythere proboscidea Klie, 1939, an endemic species of the Ohrid Lake. Paralimnocythere karamani (Petkovski, 1960) occurred in two localities : river and spring. Until now, this species was considered endemic in the Ohrid-Prespa region. Its known distribution is non extended westwards and its presence in Skadar Valley confirms exchanges between faunas of Ohrid and Skadar drainage areas.

Two new copepod species are described from Lake Ohrid (Balkan peninsula). Diacyclops ichnusoides n.sp. (Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) collected from interstitial waters on the lake coast, and it belongs to the “languidoides”-group. Bryocamptus (R.) mirus n.sp. (Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae) lives in deep water and belongs to the “zschokkei”-group. With this investigation, the copepod list in Lake Ohrid increases to 36 species, of which 6 are endemic.

Stemborers in Africa are attacked by a complex of about 120 species of hymenopteran parasitoids, including about 15 species which are either facultative or obligatory hyperparasitoids. Several dipteran parasitoids also attack stemborers. An overview of hymenopteran stemborer parasitoids is here presented by superfamily and family, giving numbers of genera and species involved, their biologies (where known) and distributions.

The rotifer fauna present in Thale-Noi Lake, Pattalang Province, Thailand on the 16th September 1995 is reported. A total of 106 species, the majority of which belong to the genera Lecane (31 %), Lepadella (13 %) and Brachionus (9 %) are recorded. Cephalodella songkhlaensis n.sp. and Trichocerca siamensis n.sp. are described, Lecane calcaria Harring & Myers is redescribed. An additional fourteen rotifer species are recorded for the first time from Thailand. The genera Metadiaschiza Fadeew and Paracephalodella Berzins are synonymized with Cephalodella Bory de St. Vincent.

Le présent travail a été réalisé à partir de récoltes d'insectes aquatiques à la lumière artificielle dans 15 stations du cours axial de la rivière Mouhoun (ex Volta Noire). 12 espèces ont été identifiées. Parmi elles, six sont nouvelles et décrites : Orthotrichia guinkoi n. sp., O. dapola n. sp., O. prevoti n. sp., O. bolyi n. sp., O. mussoi n. sp., O. cazaubonae n. sp. Certaines espèces sont signalées pour la première fois en Afrique de l'Ouest : O. verbekei Jacquemart, O. nova Marlier, O. alboguttata Jacquemart, O. petiti Jacquemart. Deux espèces sont déjà signalées dans la sous-région de l'Afrique occidentale : O. straeleni Jacquemart et O. aequatoriana Kimmins. Pour chaque espèce, le point est fait sur la répartition le long de la rivière étudiée et éventuellement en Afrique.

An image discrimination technique was developed to improve specific identification of some toxic Dinophysis cells (marine dinoflagellates involved in diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning), especially the "acuminata" and "sacculus" groups, which can be present at different ratios in natural sea-water samples collected during toxic episodes. This work was performed with image analysis software SAMBA (TITN Alcatel) using preserved cells directly observed through an inverted microscope and recorded with a video camera before further processing. All morphometric parameters used for discrimination of 7 different species or morphotypes of Dinophysis were tested with discriminant analysis. This study indicates that Dinophysis sp. and D. pavillardi seem well classified at the species level, whereas D. cf. acuminata and D. sacculus appear to be morphotypes of D. acuminata.

The present paper describes the male and female of Brillia pudorosa sp. n. and attempts to summarize information with respect to previously described Holarctic species. The specific validity of B. longifurca Kieffer, 1921 is confirmed. The observation of an extra seminal capsule in nearly all species studied indicates a need to redefine the systematic relationships with some related genera.

This paper justifies the need for a single taxonomic work providing a key to the common mealybugs of tropical Africa, and provides such a key for identification of some adult mealybugs of Central Africa. If users find that their specimens do not fit into the key, then the specimens are probably other species and should be sent to an expert for identification.

The congenerity of Arctomyia Lundström, 1915, with Metriocnemus van der Wulp, 1874, is confirmed. Types of Arctomyia sibirica Lundström ; Chironomus picipes Meigen, 1818 : Metriocnemus longipalpus Sinharay et Chaudhuri, 1978 ; and Apometriocnemus beringiensis Cranston et Oliver, 1988 ; are examined. Metriocnemus sibiricus is close to M. longipennis (Holmgren), M. picipes is separate from M. atriclava Kieffer, M. longipalpus is a junior synonym of M. picipes, and M. beringiensis is close to M. fuscipes (Meigen). M. obscuripes (Holmgren) is a junior homonym and replaced by M. eurynotus (Holmgren). Metriocnemus wangi sp. n., M. acutus sp. n., M. dentipalpus sp. n., M. calvescens sp. n., M. sibiricus, M. caudigus sp. n., M. intergerivus sp. n., M. aculeatus Chaudhuri et Bhattacharyay, M. unilinearis Chaudhuri et Bhattacharyay, M. exilacies sp. n., M. beringiensis and M. picipes are described as male imagines. The females of M. longipennis, M sibiricus, M. intergerivus, M. picipes and M. atriclava are described. Keys to both sexes are presented. New records from Norway and China are given for M. eurynotus, M. brusti Sæther, M. ursinus (Holmgren), M. fuscipes, M. aculeatus, M. unilinearis, M. beringiensis, and M. picipes.