La qualité des soins apportés aux personnes vivant avec la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) dépend en partie de la capacité des professionnels à déterminer le degré de conscience de la maladie chez les patients. La présente recherche s’est intéressée aux représentations des soignants concernant la conscience des troubles chez les résidents d’établissements de soins de longue durée présentant un diagnostic de MA. Le pouvoir prédicteur de l’anosognosie sur le fardeau soignant a également été examiné. L’anosognosie des troubles de la construction (r = 0,40, p = 0,0164) et de l’initiation (r = 0,32, p = 0,052) était corrélée au fardeau soignant. Les professionnels se représentaient les résidents comme ayant une conscience altérée de leurs capacités, même en l’absence d’anosognosie. Les scores réels d’anosognosie ne prédisaient pas les estimations soignantes, hormis le score global sous forme de tendance (χ2 = 3,38, p = 0,066). Les soignants surestimaient pourtant les performances cognitives des résidents, telles que mesurées au moyen du protocole Misawareness (prédictions aidants/performances réelles : DC = 12,32, p < 0,0001).

Despite its global importance and the recognition of dementia as an international public health priority, interventions to reduce stigma of dementia are a relatively new and emerging field. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the existing literature and identify key components of interventions to reduce stigma of dementia. We followed Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review process to examine peer-reviewed literature of interventions to reduce dementia-related stigma. A stigma-reduction framework was used for classifying the interventions: education (dispel myths with facts), contact (interact with people with dementia), mixed (education and contact), and protest (challenge negative attitudes). From the initial 732 references, 21 studies were identified for inclusion. We found a variety of education, contact, and mixed interventions ranging from culturally tailored films to intergenerational choirs. Findings from our review can inform the development of interventions to support policies, programs, and practices to reduce stigma and improve the quality of life for people with dementia.

L’apathie est un des syndromes psychocomportementaux les plus fréquents au cours de l’évolution des pathologies neurodégénératives, précédant souvent l’apparition des symptômes cognitifs, classiquement reliés pour le grand public à l’entrée dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. L’apathie appartient au cortège des symptômes dits « négatifs », car souvent peu démonstratifs, avec expressivité clinique pauvre. Cette présentation abordera tout d’abord la place des nouvelles technologies dans l’aide au diagnostic. Puis, seront présentées les principales données relatives à la physiopathologie de l’apathie dans les atteintes neurodégénératives. Enfin, les modalités préventives et thérapeutiques, certes encore pauvres, seront abordées.

Plusieurs études ont conclu à une augmentation du risque de démence chez les personnes âgées ayant utilisé des benzodiazépines . Ces médicaments méritent une attention particulière du fait de :

– leur utilisation trop systématique et le plus souvent chronique contrairement aux recommandations d’usage ;

– leurs effets délétères sur la cognition, mal évalués à long terme.

Un biais protopathique pouvait cependant, en partie du moins, avoir expliqué ces résultats : la prescription de benzodiazépines pouvait avoir été motivée par des prodromes souvent observés au cours des années précédant le diagnostic de la maladie. Afin de mieux prendre en considération ce biais, le projet BENZODEM a utilisé les ressources de la cohorte PAQUID (3777 sujets ≥ 65 ans tirés au sort sur les listes électorales de Dordogne et Gironde bénéficiant d’un suivi de plus de 20 ans). Ce projet, combinant deux études de cohorte et une étude cas-témoins, a conclu à un risque de démence augmenté de 46 à 62 % chez les utilisateurs de benzodiazépines et retardé de 5 à 15 ans par rapport à l’initiation du traitement . Un second programme (BENZODEM2) a consisté en une étude cas-témoins conduite sur un large échantillon de sujets de plus de 65 ans enregistrés sur la base de données de la régie de l’Assurance Maladie du Québec (RAMQ). Ce programme a permis :

– de valider les précédents résultats (risque augmenté de 30 à 80 % en fonction de la dose, la durée du traitement et la nature des molécules) ;

– d’identifier les profils de consommation associés à un excès de risque : consommateurs de plus de 3 mois avec une relation dose–effet marquée et molécules à longue demi-vie d’élimination .

Des explorations complémentaires ont permis de conclure que cet excès de risque n’était pas expliqué par une mortalité différentielle entre groupes comparés ni par la prescription d’autres médicaments psychotropes.

Il est maintenant clairement établi que de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives, en particulier la maladie de Parkinson et la maladie d’Alzheimer, sont associées à des troubles olfactifs qui peuvent même précéder l’apparition des symptômes moteurs ou cognitifs. Décrits pour la première fois il y a près de quatre décennies [1,2], les déficits de l’olfaction dans ces pathologies ont depuis fait l’objet de nombreuses études qui mettent notamment en avant leur importante prévalence (autour de 95 % pour la maladie de Parkinson ) et leur apparition dans les stades précoces de la maladie . Des travaux récents soulignent ainsi l’intérêt de l’évaluation clinique des déficiences olfactives dans l’établissement du diagnostic précoce ou différentiel. L’objectif de cette présentation est de faire une synthèse de l’état des connaissances sur les déficits olfactifs dans les pathologies neurodégénératives et, en particulier, dans la maladie de Parkinson. La première partie de l’exposé abordera de façon générale les troubles de l’olfaction, leurs étiologies les plus fréquentes et présentera les différents tests permettant l’examen des fonctions olfactives. La deuxième partie portera plus spécifiquement sur la nature et la physiopathologie des altérations olfactives dans la maladie de Parkinson et sur les analogies et les différences avec d’autres pathologies neurodégénératives, notamment la maladie d’Alzheimer. Enfin, une dernière partie présentera les résultats de quelques études récentes montrant les effets bénéfiques potentiels de l’entraînement olfactif sur la récupération de certaines fonctions olfactives.

For this study, we adapted the Montgomery Borgatta Caregiver Burden Scale, used widely in the United States, to the Saudi Arabian context. To produce an Arabic, culturally sensitive version of the scale, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 Saudi family caregivers. The Arabic version of the scale was tested, and participants were asked to comment on the appropriateness of items for the construct of “caregiver burden” using the repertory grid technique and laddering procedure – two constructivist methods derived from personal construct theory. From interview findings, we examined the content of the items and the caregiver burden construct itself. Our findings suggest that the use of constructivist methods to refine constructs and quantitative instruments is highly informative. This strategy is feasible even when little is known about the investigated constructs in the target culture and further elucidates our understanding of cross-cultural variations or invariance of different versions of the scale.

Care aides working in nursing homes are often exposed to responsive behaviours in older adults living with Alzheimer’s disease. As these behaviors may induce psychological distress, the current research aims to estimate the contribution of a set of variables on the psychological distress reported by care aides. Variables include perceived frequency of responsive behaviours, primary and secondary cognitive appraisal, and coping strategies. A total of ninety-two day care aides were recruited in nursing homes in the Quebec City area. Standard multiple regression was completed and findings show that frequency of responsive behaviours, primary appraisal of threat, secondary appraisal (feeling incapable of changing the situation) and seeking emotional support contribute to care aides’ psychological distress. This study highlights the importance of responsive behaviours on the units and discusses the psychological mechanisms used by care aides.

Validating support of social participation for people with cognitive impairment (CI) plays a predominant role in maintaining identity, autonomy, sense of belonging and social bonding. Yet what restricts this participation—intervention methods, cognitive impairment, or other individuals in the participant’s environment? This study documents stakeholders’, volunteers’ and users’ perceptions of people with CI in community recreation centres (CRC). Six focus groups (n = 44) in Montreal, Quebec City and Drummondville highlighted some issues concerning this subject. Although sympathetic to a society where people with multiple weaknesses coexist, participants are not convinced of the need to include those whose memory and judgment are failing. The integration of people with CI includes relational and organizational challenges and questions our relationship to cognitive aging and performance values in an inclusive environment.

In France, few studies have investigated the experience of home caregivers with elderly people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease or alcoholic behavior. The aim of this study was to describe caregivers' understanding of these disorders to identify their difficulties and satisfactions in relation to their role. Seventeen social care workers were interviewed and the content was analysed using a general inductive approach. Regarding misuse or abuse of alcohol, they expressed a feeling of helplessness, and put forth their experience and skills to communicate with the receiver of care. Concerning Alzheimer’s disease, they expressed worries regarding its progression They identified themselves with the elder’s anxiety, which induced fears regarding their own old age. All of them were satisfied by the care they provided and by the possibility of acquiring experience. Results could be of use in supporting clinical preventive actions for professional home caregivers dealing with these two disorders that can occur in the course of the ageing process.

Client-responsive behaviours occur commonly among residents in long-term care (LTC) settings; direct-care staff, however, receive little education, support, or opportunities to discuss and collaborate on managing such behaviours. Our participatory action project introduced mental health huddles to support staff in discussing and managing client-responsive behaviours in long-term care. This research project engaged direct-care staff (e.g., personal support workers, registered practical nurses, housekeeping staff, and registered nurses) in learning how to use these huddles. Staff workers used huddles as a forum to stay informed, review work, problem solve, and develop person-centered action plans. Fifty-six huddles occurred over a 12-week period; two to seven direct-care staff participated in each huddle. Focus groups indicated improved staff collaboration, teamwork, support, and communication when discussing specific responsive behaviours. Huddles provided LTC staff with the opportunity to collaborate and discuss strategies to optimize resident care. Further research on how huddles affect resident care outcomes is needed.

Little is known about how persons with dementia and their care partners respond to mealtime changes that occur throughout the dementia journey. By interviewing 27 persons living with dementia and their 28 care partners, we explored the meaning and experience of change surrounding mealtimes. Participants adjusted to mealtime change by adapting to an evolving life, as a result of a dynamic process of becoming aware of change, attaching meaning to change, and responding to change. Seminal events compounded by a sense of things being different triggered awareness of mealtime changes. Meaning was attached to mealtime changes, observed through emotions experienced and diverse strategies developed to support mealtime values. Responding to change ranged from resisting, to being in a holding pattern, to transforming and adapting. Understanding how individuals and families adjust to mealtime changes, and the strategies they develop, provides critical insights for supporting families throughout the dementia journey.

An increasing number of studies have documented the cognitive profile of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but few studies have investigated the individuals’ psychological health and personality traits or how these factors interact with cognition. In the present study, 27 healthy older adults and 30 persons with MCI completed questionnaires covering psychological health, morale, personality, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. The results indicated that individuals with MCI are more depressed, anxious, hostile, and have lower morale than matched healthy older adults. Furthermore, our results show a positive association between the level of depression of MCI persons and the severity of their cognitive dysfunctions. In contrast, there were no group differences on measures of personality traits. Thus, while psychological distress is present in persons with MCI, those individuals are not characterized by differences in personality traits relative to older adults who experience no cognitive impairment.

A stimulating variety of papers on genetic and clinical research in psychiatry was discussed at the latest meeting of the American Psychiatric Association and the Society of Biological Psychiatry in May 1990 in New York. Conflicting results point out that extreme caution must be taken in interpreting linkage studies of psychiatric disorders. Difficulties stem from complex models on inheritance as well as the genetic heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders. Progress has been made in the approach to the regulation of receptor genes that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. In some cases, gene regulation may be tissue-dependent, as is suggested by the alternative splicing of D2 receptor mRNA.