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Chapter 1 - Behavior
from Section 1: - Basic Introduction
- By Mark Hallett
Edited by Erik Ch. Wolters, Universität Zürich, Christian R. Baumann, Universität Zürich
Book:

International Compendium of Movement Disorders

Published online:

07 January 2025

Print publication:

06 February 2025, pp 5-10
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Summary

Although movement is largely generated from the primary motor cortex, what movement to make and how to make it is influenced from the entire brain. External influences from the environment come from sensory systems in the posterior part of the brain, and internal influences, such as homeostatic drive and reward, from the anterior part. A movement is voluntary when a person’s consciousness recognizes it to be so because of proper activation of the agency network. Behavioral movement disorders can be understood as dysfunction of these mechanisms. Apraxia and task specific dystonia arise from disruption of parietal–premotor connections. Tics arise from a hyperactive limbic system. Functional movement disorders may also have an origin in abnormal limbic function and are believed to be involuntary due to dysfunction of the agency network. In Parkinson’s disease, bradykinesia comes from insufficient basal ganglia support to the anterior part of the brain.