1 Introduction
1.1 Defining Cyber Racism
1.2 New Terms in Research on Cyber Racism
2 Themes in the Early Research on Cyber Racism
3 Where We Are Now in the Field of Cyber Racism – Current Themes
3.1 Cyber Racism as Intragroup Communication
3.1.1 Online White Supremacist Communities
3.2 Cyber Racism as Intergroup Communication
3.2.1 How Do Opposing Camps (Racists and Anti-Racists) Engage with Each Other in Online Debates?
3.2.2 Effects of Cyber Racism as Intergroup Communication: Ideological Polarisation
3.3 Experiences of Cyber Racism: Research from the Perspective of the Targets
4 Newly Emerging Themes: Racist Narratives about COVID 19
5 The State: Governments and the Regulation of Cyber Racism
6 Future Directions and Conclusion