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6 results

  • 7 - ‘Bona Fide Family Planning’

  • Mary E. Daly, University College Dublin
  • Book:
    The Battle to Control Female Fertility in Modern Ireland
    Published online:
    11 May 2023
    Print publication:
    25 May 2023, pp 248-301

  • Summary

    In 1980 Irish fertility was 1.66% of the Western European average, however families were smaller, and fewer women were giving birth in their forties. Despite the limitations of the 1979 Act, the 1980s saw a marked increase in access to contraception, by single and married adults, and major advances in family planning training for doctors. However, surveys of mothers in maternity hospitals indicate that many pregnancies were unplanned, and access to information and contraceptives remained patchy in provincial Ireland. Legal restrictions were gradually eased from the mid-1980s, and by 1995 condoms were available without restriction, partly to counter the threat of HIV. Sterilisation was never banned in Ireland, and by the 1980s male sterilisation was readily available, but access to tubal ligation, even in cases of acute medical need proved much more difficult. In some hospitals, including Dublin maternity hospitals, the ethics committees, which were formed in the early 1980s at the behest of the Catholic hierarchy, and the hostility of nursing and other non-medical hospital staff prevented doctors from carrying out the procedure, prompting some to resort to hysterectomy.

  • Chapter 5 - Democratic Priorities, Relationships, and Tensions

  • Brandon del Pozo, Brown University, Rhode Island
  • Book:
    The Police and the State
    Published online:
    17 January 2023
    Print publication:
    15 December 2022, pp 89-105

  • Summary

    To demonstrate the principles of democratic policing in action, this chapter looks at seven cases of policing that incorporates them: (1) Not arresting Black Lives Matter protesters who block traffic during rush hour; (2) Reducing the car stops a police department makes as a way to decrease the negative consequences of this type of enforcement for a community; (3) Sanctuary city policies that explicitly limit police department cooperation with federal immigration enforcement officials; (4) A decision not to voucher condoms as evidence when making prostitution arrests; (5) Not arresting suspects for prostitution when there is cause to believe the suspects are being trafficked into doing so; (6) Not arresting individuals in possession of personal-use quantities of unprescribed addiction treatment medication; (7) Advocating for the redesign of smartphones to deter theft.

  • HIV prevention strategies and risk of infection: a model-based analysis

  • A. Hahn, R. Hinz, T. Meyer, U. Loderstädt, O. Herchenröder, C. G. Meyer, N. G. Schwarz, H. Frickmann
  • Journal:
    Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 146 / Issue 8 / June 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 April 2018, pp. 1015-1025
    • Article
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  • Risk populations for HIV infections tend to neglect condom use, making alternative preventive approaches necessary. Accordingly, we modelled the risk of sexual HIV transmission for condom use vs. use of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) systems with subsequent exclusion of potential sexual partners with a correctly or falsely positive test from unprotected sex with and without the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a bio-statistical approach. We combined a previously described model of transmission risk for HIV-exposed individuals with a newly suggested model of risk of HIV exposure for sexually active HIV-negative individuals. The model was adapted for several stages of infection and different strategies of HIV infection prevention.

    HIV prevention with RDTs can reduce the transmission risk by up to 97% compared with having sex without any prevention and up to 80% compared with condom use. Nevertheless, RDT-based prevention strategies demonstrate a lack of protection in several stages of infection; in particular, RNA-based RDT systems may fail under treatment. RDT-based pre-screening of potential sex partners prior to unprotected sexual contacts substantially reduces HIV transmission risk. Combination of different prevention strategies is advisable for high-risk groups.

  • 24 - Future developments incontraception

  • Edited by Paula Briggs, Gabor Kovacs, Monash University, Victoria
  • Edited in consultation with John Guillebaud, University College London
  • Book:
    Contraception
    Published online:
    05 August 2013
    Print publication:
    11 July 2013, pp 226-236

  • Summary

    Apart from the use of condoms, vasectomy is the only method of birth control that is the responsibility of the man. Vasectomy is more cost effective, less invasive and has a lower failure rate than sterilization in women. The general practitioner (GP) plays a very important role when a couple or an individual consults them about a vasectomy referral. Bearing in mind the poor pregnancy rate of vasectomy reversal and the potential cost, some men may want to have information about sperm storage. Cryo-storage would allow artificial insemination of their current partner or of a new partner. Vasectomy operative techniques described in this chapter include: open-ended vasectomy, fascial imposition, and Pro-Vas. The chapter explains that the man may experience a small amount of pain and discomfort during and after the procedure and that usually paracetamol is sufficient for pain relief.

  • Psychosocial Correlates of Condom Use and their Relationship with Worry about STI and HIV in Native and Immigrant Adolescents in Spain

  • Ma Paz Bermúdez, Ángel Castro, Gualberto Buela-Casal
  • Journal:
    The Spanish Journal of Psychology / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / November 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 January 2013, pp. 746-754

  • The goal of this study was to analyze how worry about sexually-transmitted infections (STI) and HIV influences attitudes and self-efficacy towards condom use, HIV-related knowledge, HIV-perceived susceptibility and HIV-misconceptions in a multicultural sample in Spain. The sample was composed of 3,051 adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years old who lived in Spain. Of these, 67.7% were native Spaniards and the remaining 32.3% were Latin American immigrants. Results showed that worry about STI and HIV has a direct influence on condom use self-efficacy and HIV-knowledge and HIV-perceived susceptibility. Native Spanish adolescents showed higher positive attitudes towards condom use, greater HIV-knowledge and HIV-perceived susceptibility, and lower negative attitudes towards condoms use and HIV-misconceptions than Latin American adolescents. In the discussion, the importance of worry about STI and HIV is highlighted as a mediator variable that can predict risky sexual behavior and is related to cultural origin.

  • Chapter 14 - Chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia

  • from Section 3 - Genitourinary concerns
  • Edited by Jo Ann Rosenfeld, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
  • Book:
    Handbook of Women's Health
    Published online:
    26 December 2009
    Print publication:
    22 October 2009, pp 167-174

  • Summary

    Contraception is an inherent part of good health care for women. Emergency contraception (EC) is birth control used to prevent pregnancy after known or suspected failure of contraception or unprotected intercourse, including sexual assault. Women who use EC should be given additional opportunities to consider whether a more permanent or better method of contraception is warranted. Once adolescents have had a sexual experience, they may be even more open to reconsidering abstinence and should be encouraged to consider abstinence as a potential choice. Certain types of condoms provide some protection against sexually transmitted infections. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are hormonal methods of birth control. For most women, pregnancy and/or abortion are associated with a greater risk of mortality and morbidity than oral contraceptives. Male sterilization is the most cost-effective contraceptive method, with a failure rate of 0.1 to 4%. Many circumstances affect a woman's access to contraception.