We examine the electron acceleration induced by an ultra-relativistic intensity laser–plasma interaction in a two-dimensional plasma channel in the presence of a self-generated transverse magnetic field. We find that the electron dynamics is strongly affected by the laser pulse polarization angle, plasma density, and magnetic field strength. We investigate in detail, the dependencies of the electron acceleration in terms of different parameters and find excellent agreement with non-magnetized plasma in the absence of the magnetic field. The numerical results show that the self-generated magnetic field plays a constructive role in the electron acceleration process. It is shown that electron acceleration is more affected by self-generated magnetic field for the laser radiations with large polarization angles. The numerical results show the maximum enhancement for electron acceleration for a laser radiation with polarization angle θ = π/2.

New microthermometric data are presented for fluid inclusions in epidote, garnet, hedenbergite, armenite, quartz, fluorite, calcite and baryte associated with skarn-related base metal mineralization in the Iglesiente and Sulcis mining districts of SW Sardinia. Based on a comparison of these data with published results for vein and palaeokarst mineralization a ‘two fluid’ model is proposed for the mineralization in the area. An early fluid, responsible for skarn-associated sulphide mineralization, developed above 350–400°C with a salinity generally less than about 10 eq. wt.% NaCl, and on cooling was also responsible for some of the vein and palaeokarst mineralization. The origin of this fluid is, at this stage, speculative (meteoric/magmatic?). A separate fluid regime, characterized by lower temperatures and much higher salinities (Th < 140°C and >20 eq. wt. % NaCl) was mainly responsible for the bulk of the Permo-Triassic vein and palaeokarst mineralization, and some late-stage skarn mineralization. This low-temperature, saline (basinal or evaporitic?) brine appears to have mixed with more dilute groundwaters during this stage of mineralization. The existence of two (or more) mineralizing fluids with different characteristics at the end of Hercynian tectonic/magmatic events appears to be widespread throughout the whole of Europe.

The main purpose of this theory is to present a simple picture of magnetic field generation by a relativistic equilibrium counterstreaming electron–negative hydrogen ion (e–H−) plasmas propagating parallel to an ambient external magnetic field. The existence of such kind of plasma flows can be imagined during the negative hydrogen ion propagation through neutralizing plasma, in order to generate an energetic neutral hydrogen beam. The produced magnetic field deflects the electron and negative hydrogen ion flows and reduces the efficiency of hydrogen neutral beam generation. We focused our analysis on the influences of the negative hydrogen ion contribution, the particles thermal velocity and the external magnetic field on the growth rate of generated sheared magnetic field. The dispersion relation is obtained using a relativistic two-fluid model and Maxwell equations. The analytical and numerical solutions admit generation of a purely growing transverse electromagnetic field across the ambient external magnetic field. It is shown that H− current filaments are responsible for deep penetration of the sheared magnetic fields into plasma, however, applying a weak magnetic field ${\rm \omega} _{{\rm ce}}^2 {\rm \ll} {\rm \omega} _{{\rm pe}}^2 $ suppresses magnetic field generation for a counterstreaming e–H− plasma in the absence of H− ions dynamics. On the other hand, a magnetic field exists with a small growth rate for strongly magnetized (${\rm \omega} _{{\rm ce}}^2 \;{\rm \gg}\; {\rm \omega} _{{\rm pe}}^2 $) e–H− plasma when the influence of H− ions is included. Although the growth rate is small, we expect that magnetic field generation is further amplified and the penetration depth is increased owing to H− ions stream, on a time scale much longer than the plasma period $t\;{\rm \gg}\; {\rm \omega} _{{\rm pe}}^{ - 1} $.

Several recently developed AUSM-family numerical flux functions (SLAU, SLAU2, AUSMM+-up2, and AUSMPW+) have been successfully extended to compute compressible multiphase flows, based on the stratified flow model concept, by following two previous works: one by M.-S. Liou, C.-H. Chang, L. Nguyen, and T.G. Theofanous [AIAA J. 46:2345-2356, 2008], in which AUSM+-up was used entirely, and the other by C.-H. Chang, and M.-S. Liou [J. Comput. Phys. 225:840-873, 2007], in which the exact Riemann solver was combined into AUSM+-up at the phase interface. Through an extensive survey by comparing flux functions, the following are found: (1) AUSM+-up with dissipation parameters of Kp and Ku equal to 0.5 or greater, AUSMPW+, SLAU2, AUSM+-up2, and SLAU can be used to solve benchmark problems, including a shock/water-droplet interaction; (2) SLAU shows oscillatory behaviors [though not as catastrophic as those of AUSM+ (a special case of AUSM+-up with Kp = Ku = 0)] due to insufficient dissipation arising from its ideal-gas-based dissipation term; and (3) when combined with the exact Riemann solver, AUSM+-up (Kp = Ku = 1), SLAU2, and AUSMPW+ are applicable to more challenging problems with high pressure ratios.

Many problems in biology involve gels which are mixtures composed of a polymer network permeated by a fluid solvent (water). The two-fluid model is a widely used approach to described gel mechanics, in which both network and solvent coexist at each point of space and their relative abundance is described by their volume fractions. Each phase is modeled as a continuum with its own velocity and constitutive law. In some biological applications, free boundaries separate regions of gel and regions of pure solvent, resulting in a degenerate network momentum equation where the network volume fraction vanishes. To overcome this difficulty, we develop a regularization method to solve the two-phase gel equations when the volume fraction of one phase goes to zero in part of the computational domain. A small and constant network volume fraction is temporarily added throughout the domain in setting up the discrete linear equations and the same set of equation is solved everywhere. These equations are very poorly conditioned for small values of the regularization parameter, but the multigrid-preconditioned GMRES method we use to solve them is efficient and produces an accurate solution of these equations for the full range of relevant regularization parameter values.

In the present work, both computational and experimental methods are employed to study the two-phase flow occurring in a model pump sump. The two-fluid model of the two-phase flow has been applied to the simulation of the three-dimensional cavitating flow. The governing equations of the two-phase cavitating flow are derived from the kinetic theory based on the Boltzmann equation. The isotropic RNG k — ε — kca turbulence model of two-phase flows in the form of cavity number instead of the form of cavity phase volume fraction is developed. The RNG k—ε—kca turbulence model, that is the RNG k — e turbulence model for the liquid phase combined with the kca model for the cavity phase, is employed to close the governing turbulent equations of the two-phase flow. The computation of the cavitating flow through a model pump sump has been carried out with this model in three-dimensional spaces. The calculated results have been compared with the data of the PIV experiment. Good qualitative agreement has been achieved which exhibits the reliability of the numerical simulation model.

We study a two-phase pipe flow model with relaxation terms in the momentum and energy equations, driving the model towards dynamic and thermal equilibrium. These equilibrium states are characterized by the velocities and temperatures being equal in each phase. For each of these relaxation processes, we consider the limits of zero and infinite relaxation times. By expanding on previously established results, we derive a formulation of the mixture sound velocity for the thermally relaxed model. This allows us to directly prove a subcharacteristic condition; each level of equilibrium assumption imposed reduces the propagation velocity of pressure waves. Furthermore, we show that each relaxation procedure reduces the mixture sound velocity with a factor that is independent of whether the other relaxation procedure has already been performed. Numerical simulations indicate that thermal relaxation in the two-fluid model has negligible impact on mass transport dynamics. However, the velocity difference of sonic propagation in the thermally relaxed and unrelaxed two-fluid models may significantly affect practical simulations.

In this paper we present a methodology for constructing accurateand efficient hybrid central-upwind (HCU) type schemes forthe numerical resolution of a two-fluid model commonly used by thenuclear and petroleum industry. Particularly, we propose a methodwhich does not make use of any information about theeigenstructure of the Jacobian matrix of the model. The two-fluid model possesses a highly nonlinear pressure law. From the mass conservation equations we develop an evolutionequation which describes how pressure evolves in time. By applyinga quasi-staggered Lax-Friedrichs type discretization for thispressure equation together with a Modified Lax-Friedrich typediscretization of the convective terms, we obtain a central typescheme which allows to cope with the nonlinearity (nonlinearpressure waves) of the two-fluid model in a robust manner.Then, in order to obtain an accurate resolution of mass fronts, weemploy a modification of the convective mass fluxes by hybridizingthe central type mass flux components with upwind type components.This hybridization is based on a splitting of the mass fluxes intocomponents corresponding to the pressure and volume fractionvariables, recovering an accurate resolution of a contactdiscontinuity. In the numerical simulations, the resulting HCU scheme givesresults comparable to an approximate Riemann solver while beingsuperior in efficiency. Furthermore, the HCU scheme yields betterrobustness than other popular Riemann-free upwind schemes.