Many signs in urban areas are bilingual in Chinese and English. It cannot escape the notice of even the most casual bilingual observer that many such signs are woefully (and sometimes hilariously) mistranslated. Mistakes can result from wrong segmentation, wrong word choice, wrong grammar, or inappropriate style, which is particularly important in Chinese. Mistakes can also result from missing crucial information or lack of understanding of English. There are also the ‘innovative analogies’, which give rise to non-existent English words. Also frequently observed are inconsistencies, wavering between the two strategies of pinyin transliteration and meaning translation. The inclusion of mistranslated signs can be pedagogically useful in more than one way. Studying mistranslated signs is an exercise in contrastive analysis. Through detailed analysis of the causes of the mistakes, such signs can be used as negative examples in the teaching of both Chinese and English. They can also be useful to the study and practice of translation.

This chapter investigates the precarious arrangements embedded in the systems and processes of migration management across three different country contexts: the UK, Germany, and Australia. The country comparison shows how precarious workplace/worker and societal arrangements have been woven into the systems of migration management (Paret and Gleeson ; Vosko ). The examination employs an historical methodology to show how approaches to migration management create a racialised precarity in the destination country generally; and more specifically in the destination country labour market where different groups of migrant workers are channelled into and toil in the least favourable areas of the labour market. Accordingly, we shed light on the rules underscoring and the implications of the process of migrant worker acceptance, settlement, and integration in a new land and labour market.

The design of a new digital business model is typically based on shaky assumptions and rough estimates. As the innovator further develops the proposed product or service, they need to carefully collect user feedback and market data to refine the assumptions and generate more precise estimates. Some of the trickiest challenges in launching a digital innovation include customer acquisition, business model validation, and gaining network momentum. This chapter first discusses how to address the challenges of customer acquisition in digital markets, and then describes an experimental method for validating the features of the business model. The chapter finishes with tools for kindling network effects and fomenting the growth of the platform ecosystem.

This chapter advocates viewing the structures of international political systems through the lens of multiple dimensions of social differentiation; the structured processes by which social actors and positions are produced, populated, related, reproduced, and transformed. Social differentiation involves, at minimum, establishing who has what authority over whom with respect to which activities; that is, differentiating actors, activities, and authorities (which usually are complexly interrelated). And in addition to institutional and normative dimensions, which are notoriously excluded from the Waltzian account of structure, social differentiation has important material or geo-technical dimensions that are also ignored in the Waltzian account (which is not, as is often claimed, materialist). More generally, I argue that rather than seek to identify a small number of structural models composed of a few elements, we should aim for a checklist of dimensions of differentiation that illuminate some recurrently important features of the structures of some social and political systems of interest.

In this chapter we describe segmentation— a cognition-based intervention of work-life balance. Segmentation involves creating boundaries (or psychological walls) to insulate life domains. The goal is to prevent negative spillover from the segmented domain to other domains. We discuss four different segmentation interventions that people commonly use to prevent negative spillover: temporal, physical, behavior, and communicative. We also discuss intervention programs that organizations can institutionalize to achieve higher levels of employee work-life balance based on these segmentation interventions.

Conducting market research to find solutions, identifying opportunities and defining the value of new inventions are some of the key points covered in this chapter. A carefully defined indication can make the difference between success and failure in medical product development and this chapter explains how to get better at nailing the exact problem to be solved. Market segmentation examples and cases show how to prevent being misled on market size and market projections. A referral chain tool is presented for closely analyzing market positioning and value proposition of the new technology or product. Key market drivers and hurdles used to dynamically determine market size, adoption rates, and strategize on product development cycles are discussed and presented in this chapter.

Chapter 6 focuses on labor market developments and preferences for unemployment policies. Using data from Germany, we show that increasingly, labor market risks can be predicted with a small set of observables (education, occupation, and location), while the relevance of private information has declined over time. Polarization over unemployment policies has risen at the same time. We also explore – theoretically and empirically – how people translate their labor market situation into political preferences and show the importance of social networks in the process. Lastly, the chapter describes a case study of a fascinating reform in the Swedish unemployment insurance system, which shows what happens when unemployment insurance contributions and benefits are tied to unemployment risk, as would happen in a private market. Thus, the Swedish case provides a window into the (possible) future of segmented social policy programs that we predict will become more commonplace.

This chapter focuses on how people create psychological walls around life domains that contain negative affect to prevent spillover of these bad feelings into other life domains. Several segmentation strategies are desribed: temporal, physical, behavior, and communication.

This chapter summarizies the behavioral strategies related to the balance life. These involve principles related to satisfaction limits, full spectrum of needs, diminishing satisfaction, positive spillover, segmentation, compensation, role conflict, role enrichment.

Chapter 2 tackles aspects of cognitive processing that can be observed in the course of a translation task, from the moment a translator begins to read a text-to-be-translated until the translation has been finalized. It begins by recording the historical development of research into the translation process and how the task of translation has been modelled. It moves on to examining how advances in methodological approaches have contributed to the development of early models, providing empirical evidence from verbal reports, keylogging and eye tracking. Contemporary translation process research focuses on text reading, segmentation and production; and advances in computational linguistics have enhanced descriptions and identification of translation units, attention, production and alignment.

This chapter is the first of two chapters relating to business strategy and covers the most fundamental aspects in terms of strategic planning and positioning. The starting point is a discussion of the concept of competitive advantage, and how this relates to value creation. Different types of competitive advantage, based on costs and benefits, are discussed, and these are related to market positioning, targeting and segmentation. The relevance of price elasticity is explained in the context of positioning and competitive advantage. Various forms of integration are discussed, in terms of vertical, horizontal and diversification aspects. The nature, costs and benefits of each of these forms is explained. Recent trends in diversification are discussed, along with empirical studies. As with other chapters, case studies are vital in order to illustrate the management principles; in this case, three prominent tech firms are discussed in terms of their strategy development since their origins: Apple, Netflix and Tesla. Although all of them are high-cap tech firms of global reach, they each have quite different prospects.

Chapter 8 discusses how our framework can be operationalised in cross-cultural pragmatic research focusing on the analytic unit of speech act. We first propose a typology of speech acts. This typology is essentially different from others, in that it provides a system of speech acts based on their interactional and relational functions. We argue that in using any typology of speech acts, it is fundamental for the cross-cultural pragmatician to avoid unnecessarily proliferating speech act categories. After outlining our model typology of speech acts, we provide a coding scheme by means of which speech acts can be systematically described in data analysis.