The purpose of this investigation was to identify, synthesize, and compare all the current information on the efficacy of dental masks, emphasizing their use, types, and filters to prevent the spread and infection of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. A bibliographic search of the main scientific databases was carried out using the words “masks, COVID-19, and dentistry.” Articles without language restriction up to May 31, 2020, were obtained. The types of masks, their half-life, method to use, sterilization, and proposed alternatives for dental masks were analyzed. Most of the articles refer to the use of N95 or FFP2 respirators presented as a strategy to extend the life of the masks and limited reuse. Regarding sterilization, most of the articles presented studies using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation as the sterilization method. Regarding respirator mask half-life, we recommend prolonged use, combined with a disposable surgical mask over the respirator mask. Finally, the use of N95 or FFP2 respirators are recommended as part of personal protective equipment for dental use.

This article studies how the emergence of new political elites and changes in land tenure relationships shaped the socio-economic profile of local credit markets in the Ottoman Balkans between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. By using probate inventories and court records for the cities of Salonika (including Karaferye), Vidin and Ruse, I compare how the expansion of tax-farming institutions and the concentration of land ownership influenced the social characteristics of lending activities. I find that, in spite of institutional and political similarities, the evolution of local credit markets did not follow a homogeneous pattern. Contrary to the consensus view in the existing literature, local political and military elites, which most tax farmers and large landowners belonged to, did not play a dominant role as moneylenders. Civilians (such as merchants and artisans) together with other social groups, including janissaries and religious functionaries, provided the bulk of informal credit to local communities (including elites) in the three urban areas.

This article studies in a single conceptual framework the complex game performed by the different historical dynamics in the Taiwan insular area between 1624 –the time of the Dutch conquest of southwest Taiwan– and 1686 –the date of Taiwan's absorption into the Manchu Qing Empire, as a Fujian prefecture. It pays specific attention to the mercantile conflicts between Chinese Diaspora communities in concurrence with the Dutch and Iberians.

This paper is divided into three parts. In the first one we identify the project that led the Spaniards to settle in the Far East in the last third of the sixteenth century. In the second, we analyse the resources that the Spanish Crown counted on in order to support the project. And, finally, the incentives that the latter generated to stimulate the installation in the islands of settlers that assured their continuity, at least until the last third of the eighteenth century, are also studied. The sources used are basically the accounts of the Philippine Treasury of the late sixteenth century and first half of the seventeenth century, the primitive ‘relaciones’ of the conquest (1575–1590) and the ‘crónicas’ of the early sixteenth century.