A close reading of the contexts of several Homeric passages reveals that Homer often uses εἰδώς with ironic force. This realization sheds light on several passages discussed herein, including: 1) Homer's description of the location of Ithaca, which is shown to be Odysseus’ strategic lie that directs the Phaeacians to the local stronghold (nearby Dulichium), and 2) the manuscript reading of Parmenides B1.3, which is shown to harbour no internal conflict even if its εἰδότα φῶτα (‘one who knows’) is in a state of confusion (ἄτῃ), because εἰδότα can signal incomplete or confused knowledge, or even a lack of it. Other literary clues in Parmenides B1 are shown to support this reading.

Text usually suffers from typos which can negatively affect various Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing tasks. Although there is a wide variety of choices for tackling this issue in the English language, this is not the case for other languages. For the Greek language, most of the existing phonetic algorithms provide rather insufficient support. For this reason, in this paper, we introduce an algorithm for phonetic matching designed for the Greek language: we start from the original Soundex and we redesign and extend it for accommodating the Greek language’s phonetic rules, ending up to a family of algorithms, that we call ${\tt Soundex}_{GR}$. Then, we report various experimental results showcasing how the algorithm behaves in different scenarios, and we provide comparative results for various parameters of the algorithm for revealing the trade-off between precision and recall in datasets with different kinds of errors. We also provide comparative results with matching using stemming, full phonemic transcription, and edit distance, that demonstrate that ${\tt Soundex}_{GR}$ performs better (indicatively, it achieves F-Score over 95% in collections of similar-sounded words). The simplicity, efficiency, and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm make it applicable and adaptable to a wide range of tasks.

This paper gives a detailed analysis of Greek language elements in sponge terminology and nomenclature, thus contributing to its comprehension by the scientists working on sponge biology and enlightening the extensive contribution of the Greek language to zoological terminology. The contemporary terminology of sponge morphology and the taxa names of the three living classes of the phylum Porifera, down to the genus level, were recorded and examined for their possible Greek origin. The analysis of the recorded material showed that 67% of the morphological terms and 78% of the taxa names were formed from Greek elements. Different patterns of term and name formation were revealed. Detailed etymological analysis is presented for all morphological terms and suprageneric taxa names built of Greek elements. The Greek words used for the formation of terms and names are listed and their English translation is given. More than 70% of the Greek words found were used only once to form terms or taxa names. The contribution of the Greek element in sponge nomenclature in all decades from 1759 up to the present was >65%, with a slightly decreasing trend during the last two decades.