Chapter 6 highlights the roles of personal and situational factors on metaphoric interpretation through a focused exploration of the interpretation of McGlone and Harding’s (1998) Next Wednesday’s meeting question.

In this chapter, we review the work that has been done on children’s temperament and prosocial behavior in childhood and adolescence, highlighting the importance of taking a nuanced and multidimensional approach to examining the links between temperament and children’s prosocial behavior. Thus, in addition to examining the higher-order temperamental factors (such as negative emotionality), we also examine how the specific dimensions of temperament (e.g., anger proneness) predict different types of prosocial behaviors (e.g., sharing). Finally, we consider how the links between prosocial behaviors and temperament are likely complicated by the fact that temperamental variables interact both with each other and with environmental factors, such as parenting, to predict different types of prosocial behaviors.

In this chapter, we begin by looking at ways that you can plan and implement partnership work. Together, we will learn about a range of different approaches that we can use when planning on building relationships. We will examine strategies to determine the appropriate approach and come to an understanding on the importance of co-design in partnerships. This chapter will show you how to draw on the second premise of the TWINE Model of Partnership – to plan – so that you can prepare yourself to start implementating partnership work.

When doing classical fieldwork, ethnographers spend time in a foreign culture and try to describe this culture in a way that makes strange or unusual features understandable for their readers. It is a way to help addressees to see their own culture from a new perspective. The purpose of this chapter is to show how applied research can help to identify problems in society and professions and how it contributes to providing solutions by using the media linguistics toolbox. The chapter introduces some research frameworks, structures of various methods, and theoretical concepts. Furthermore, it aims to explain why the combination of linguistic and ethnographic frameworks is especially useful for finding out what people actually do when interacting in the context of digital media. The section on digital ethnography shows how doing research across offline and online spaces can broaden the understanding of the complexities of our contemporary world. Finally, the chapter introduces methods to generalize findings from ethnographic case studies systematically.

In this introductory chapter, we present the motivation behind the book and the approach that we follow. We also outline the contents of the six chapters, give a brief history of platforms, and provide a preliminary discussion of the concepts of network effects and economies of scale.

Intraventricular lesions are challenging pathologies in neurosurgery. Walter Dandy had a major impact in advancing our understanding of the management of these lesions. Furthermore, the introduction of the microscope and microsurgical techniques have improved the surgical outcomes of these lesions. Several approaches have been described to address ventricular lesions, and can be classified anatomically as anterior, lateral, or posterior. The operative corridor for each of these approaches transgresses unaffected neural tissues. Therefore, tailoring the approach to individual patient lesion characteristics and anatomy is crucial to maximize exposure and minimize morbidity. The majority of open and endoscopic approaches to the third ventricle use the interhemispheric anterior transcallosal, frontal transsulcal, or frontal transcortical corridor to access the lateral ventricle. Once inside the lateral ventricle, the operative corridors to the third ventricle include working through the foramen of Monroe (transforaminal approach) for small lesions located in the anterior superior part of the third ventricle, or through the choroidal fissure (transchoroidal or subchoroidal) which provide access to lesions located in, or extending into, the middle or posterior parts of the roof of the third ventricle. In this chapter, we will discuss the transchoroidal, subchoroidal, and combined transchoroidal and subchoroidal approaches to the third ventricle.

The chapter presents the specific art approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter claims that empirical investigations of videogame play and videogame engagement are often delimited along demographic or genre lines. In contrast, the illustration proposes a theory of players engaging with games, if they can find a sense of net personal cultural value.The chapter then presents the specific art framework for HCI research, comprising art as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific art framework is followed by the art design research exemplar, as the art design cycle and the art design research cycle. The lower-level art framework comprises the art application, the art interactive system, and the art interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the art approach taken from the literature, which proposes a theory of players engaging with games, if they can find a sense of net personal cultural value.

The chapter presents the specific engineering approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter advances contrasting views of engineering as the servant of design, which identifies user needs outside its process and as HCI comprising iterative software development life cycles.The chapter then presents the specific engineering framework for HCI research comprising engineering as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific engineering framework is followed by the engineering design research exemplar as the engineering design cycle and the engineering design research cycle. The lower-level engineering framework comprises the engineering application, the engineering interactive system, and the engineering interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the engineering approach taken from the literature, which contrasts engineering as the servant of design and as HCI comprising iterative software development life cycles.

The chapter presents the specific innovation approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter proposes how novel, emerging smell technology might be applied to develop smell-enhanced human–computer interactions. It then presents the specific innovation framework for HCI research, comprising innovation as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific innovation framework is followed by the innovation design research exemplar, as the innovation design cycle and the innovation design research cycle. The lower-level innovation framework comprises the innovation application, the innovation interactive system, and the innovation interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the innovation approach taken from the literature, which proposes how novel, emerging smell technology might be applied to develop smell-enhanced human–computer interactions.

The chapter presents the specific craft approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter reports four phases of a design and research project to develop a location-mapping mobile application for breastfeeding women. It then presents the specific craft framework for HCI research, comprising craft as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific craft framework is followed by the craft design research exemplar, as the craft research and design cycle.The lower-level craft framework comprises the craft application, the craft interactive system, and the craft interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the craft approach taken from the literature reporting the development of a location-mapping mobile application for breastfeeding women.

The chapter defines the concept of approach, along with its derivation and exemplification. A general definition of approach is proposed. The latter is then applied to HCI research in particular. An approach to HCI comprises the addressing of the topic or problem of human–computer interaction research; the performing of actions to progress the approach to the addressing of the topic or problem of human–computer interaction research; the evaluating of the success of the actions performed to progress an approach to the addressing of the topic or problem of human–computer interaction research; and the cumulating of the successes of whether the topic or problem of human–computer interaction research has been addressed or not. The definition is both explicit and sufficiently well specified for the later application of frameworks to the approaches, retained here – innovation, art, craft, applied, science and engineering.

The chapter presents the science approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter presents the case for developing new forms of psychology deep theory, based on generic systems of interactors. The chapter then presents the specific science framework for HCI research comprising science as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific science framework is followed by the science design research exemplar, as the science design cycle, the applied design research cycle and the science design research cycle. The lower-level science framework comprises the science application, the science interactive system, and the science interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the science approach, taken from the literature, which presents the case for developing new forms of psychology deep theory, based on generic systems of interactors.

The Introduction introduces the main themes, theoretical framework, methods, and key concepts of the study.

Sex is a powerful way for couples to enhance their bond and promote the success and happiness of their relationship. Yet, maintaining sexual intimacy and passion is a challenging endeavor in romantic relationships, making it crucial to understand the role of sex in relationship maintenance. This chapter focuses on the role of sexuality in enabling couples to maintain satisfying relationships, focusing in particular on how couples can maintain sexual desire and satisfaction over time and as they navigate important relationship and life changes that may result in partners experiencing differences in their sexual interests, such as in the transition to parenthood. We begin the chapter by describing the ways that sex can benefit relationships, focusing on the roles of sexual frequency, physical affection, and sexual satisfaction in shaping the quality and maintenance of relationships. Then, we review research on how couples can prevent declines in sexual desire, or remain satisfied in spite of these declines, with a particular focus on sexual goals, sexual communal motivation, sexual communication, and sexual expectations. We conclude the chapter by highlighting several promising directions for future research on sex and relationship maintenance.