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A Climate-Related Oxidizing Event in Deep-Sea Sediment from the Bering Sea
- James V. Gardner, Walter E. Dean, David H. Klise, Jack G. Baldauf
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 18 / Issue 1 / July 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 91-107
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Many cores from the deep basins of the Bering Sea have a thin oxidized zone within otherwise reduced sediment. This oxidized zone began to form about 6000 yr ago and represents an interval of about 3200 yr. Mineralogically, the oxidized and reduced sediments are similar, but chemically they differ. Concentrations of Fe and C are lower, and concentrations of Mn, Ba, Co, Mo, and Ni are higher in the oxidized than in the reduced sediment. Mn is enriched about 10-fold in the oxidized zone relative to its concentration in the reduced sediment, Mo about threefold, and Ba, Co, and Ni about twofold. These data suggest that the oxidized zone developed diagenetically as the result of the balance between the flux of organic matter and the available dissolved oxygen in bottom and interstitial waters.
We propose that the Bering Sea was substantially ice covered when global glacial conditions prevailed. during the transition to global interglacial conditions, seasonal meltwater from thawing sea ice formed a lens of fresh water that decreased organic productivity. During the winter seasons, however, sea ice reformed and caused downwelling of dense, oxygen-rich waters to recharge bottom waters. The combination of lower organic productivity and more oxygen-rich bottom water allowed oxidized sediment to accumulate. Once full interglacial conditions were established, the volume of sea ice produced was insufficient to affect either productivity or the supply of dissolved oxygen and so bottom conditions again became reducing.
Similar events probably occurred during the onset of global glacial conditions, and similar oxidized layers probably formed at these times. Such oxidized zones are highly unstable, however, in a reducing environment and, once buried beyond the influence of bacterial and infaunal activities, are depleted of their available oxygen and converted to reduced sediment.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. 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CORRESPONDENCE
- Edw. L. Graef, W. V. Andrews, John. G. Jack, B. Gott, J. E. Bates
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- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 10 / Issue 5 / May 1878
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- 31 May 2012, pp. 97-100
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Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Osnovy Ucheniya o Pochvakh [Principles of Pedology.—in Russian], by V. A. Kovda. Izdatelstvo ‘Nauka,’Moscow: 2 vols, 447 and 468 pp., in all 206 diagrams and 239 tables, 24.5 × 17.5 × 2.3 cm each vol., 6 roubles, 1973.
- G. V. Jacks
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 1 / Issue 2 / Summer 1974
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2009, pp. 159-160
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A Buyers' Market the Importance of Title and Summary
- G. V. Jacks
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 3 / Issue 3 / July 1967
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 October 2008, pp. 257-261
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There are now too many research papers on every subject for anybody to read. Authors should aim to ‘sell’ their papers to readers. Accessibility and readability are selling points. To get a paper read, pay special attention to the title and summary. Have an informative title which does not distract the reader with useless words and phrases; start it with the most significant phrase. Put a summary or abstract at the beginning, confine it to research results, and make it easily readable.
An Electrochemical Impedance Evaluation and Laser Irradiation Effects on the Electronic Structure of Silicon Containing Diamond-Like Carbon Coating
- Costas G. Fountzoulos, Jack V. Kelley, Garry P. Halada
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 593 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 445
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- 1999
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Hard, adherent, 2 μm thick lubricious silicon containing diamond-like carbon coatings (Si-DLC) were synthesized by 40 keV Ar+ ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) of tetraphenyltetramethyl-trisiloxane oil on two, 5 cm by 5 cm by 0.64 cm thick 4340 steel substrates. Two different substrate surface finishes were examined, I polished and 1 600 grit finish (unpolished). The corrosion resistance of the Si-DLC coating was evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in a 0.005N concentration sodium chloride (NaCI) solution. Low frequency impedance data from each of the coatings were compared with those of bare steel. The Si-DLC coating deposited on the polished substrate performed slightly better than the one deposited on the unpolished surface. Overall the Si-DLC coating did not appear to offer very much corrosion protection to the steel. This was mainly attributed to the presence of pinholes in the coating. Furthermore, to study the effect of radiation on the electronic structure of the Si-DLC coating, three Si-DLC coatings synthesized under the same deposition conditions on silicon substrates at various oil precursor temperatures were irradiated by a 355 nm wavelength, 0.37 Watts, pulsed YAG Laser at 35 kHz. Corrosion and irradiation results and procedures to minimize the pinhole density in the Si-DLC coating will be discussed in detail
Round Table 3: Modelling of flows at the interface
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- By V. Vanek, Université Lyon 1, URA CNRS 1974, Ecologie des Eaux Douces et des Grands Fleuves, Hydrobiologie et Ecologie Souterraines, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France; Present address: VBB VIAK Consulting Engineers, Geijersgatan 8, S-216 18 Malmö, Sweden, C. Thirriot, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides, URA 0005 CNRS, Allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France, A.M.J. Meijerink, International Institute for, Aerospace Survey ard Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede, 7500 AA, The Netherlands, G. Jacks, Land and Water Resources, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Edited by Janine Gibert, Université Lyon I, Jacques Mathieu, Université Lyon I, Fred Fournier
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- Groundwater/Surface Water Ecotones
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- 07 September 2010
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- 28 February 1997, pp 236-237
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Summary
Modelling the flows across the groundwater/surface water ecotone often concentrates around the following questions: (1) why should we model, (2) what kind of fluxes and scales should be considered in our models, (3) possibilities and difficulties when using models developed for other purposes, (4) communication gaps and future research needs.
(1) The modelling of ecotone-related fluxes may (and should) be used in the following cases:
– to test assumptions and hypotheses
– to improve our understanding and insight into the processes
– to design new experiments and to optimize sampling strategies
– to generalize and synthesize the results
– to develop scenarios and make predictions.
The development of scenarios is felt as one of most important tasks. The ecotones are subjected to the increasing pressure of various human activities (river flow regulation, groundwater extraction, irrigation, non-point pollution etc.), and we need more efficient tools to predict possible impacts of these activities and to improve the management practices. The situation is particularly critical in the third world where hundreds of millions of people live on the surface/groundwater ecotones, depending on them and affecting their function.
(2) The groundwater/surface water ecotones convey numerous fluxes – of water, heat, solutes, particulate matter, genetical information etc. (Gibert et al, 1990). All these fluxes occur on different spatial and temporal scales (Franzle & Kluge, in prep.).