NaCl1−xBrxO3 single crystals were prepared by unidirectional crystallization. The influences of the composition on structure, quality, and optical properties of NaCl1−xBrxO3 crystals were investigated. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed that the diffraction patterns for the NaCl1−xBrxO3 crystals have almost the same set of peaks as those of NaClO3 and NaBrO3, except that an extra very weak forbidden (100) diffraction peak was detected at about 13.3° 2θ for crystals grown from solutions of BrO3−∼15–70 at. % (i.e., x=0.15–0.70). These crystals can, therefore, be considered to have a distorted cubic structure closely related to the cubic structures of NaClO3 (x=0) and NaBrO3 (x=1). Our study also found that good-quality crystals can only be obtained in two doping ranges (x>0.75 or x<0.10). Outside these two ranges, the crystals tended to crack and even became opaque. Lattice distortions in the crystals were the probable cause as revealed by X-ray powder diffraction patterns. The optical activity of NaCl1−xBrxO3 crystals measured by a laser was found to decrease from 2.89 to 2.01°/mm with increasing value of x from 0 to 0.02. Stimulated Raman scattering of NaBr0.90Cl0.10O3 crystals was measured using a 0.532-μm ps laser as a pump source and four anti-Stokes lines plus six Stokes lines were observed. The fourth anti-Stokes emission was found to be at 454.5 nm and the sixth Stokes emission at 713.6 nm. Its Raman gain coefficient was determined to be 18.4 cm/Gw.

SrBi2OB4O9 is a novel centrosymmetric borate oxide forming in the SrO–Bi2O3–B2O3 system. Its crystal structure has been determined ab initio from high-resolution X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data with the help of 11B MAS-NMR data. SrBi2OB4O9 crystallizes with a triclinic unit-cell with a=6.8657(1) Å, b=9.7976(1) Å, c=6.8148(1) Å, α=109.1270(8)°, β=101.8971(8)°, γ=96.1445(8)°, V=416.17(1) Å3, Z=2, space group P-1. Its structure consists of Bi2O4+ layers alternating along the b axis with SrB4O94− layers containing isolated B4O96− (〈2Δ〉Δ) tetraborate anions.

The compressive stress distribution below the specimen surface of severely surface deformed steels by shot peening was investigated by using laboratory X-rays and high-energy X-rays from a synchrotron radiation source, SPring-8 in the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute. Medium carbon steel plates were heat treated in two different conditions. The Vickers hardness of materials A and B after heat treatment is 408 and 617 HV, respectively. The specimens were shot peened with fine cast iron particles of the size of 50 μm. The coverage was selected to be 5000%. For the synchrotron radiation, by using the monochromatic X-ray beam with several energy levels, the stress values at the arbitrary penetration depth were measured by the constant penetration depth method. The shot-peened specimens were fatigued under four-point bending. The improvement of fatigue strength of material A was not so large because of large surface roughness. On the other hand, for material B, the surface roughness was smaller and the fatigue strength was higher than that of ground specimens.

Verification of materials is an increasingly important need in pharmaceutical distribution. XStream Systems, Inc. has developed an energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) system which can quickly verify crystalline pharmaceuticals in the distribution cycle. Materials may be in solid or powder form and the technique is nondestructive. Unlike angular X-ray diffraction (AXRD), a “white” X-ray beam between 20 and 80 keV is used. This energetic beam can penetrate through relatively thick materials, diffracting from crystallites within the samples. Materials can be observed even when they are located within opaque, sealed containers. That is, for most cases the drugs can be examined in their sealed, packaged vials without any sample preparation. The tabletop unit uses a confocal geometry to maximize the X-ray intensity from a relatively low-powered, air-cooled X-ray source. The beam is collimated by a circular slit assembly before the sample. A similar slit assembly after the sample collimates the diffracted beam. A single, state-of-the-art, CdTe solid-state detector with a multichannel analyzer is used to process the diffracted signal. This collimation system interrogates a doughnut-shaped volume within the sample under test. One of the design goals was to develop a unit that is capable of performing quick verification or detection of complex materials and mixtures at a number of points along the distribution paths yet can be operated by personnel with minimal scientific knowledge. Rapid identification of unknowns is possible using neural network search algorithms or pattern matching techniques. The Material Recognition Software Engine (MRSE) utilizes a localized SQL database to store and process the raw spectra data. The MRSE takes the sample data and determines if it matches any known patterns within its database. This engine has demonstrated that it can verify a number of drugs within 30 s with better than 97% accuracy.

This paper reports a reference X-ray powder diffraction pattern for a high-pressure phase, CaCo2O4, which has been reported recently to have a large Seebeck coefficient. The structure of CaCo2O4 is orthorhombic with space group Pnma, a=8.789(2) Å, b=2.9006(7) Å, c=10.282(3) Å, V=262.43 Å3, and Dc=5.62 g/cm3. This phase crystallizes in the CaFe2O4-type structure and consists of an edge- and corner-shared CoO6 octahedral network. The reference pattern has been submitted to the Powder Diffraction File (PDF).

The two-dimensional XRD (GADDS) was used to characterize the microstructure of an applied self-leveling compound (SLC). A calcium aluminate cement based SLC was prepared on two different substrates (water absorbent and nonwater absorbent) to determine the vertical distribution of the crystalline phases. The application of the GADDS enables the detection of the phase composition of the hydrating mortar in horizontal slices. Thus the analysis could be carried out in position-sensitive mode at three different areas: near the bottom, in the center, and at the top of the mortar. For investigation of SLCs from the very early hydration stage up to 10 h of hydration, a custom-made in situ sample holder for the measurements was designed and constructed. The combination of the GADDS and the custom-made in situ sample holder provides the possibility to characterize additionally the time-dependent phase composition within the SLC. The nonabsorbent substrate has no effect on the hydration of the binder phases but the absorbent substrate influences the formation of ettringite. In the top layer of the SLC the ettringite content is reduced during the first hours of hydration. The absorbing forces of the substrate lead to migration of the mix water to the substrate. This lack of water results in the reduced formation of ettringite.

Residual stresses impact on a wide variety of industrial sectors including the automotive, power generation, industrial plant, construction, aerospace, railway and transport industries, and a range of materials manufacturers and processing companies. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is one of the most popular methods for measuring residual stress (Kandil et al., 2001) used routinely in quality control and materials characterization for validating models and design. The VAMAS TWA20 Project 3 activity on the “Measurement of Residual Stresses by X-ray Diffraction” was initiated by NPL in 2005 to examine various aspects of the XRD test procedure in support of work aimed at developing an international standard in this area. The purpose of this project was to examine and reduce some of the sources of scatter and uncertainty in the measurement of residual stress by X-ray diffraction on metallic materials, through an international intercomparison and validation exercise. One of the major issues the intercomparison highlighted was the problem associated with measuring residual stresses in austenitic stainless steel. The following paper describes this intercomparison, reviews the results of the exercise and details additional work looking at developing best practice for measuring residual stresses in austenitic stainless steel, for which X-ray measurements are somewhat unreliable and problematic.

The Rietveld method is increasingly used for amorphous portion determination. This article describes the quantification of amorphous portions using an internal standard in a formal mathematical way. From a set of basic assumptions and postulations, equations for the amorphous portion quantification, the optimum amount of internal standard, and the slope of the amorphous portion calculation formula were derived. With this tool set, the influence of the method principle on the analytical uncertainty is discussed. It is shown that the amount of internal standard has a strong influence on the precision of the amorphous portion determination. A poor choice can make the determination impossible, while a clever choice can enhance the precision compared to the precision of the Rietveld refinement.

A natural sodalite from the geological site Alkaline Complex of Floresta Azul, Bahia, Brazil, has been characterized by electron microprobe, infrared spectroscopy, and powder high-resolution X-ray diffraction techniques. The mineral is an aluminosilicate framework, formed by cages called sodalite unity. Although the sample is natural, the chemical analysis reveals that it is indeed the end member sodalite sensu strictu, Na8[Si6Al6O24]Cl2. Infrared spectroscopy shows Si, Al tetrahedral-oxygen stretching nonsymmetric mode, stretching symmetric mode, and bending modes. Indexing of the experimental X-ray diffraction pattern led to cubic space group P-43n, and unit-cell parameters: a=8.8767(7) Å, Dx=2.301 g cm−3, and V=699.46(1) Å3. X-ray diffraction data are reported. Rietveld refinement was also performed, and the confidence factors are Rp=0.079, Rwp=0.118, and χ2=2.19. The structure of the minerals of sodalite group holds four different tetrahedra: AlO4, ClNa4, Na(ClO3), and SiO4, with Al, Cl, Na, and Si located at the center of each tetrahedron.

A method to characterize iron oxide microparticles by microquantity X-ray powder diffraction is presented. The method employs small sections of acrylic tubing and double sided Mylar® tape that fits over a standard 170 mm collimator for a Bruker-AXS SMART 1000 or APEXII three-circle single-crystal diffractometer (Mo X-ray tube). The tubing will hold and position a sample that is placed on the double-sided Mylar® tape and allow for rapid specimen mounting/dismounting and data collection. The method is simple, portable, and readily adapted to a variety of single-crystal X-ray diffractometers.

A new single-phase copper chromate compound was successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA, and XRF analysis. The experimental XRD pattern was analyzed by automatic indexing and the compound was found to be monoclinic with space group P21/a and unit-cell parameters of a=10.1829(11) Å, b=4.9516(6) Å, c=7.2899(7) Å, and β=103.64(1)°. The chemical formula of the copper chromate compound determined by XRF and TGA was determined to be (NH4)1.5Cu2Cr2O8(OH)1.5⋅H2O. XRD results also showed that the synthesized compound decomposed into CuCr2O4 and CuO after being calcined at 600 °C.

Investigation into the early hydration of Portland cement was performed by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). Technical white cement was used for the XRD analysis on a D5000 diffractometer (Siemens). All diffraction patterns of the in situ measurement which were recorded up to 22 h of hydration at defined temperatures were analyzed by Rietveld refinement. The resulting phase composition was transformed with respect to free water and C-S-H leading to the total composition of the cement paste. The hydration reactions can be observed by dissolution of clinker phases as well as by the formation of the hydrate phases ettringite and portlandite. With increasing temperatures the reactions proceed faster. The formation of ettringite is directly influenced by the rate of dissolution of anhydrite and tricalcium aluminate (C3A). The beginning of the main period of hydration is marked by the start of portlandite formation. The experiments point out that a quantitative phase analysis of the cement hydration is feasible with standard laboratory diffractometers.

Powder X-ray diffraction studies of a lithium salt of thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (Li-TC4) of composition LiC4H6NSO2 are presented in this paper. Analysis of the synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data showed that the complex has an orthorhombic symmetry with space group P212121. Unit cell parameters after the refinement using the Pawley method are: a=19.4931(3) Å, b=4.947 77(6) Å, c=6.201 64(8) Å, and V=598.051 Å3.

After heat treating, finish machining of the hardened steel represents the last manufacturing step of machine elements. The practically most important operation of grinding is applied to achieve edge zone compressive residual stresses, best surface quality, and dimensional accuracy. Metal removal involves high plastic deformation work. Glide and intersection processes raise the density and produce lower energy substructures of dislocations. The temperature and time behavior of postmachining thermal treatment is analyzed on ground and honed martensitic SAE 52100 rolling bearing steel. Microstructure stabilization is reflected in a large XRD peak width decrease in the surface. The kinetics are modeled by rate-controlling carbide dissolution as the carbon source for Cottrell-type segregation at dislocations. This thermal static strain aging is verified by the formation of a slight white etching surface layer. The model is also extended to consider superimposed thermal dislocation recovery. Both effects are separable. In rolling contact fatigue tests under mixed friction conditions, air reheating below the tempering temperature, which avoids hardness loss, leads to a significant lifetime increase. The effect also occurs after cold working.

The crystal structure of the mullite in a commercial material was refined by the Rietveld method using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. In this one refinement, most of the common challenges—including variable stoichiometry (partially occupied sites), multiple impurity phases, amorphous material, constraints, restraints, correlation, anisotropic profiles, microabsorption, and contamination during grinding—are encountered and the thought processes during the refinement are described step-by-step. Interpretation of the refinements includes bulk chemical analysis, chemical composition of the mullite, assessment of the geometry, bond valence sums, the displacement coefficients, crystallite size and microstrain, comparison to similar structures to assess chemical reasonableness, and the nature of the amorphous phase.

Generating compressive stresses in aerospace materials is an important consideration for enhancing fatigue life. Shot peening and cold expansion of holes are two techniques for imparting beneficial compressive stresses. X-ray diffraction is a direct method for measuring elastic strains. Diffraction peak widths are an indication of plastic strain. Elastic and plastic strains can be used to better assess the true condition of a component. This paper presents elastic and plastic strain information from shot peened and cold expanded aerospace materials. Examination of surface data showed which shot peened samples had the deeper layer of compressive stresses. Likewise, elastic and plastic strain data enabled successful ranking of the holes in terms of the maximum amount of cold working.

Manganese molybdate with the formula Mn2MoO5.0.6H2O was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 200 °C. The crystal system of this compound is triclinic, space group P−1, Z=1, unit-cell parameters: a=5.7769(5), b=9.7559(6), c=2.8961(2), α=94.37(1), β=101.37(1), and γ=94.75(1). The measured density (Dm) and calculated density (Dx) are 3.200 and 3.103, respectively.

Compound HoCo0.67Ga1.33 was synthesized and studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction technique. HoCo0.67Ga1.33 was found to have the orthorhombic CeCu2 structure (space group Imma) with a=4.3479(2) Å, b=7.0351(3) Å, c=7.4876(3) Å, Z=4, and Dcalc=8.62 g/cm3. The crystal structure of HoCo0.67Ga1.33 was also refined by the Rietveld method. Ho atoms were found to occupy the 4e positions and mixed Co/Ga atoms to share the 8h positions of the space group Imma (No. 74).

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and micro-X-ray diffraction (μXRD) were used to analyze the composition of pigments on a pastel drawing, Special No. 32, by Georgia O’Keeffe. XRF analyses showed that, among other pigments present in the drawing, the red, orange, and yellow pigments may possibly be identified with lead- and chromium-based pigments: lead chromates, red and yellow lead oxides, and/or lead carbonates, plus calcium-based pastel fillers, such as whiting or gypsum. XRD examination of a sample removed from a dark mottled area of coral red pastel confirmed that this pigment layer, which is associated with a darkened appearance and high Pb:Cr ratios, matches the red lead oxide, minium (2PbO⋅PbO2).