We introduce a constructively weak variant of compactness for locales as a supplement to weak closure, a notion which has featured in the constructive formulation of some recent results in locale theory.

The number of Seifert circuits in a diagram of a link is well known 9 to be an upper bound for the braid index of the link. The -breadth of the so-called P-polynomial 3 of the link is known 5, 2 to give a lower bound. In this paper we consider a large class of links diagrams, including all diagrams where the interior of every Seifert circuit is empty. We show that either these bounds coincide, or else the upper bound is not sharp, and we obtain a very simple criterion for distinguishing these cases.

In this paper we are concerned with questions about the knottedness of a closed curve of given length embedded in Z3. What is the probability that such a randomly chosen embedding is knotted? What is the probability that the embedding contains a particular knot? What is the expected complexity of the knot? To what extent can these questions also be answered for a graph of a given homeomorphism type?

We use a pattern theorem due to Kesten 12 to prove that almost all embeddings in Z3 of a sufficiently long closed curve contain any given knot. We introduce the idea of a good measure of knot complexity. This is a function F which maps the set of equivalence classes of embeddings into 0, ). The F measure of the unknot is zero, and, generally speaking, the more complex the prime knot decomposition of a given knot type, the greater its F measure. We prove that the average value of F diverges to infinity as the length (n) of the embedding goes to infinity, at least linearly in n. One example of a good measure of knot complexity is crossing number.

Finally we consider similar questions for embeddings of graphs. We show that for a fixed homeomorphism type, as the number of edges n goes to infinity, almost all embeddings are knotted if the homeomorphism type does not contain a cut edge. We prove a weaker result in the case that the homeomorphism type contains at least one cut edge and at least one cycle.

In this paper we carry out a systematic study of generalized maximal surfaces in Lorentz–Minkowski space L3, with emphasis on their branch points. Roughly speaking, such a surface is given by a conformal mapping from a Riemann surface S in L3. In the last years, several authors [1, 2, 5, 6] have dealt with regular maximal surfaces in L3, i.e. with isometric immersions, with zero mean curvature, of Riemannian 2-manifolds M in L3. So, the term ‘regular’ means free of branch points. As in the minimal case, a conformal structure is naturally induced on M, which becomes a Riemann surface S. The corresponding isometric immersion is then conformal on S, and it does not have any singular points on S (i.e. points on which the differential of the mapping is not one-to-one). This is the way in which generalized maximal surfaces include regular ones. Moreover, branch points are the singular points of the conformal mapping on S. Whereas branch points of generalized minimal surfaces are isolated, we shall show in Section 2 that, in addition to isolated branch points, a generalized maximal surface in L3. may have non-isolated ones, in fact they constitute a 1-dimensional submanifold in a certain open subset of S (see Section 2). So our purpose is two-fold, firstly to study and explain in detail the branch points, and secondly to state several geometric results involving prescribed behaviour of those points on the surface.

To investigate invariants of links derived from their diagrams, the recent new polynomial invariants of links play important roles. Murasugi6, 7, Kauffman3 and Thistlethwaite 9 independently showed that the number of crossings in a proper connected alternating diagram of a link is the minimal-crossing number of the link and that the writhe of the diagram is invariant. Murasugi 8 also determined the minimal-crossing number of torus links. In 5, Lickorish and Thistlethwaite introduced the concept of an adequate link diagram and showed that the number of crossings in an adequate diagram of a semi-alternating link is the minimal-crossing number of the link. They also determined the minimal-crossing number of almost all Montesinos links. In this paper we show that for some links represented by plats and braids which are not adequate, the numbers of crossings in the diagrams are the minimal-crossing numbers of the links.

In this paper we extend ideas developed in 2, 4 to study certain minimal immersions of S2 and ℝP2 into ℂPn. Here S2 denotes the unit sphere in ℝ3 with its standard conformal structure and ℝP2 is S2 factored out by the antipodal map, while ℂPn denotes complex projective n-space equipped with the FubiniStudy metric of constant holomorphic sectional curvature 4. Since ℝPn with its standard metric of constant curvature 1 is included in ℂPn as a totally geodesic submanifold, this includes the case of minimal immersions into the unit sphere Sn(1) with its standard metric.

Let Σ ⊆ ℝn be a (compact) hypersurface with non-vanishing Gaussian curvature, with suitable parameterizations, also called Σ: U → ℝn (U open patches in ℝn−1). The restriction problem for Σ is the question of the a priori estimate (for f ∈ S(ℝ))

(^denoting the Fourier transform). The Bochner-Riesz problem for Σ is the question of whether the functions

define Lp-bounded Fourier multiplier operators on ℝn in the range

.

One of the central problems in higher-dimensional knot theory is the classification of links up to concordance. In 14, Le Dimet constructed a universal model for (disk) link complements, which allowed him to formulate this problem in the framework of surgery theory by applying the Cappell-Shaneson program for studying codimension two embeddings of manifolds 1. The concordance classification was reduced to questions in L-theory (-groups 1) and homotopy theory (of Vogel local spaces 14). While recent results of Cochran and Orr2 (see also 18) provide rich information on the -theoretic part of the problem (in particular, they settle the question of the existence of links not concordant to boundary links), little is known about Le Dimet's homotopy invariant of links; for example, it is not known whether it may ever be non-trivial, or phrasing it more geometrically (according to 19), whether there are links that are not concordant to sublinks of homology boundary links. This motivated us to look at simpler classes of links, for which a more direct geometric approach to the problem is also possible, in an attempt to get some insight on the geometry carried by the homotopy invariants.

In this paper, we classify generic isotropic map-germs arising from the symplectic reduction process relative to a hypersurface (i.e. one-dimensional reduction), up to symplectic equivalence in the C category. These models are open Whitney umbrellas of arbitrary dimension and their suspensions. These singularities appear in the generalized Cauchy problem for HamiltonJacobi equations.

Let E be a Banach space, let (Ω, Σ, μ) a finite measure space, let 1 < p < ∞ and let Lp(μ;E) the Banach space of all E-valued p-Bochner μ-integrable functions with its usual norm. In this note it is shown that E contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to l1 if (and only if) Lp(μ; E) does. An extension of this result is also given.

For a given function f, regular in the unit disk D(0, 1), logarithmic means of order p may be defined in terms of integrals by the formulae

for 0 < p < , and by

when 0 < r < 1. Associated p-orders are subsequently defined by

for 0 < p.

Let G denote a compact connected abelian group with character groupand normalized Haar measure . As a consequence of the duality theorems (11, theorem 2518),is torsion-free and hence can be ordered. That is, there is a sub-semigroup P ofsuch that

In 1930, S. Warschawski [19] showed that H1(D), where D is the open unit disc in ℂ, has the following property: Let be a sequence of functions in H1(D) converging uniformly on compact subsets of D to a function f∈H1(D) and suppose that ‖fn‖1 = |f‖1 = 1 for all n∈ℕ. Then converges to zero. From a Banach space standpoint, this result says that H1(D) has the Kadec–Klee property with respect to uniform convergence on compact subsets of D. Warschawski's result was proved independently by Newman [16] in 1963 (see also [13] for another proof) and extended to more general domains by Hoffman [12], Goldstein and Swaminathan [8] and Godefroy [7]. A uniform version of Warschawski's result and its subsequent extensions was recently obtained by Besbes, Dilworth, Dowling and Lennard [2] (see also [1]). We mention here that these results for H1 spaces also hold for the Hp-spaces for 1 < p < ∞ because these spaces are uniformly convex.

In recent years many mathematicians have studied the semigroups S, the Stone-ech compactification of the discrete semigroup S, and more particularly ℕ, where ℕ is the usual semigroup of positive integers with addition (see the surveys by Hindman and Pym 6). An important role in this theory is played by sequences in S which have distinct finite sums, for these sequences are closely linked to idempotents in S (see the survey by Hindman 6). Pym 8 introduced the concept of an oid in order to show that the structure of ℕ in 5 could be obtained in a simple way for a large class of semigroups. Papazyan 7 pointed out that the theories of sequences with distinct finite sums and of oids are the same. Thus oids have a central position in the theory of semigroup compactifications.

In this paper we generalize a result of Hayman 4, lemma 4 on asymptotic values of meromorphic functions, which can be stated as follows.

The main purpose of this paper is to study projections, that is, self-adjoint idempotents, in L1-algebras of semi-direct products G = ℝ ⋉ ℝd, d ≥ 2. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of non-zero projections in terms of the action of ℝ on ℝd. In the cases where such projections exist, we describe minimal ones in detail.

Let nℕ{1} and let S1, , Sn be isometries on an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space such that for each i and . It was shown in 1 that the C*-algebra On generated by S1, , Sn is an infinite simple C*-algebra which is, up to isomorphism, independent of the choice of isometries satisfying the given relations. Ifis a unital *-endomorphism of On then, as shown in 2, is a unitary determiningby the equations (Si) = w*Si and each unitary arises in this way.

In this paper we shall study the cluster sets of set-valued functions denned on the open unit disc Δ, and we shall, in particular, look at the relationship between the full cluster set and the cluster sets along radial and arbitrary monotonic paths.

Let K be a compact Hausdorif space, X a Banach space and C(K, X) the Banach space of all continuous functions : KX equipped with the supremum norm. A subset H of C(K, X) is pointwise weakly precompact if, for each t in K, the set Ht) = {(t):H} is weakly precompact. In this note we study the images of a bounded pointwise weakly precompact subset H of C(K, X) under several classes of linear operators on C(K, X).

Given vectors x and y in a Hilbert space, an interpolating operator is a bounded operator T such that Tx = y. An interpolating operator for n vectors satisfies the equation Txt = yt, for i = 1, 2,, n. In this article, we continue the investigation of the one-vector interpolation problem for nest algebras that was begun by Lance. In particular, we require the interpolating operator to belong to certain ideals which have proved to be of importance in the study of nest algebras, namely, the compact operators, the radical, Larson's ideal, and certain other ideals. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for interpolation in each of these cases.