Dissection of neck levels I and IIB is time-consuming and can cause comorbidity. This study aimed to determine whether level I and IIB neck dissection was necessary in patients with laryngeal cancer and clinically detectable or nondetectable neck nodes.

This was a retrospective review of 73 patients with laryngeal cancer. Essential clinical data were obtained and analysed to determine the incidence of neck node metastasis in levels I and IIB.

Of the 48 patients with no clinically apparent neck nodes, none had level I metastases and only one had level IIB metastases. Of the patients with clinically detectable neck nodes, three of 21 patients had level I metastases and three of 25 patients had level IIB metastases; these six patients also had additional metastases in level IIA.

Dissection of neck levels I and IIB is justifiable in laryngeal cancer patients with clinically detectable neck nodes and suspicious lymph nodes in the respective level or level IIA. However, in patients without clinically detectable neck nodes, preservation of levels I and IIB is oncologically safe, economical and reduces the risk of comorbidity.

A previous study examined the ‘patient journey’ of adults with gradual-onset acquired hearing impairment. This study examined the same for adults with sudden-onset acquired hearing impairment, and assessed differences.

Data were collected from 16 audiologists, using the Ida Institute template, and from four adults with sudden-onset acquired hearing impairment, through semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and presented using a process mapping model.

A patient journey template for sudden-onset acquired hearing impairment was developed based on the professionals' and patients' perspectives. The main difference between these two groups' perspectives was seen in the self-evaluation phase: some stages within this phase were recognised by the patients but not by the professionals. The main difference between the current and the previous study was the absence of a pre-awareness phase in the journey described by patients with sudden-onset acquired hearing impairment, compared with that described by patients with gradual-onset acquired hearing impairment.

Patient journey templates could be useful counselling tools for ear and hearing healthcare specialists. However, such templates should be used only as a baseline; it is important to take a detailed case history to understand each patient's unique experience, including the psychosocial impact of hearing impairment.

Previous evidence shows that the n10 component of the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential indicates utricular function, while the p13 component of the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential indicates saccular function. This study aimed to assess the possibility of differential utricular and saccular function testing in the clinic, and whether loss of saccular function affects utricular response.

Following vibration conduction from the mid-forehead at the hairline, the ocular n10 component was recorded by surface electromyograph electrodes beneath both eyes, while the cervical p13–n23 component was recorded by surface electrodes over the tensed sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Fifty-nine patients were diagnosed with probable inferior vestibular neuritis, as their cervical p13–n23 component was asymmetrical (i.e. reduced or absent on the ipsilesional side), while their ocular n10 component was symmetrical (i.e. normal beneath the contralesional eye).

The sense organ responsible for the cervical and the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials cannot be the same, as one response was normal while the other was not. Reduced or absent saccular function has no detectable effect on the ocular n10 component. On vibration stimulation, the ocular n10 component indicates utricular function and the cervical p13–n23 component indicates saccular function.

To improve audiology screening in general practice, using an intervention programme aiming to empower older adults and their general practitioners.

We conducted a quasi-experimental community study comparing 206 patients and two control groups (the first being 101 people registered with the same general practitioner, and the second 87 people registered with another general practitioner). Outcome measures were: rates of hearing tests in the six months before interview, and screening recommendation by the general practitioner.

Amongst patients, there was a significant increase in numbers undergoing a hearing test, from 19 per cent before the intervention to 49 per cent two years later, while in the two control groups there was little change. Twenty-two per cent of patients and 19 per cent of the first control group reported that their physicians suggested undergoing a hearing test; the second control group subjects (whose general practitioners received no specific educational intervention) showed no change.

The two crucial factors for improving hearing screening uptake in the elderly are general practitioner education and patient empowerment.

Predicting which chronic rhinosinusitis patients have nasal obstruction due to reversible mucosal inflammation could prevent unnecessary surgery.

To investigate whether the change in nasal peak inspiratory flow following maximal decongestion (i.e. mucosal reversibility) at first visit predicts the response to topical steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis patients, as measured by the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test.

Prospective study of 128 consecutive new adult patients presenting with nasal obstruction due to chronic rhinosinusitis (January 2008 to July 2010). The 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test questionnaire was administered and the nasal peak inspiratory flow assessed. Following maximal nasal decongestion, the nasal peak inspiratory flow was again tested and the difference calculated. Topical steroids were administered for at least six weeks. The 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test was then repeated and the difference calculated.

Data were analysed using means and correlation studies (Spearman's rank correlation). There was no correlation between the pre- versus post-decongestion nasal peak inspiratory flow difference and the pre- versus post-steroid 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test difference, in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with or without nasal polyps.

The difference between pre- and post-decongestion nasal peak inspiratory flow does not predict chronic rhinosinusitis patients' response to topical steroids.

This study aimed to analyse demographic profiles and pre-injection stroboscopic findings for patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis, to investigate possible predictive factors for voice outcomes of injection laryngoplasty.

Fifty-nine unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients underwent vocal fold augmentation, using transcutaneous Artecoll (polymethyl methacrylate microspheres plus bovine collagen) injection into the paralysed vocal fold via the cricothyroid space. Three months later, patients were divided into improved (n = 44) and unimproved (n = 15) groups, using the perceptual grade-roughness-breathiness-asthenia-strain scale, and their clinical characteristics and pre-operative stroboscopic findings compared.

The improved group were significantly younger than the unimproved group (p = 0.000). The size of the posterior gap on phonation was closely associated with the outcome of injection laryngoplasty (p = 0.015).

Younger patients with a smaller posterior glottic gap on phonation can be expected to have a more favourable outcome following injection laryngoplasty for correction of glottic insufficiency due to unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

To evaluate the efficacy of the Santiago treatment protocol for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior semicircular canal, to analyse recurrence and to establish prognostic factors.

Four hundred and twelve patients with unilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior semicircular canal were treated with the Semont manoeuvre and, if symptoms did not resolve, successive application of three Epley manoeuvres plus Brandt–Daroff exercises.

Symptoms resolved in 404 patients (98.1 per cent); a single Semont manoeuvre was sufficient in 334 (81.2 per cent). Aetiology had no impact on resolution of symptoms or number of manoeuvres required. The estimated likelihood of recurrence was 14 per cent in the first year and 27 per cent after 10 years. The only factor indicating a worse prognosis was recurrence.

In unilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior semicircular canal, the above treatment protocol cured 98 per cent of patients. More than half of recurrences occurred in the first year. None of the analysed factors increased the likelihood of recurrence.

Numerous studies have considered the benefits, and the disadvantages, of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Following an extensive literature review, we found that the evidence was inconclusive as regards the diagnostic efficacy of Epworth scoring for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. We undertook a retrospective study of 343 patients who underwent a sleep assessment over a 10-year period at the Monklands Hospital.

A total of 238 patients did not have sleep apnoea whereas 105 patients did. The mean Epworth score in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome was 10.94 (95 per cent confidence interval 9.46–11.42), and in the non-apnoeic group it was 7.73 (95 per cent confidence interval 7.04–8.41). Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive ability of Epworth scoring. The scores only explained 7–10 per cent of the variation in the probability of occurrence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. The odds ratio for Epworth scoring was 1.118, and only 69 per cent of cases were correctly classified by the Scale.

The literature review suggested that the Epworth Sleepiness Scale is associated with a low effect size and/or low predictive value when correlated or regressed on the Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index or Respiratory Disturbance Index, thus limiting its value as a screening test. Our study concluded that the Epworth Scale is only marginally useful in predicting the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. We believe that every patient with a direct or witnessed history of sleep apnoea with obstructive symptoms have some form of sleep assessment.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between focal adhesion kinase expression and clinicopathological factors, cell apoptosis and proliferation, and overall survival, in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of focal adhesion kinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in tissue samples. Apoptotic cells were assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (‘TUNEL’) method.

The proportion of focal adhesion kinase expression was 73.26 per cent in tumour tissues, significantly greater than in normal tissues (p < 0.05), and was significantly related to laryngeal cancer clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and overall survival (p < 0.05). In the tumour cases assessed, up-regulation of focal adhesion kinase expression was significantly associated with decreased cell apoptosis and increased proliferation (p < 0.05).

These findings suggest that focal adhesion kinase may affect laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression through regulation of cell apoptosis and proliferation. Focal adhesion kinase expression is a major prognostic factor in laryngeal cancer patients.

To report a case of first branchial arch abnormality and the problems associated with misdiagnosis. A succinct literature review is included.

Teaching hospital in Scotland.

A 10-year-old girl presented with localised erythema and swelling in the left parotid region. This was treated with antibiotics and incision and drainage. She re-presented four years later with a history of recurrent discharge. A first branchial arch abnormality was suspected and a magnetic resonance imaging scan arranged.

Imaging showed a fluid-filled sinus tract originating adjacent to the anterior wall of the cartilaginous left external auditory canal. The sinus tract was seen to extend anteriorly and inferiorly through the superficial lobe of the left parotid, and to open onto the left cheek lateral to the left masseter. The tract was explored and excised under general anaesthesia, via two separate incisions, with preservation of the facial nerve.

The diagnosis of a first branchial arch abnormality is generally based on a high index of clinical suspicion, when a neck swelling is noted in a child. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful modality for investigation, and helps to delineate the position of the tract and its relationship to the facial nerve.

Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone is an uncommon but well documented finding after radiotherapy in the head and neck region, and results in exposed, necrotic bone with a soft tissue defect in the external auditory canal. The defect can be treated either conservatively or surgically. This paper aims to describe the results of reconstruction of the external auditory canal by transpositioning of the superficial layer of either the anterior or posterior part of the temporalis muscle to cover the defect.

Three patients with large, symptomatic defects in the external auditory canal were treated with transposition of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle.

The duration of follow up was 4 to 16 months. No complications occurred. In all patients, re-epithelialisation was complete within 3 months.

During reconstruction of the external auditory canal, transposition of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle provides a reliable flap with a satisfactory outcome.

To demonstrate that patients who have been intubated for prolonged periods of time will have an increased likelihood of developing bacterial biofilm on their endotracheal tubes.

We collected endotracheal tubes from patients at the time of extubation, and analysed representative sections with scanning electron microscopy for morphologic evidence of biofilms.

From September 2007 to September 2008, 32 endotracheal tubes were analysed with electron microscopy. Patients who had been intubated for 6 days or longer had a significantly higher percentage of endotracheal tubes that exhibited bacterial biofilms, compared with patients intubated for less than 6 days (88.9 versus 57.1 per cent, p = 0.0439).

Longer duration of intubation is associated with a higher incidence of bacterial biofilm. Further research is needed to link the presence of bacterial biofilms to acquired laryngotracheal damage.

Dental disease is a recognised cause of sinusitis. We perceived an increased incidence of sinusitis secondary to dental disease in recent years. This study reviews the incidence of odontogenic sinusitis, its clinical features and treatment.

Medical records of patients with odontogenic sinusitis were identified using the senior author's clinical database and Hospital Information Support System data (January 2004 to December 2009).

Twenty-six patients were identified, nine females and 17 males (age range, 17–73 years). Rhinorrhoea and cacosmia were the commonest symptoms (81 and 73 per cent, respectively), with presence of pus the commonest examination finding (73 per cent). Causative dental pathology included periapical infection (73 per cent), oroantral fistula (23 per cent) and a retained root (4 per cent). In all 26 cases, treatment resulted in complete resolution of symptoms; 21 (81 per cent) required sinus surgery. The number of patients with odontogenic sinusitis undergoing surgery has steadily increased, from no cases in 2004 to 10 in 2009 (accounting for 8 per cent of all patients requiring sinus surgery). Reduced access to dental care may be responsible.

The incidence of odontogenic sinusitis appears to be increasing. The importance of assessing the oral cavity and dentition in patients with rhinosinusitis is therefore emphasised.

To investigate differences in orbital involvement in patients with invasive versus non-invasive fungal sinusitis.

One hundred consecutive cases of fungal sinusitis were assessed clinically and by computed tomography scan to evaluate orbital involvement.

Clinical orbital involvement was more common in invasive (73.5 per cent) than non-invasive (12.1 per cent) fungal sinusitis (p = 0.000). Computed tomography scanning showed similar orbital involvement in both groups, except for erosion of the floor of the orbit, which was more common in patients with invasive fungal sinusitis (p = 0.01). Extra-ocular muscle enlargement (44.4 vs 4 per cent, p = 0.01) and optic atrophy (44.4 vs 0 per cent, p = 0.003) were more common in chronic than acute invasive fungal sinusitis. Four patients (16 per cent) with acute invasive fungal sinusitis had no evidence of orbital involvement on scanning, despite clinical evidence of optic atrophy.

Orbital involvement is more common in invasive than non-invasive fungal sinusitis. The difference is more evident clinically than on computed tomography scanning. Patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis may have limited evidence of orbital involvement on scanning, despite extensive clinical disease.

Olfactory dysfunction is common. The reliability of self-assessment tools for smell testing is still controversial. This study aimed to provide new data about the accuracy of olfactory self-assessment compared with a standardised smell test.

Prospective, controlled, cohort study of patients with olfactory disorders and healthy controls.

Ninety-six patients with a smell deficit and 71 controls were asked to rate their sense of smell on a visual analogue scale. Their olfactory abilities were also evaluated with the Sniffin' Sticks tests.

The whole cohort showed a significant correlation between visual analogue scale smell scores and Sniffin' Sticks total scores. This correlation was also significant in the patient group, but not in the control group. These results were independent of olfactory deficit aetiology and subject age.

Self-assessment of olfaction is only a reliable indicator in smell-impaired patients, not in healthy controls. For an accurate assessment of olfaction, reliable, standardised tests are needed.

To investigate the effects of adenotonsillectomy on the quality of life of children under three years of age with obstructive sleep apnoea. To our knowledge, there have been no previously published studies on this topic.

Thirty-nine children under three years of age and treated with adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea met the inclusion criteria. A quality of life questionnaire was adapted from the validated, six-item instrument developed by de Serres et al. (2000). The questionnaire assessed improvement in specific domains following adenotonsillectomy. Carers scored each domain on a point scale ranging from ‘none’ (0) to ‘couldn't be more’ (6).

The quality of life of all children improved after surgery. The greatest mean improvement scores were in the domains of care-giver concern, physical suffering and sleep disturbance. The modal questionnaire score was 4 and the overall mean questionnaire score was 4.2.

Adenotonsillectomy provides measurable improvements in quality of life for children under three years of age with obstructive sleep apnoea.

The Patient Concerns Inventory is a holistic, self-reported screening tool for detecting unmet needs in head and neck cancer patients. This study aimed to assess its value in screening for self-perceived swallowing and speech concerns, and in facilitating multidisciplinary supportive care.

The Patient Concerns Inventory and the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire were completed by 204 post-treatment patients attending routine out-patient review clinics, and those with speech or swallowing issues were identified.

Swallowing and speech issues were respectively reported by 21 and 7 per cent of University of Washington questionnaire respondents and by 17 and 13 per cent of Patient Concerns Inventory respondents. The two surveys combined indicated that speech or swallowing issues arose in 39 per cent of consultations (n = 178), involving 48 per cent of patients (n = 97). Of these 97 patients, 74 were known to the speech and language therapist. The remaining 23 patients had their concerns discussed in the clinic; three were referred on, and were assessed by the speech and language therapist and given appropriate interventions.

The use of both surveys concurrently enabled all patients with swallowing or speech issues to discuss these concerns in the clinic and to access appropriate multidisciplinary interventions.

To investigate the possible clinical relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and the type one tympanoplasty surgical outcomes of adults with chronic otitis media, by using a simple, cost-effective, reliable questionnaire and physical findings.

Fifty-two of 147 patients undergoing type one tympanoplasty were studied. Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms were evaluated using the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease questionnaire. Laryngoscopic physical findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux were evaluated using the Reflux Finding Score. A successful outcome was defined as an intact tympanic membrane. Correlations between the two assessment tool results and the patient's surgical success were calculated.

The gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire score was significantly higher in patients with unsuccessful tympanic membrane closure (group one) than in patients with successful closure (group two) (p < 0.05). The Reflux Finding Score was also significantly higher in group one than group two (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive relationship between the gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire score and the Reflux Finding Score (p < 0.01).

Gastroesophageal reflux disease may be a significant prognostic factor for tympanoplasty failure. Therefore, reflux investigation may be important during the treatment of chronic otitis media, and positive cases may need reflux treatment as well as ear disease treatment.

To investigate common origins of intractable epistaxis, and the efficacy of endoscopic management.

Retrospective study of 265 patients with uncontrolled idiopathic epistaxis presenting between July 2008 and July 2009. Patients underwent endoscopic examination and subsequent radiofrequency electrocautery, selective packing or observation.

Nasal endoscopy indicated that the commonest bleeding sources were the superior nasal septum at the olfactory cleft (39.2 per cent), the inferior meatus (27.5 per cent), the sphenoethmoid recess (6.0 per cent), the middle meatus (5.3 per cent) and other locations (3.4 per cent). Bleeding was successfully controlled with nasal endoscopy plus radiofrequency electrocautery or selective packing. In 49 (18.5 per cent) patients, no abnormality was identified; these patients received observation only, and no further bleeding occurred. None of the patients had serious complications or recurrent epistaxis during the three-month follow-up period.

Thorough endoscopic examination combined with radiofrequency electrocautery should be used as first-line therapy for intractable epistaxis.