The objective of this paper is to present and discuss the common features of temporal petrositis and the different approaches to its management. Petrositis used to be common before the antibiotic era. It can be associated with life-threatening complications. The management of this problem used to be by an aggressive surgical approach. However, recent reports are describing good results with more conservative medical treatment and minimal surgical intervention, with the reservation of more aggressive surgical interventions for chronic or refractory cases.

Metastatic malignant melanoma of the larynx is considered to be extremely rare by most authors. This paper describes a 78-year-old patient, previously treated for cutaneous malignant melanoma and intestinal fibrosarcoma, who presented with stridor due to a metastatic melanoma in the larynx. It was a pedunculated lesion and surgical excision of the lesion was accomplished with a tonsillar snare. This paper further discusses the evolving history, diagnosis and treatment of this metastatic tumour, and reviews the literature regarding previously reported cases.

Endoscopic stapling of pharyngeal pouches is gaining popularity and is said to be a quick procedure with minimal morbidity and mortality. So far, there have been few reported cases of any severe complications following this procedure. However, complications as with other treatment modalities can occur. A case of mediastinitis due to delayed oesophageal perforation following the stapling procedure is presented.

Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare benign tumour usually occurring early in infancy. We describe the case of a 10-year-old boy with solitary infantile myofibromatosis in the left lateral orbit floor which regressed spontaneously. Although our patient was older than previously reported cases and showed bony destruction confirmed by computed tomography (CT), this tumour was diagnosed as infantile myofibromatosis based on immunohistochemical findings. The tumour disappeared spontaneously six months after incisional biopsy, that also indicated this tumour was an infantile myofibromatosis.

The majority of salivary gland tumours present as a single mass in one gland. Sometimes multiple primary neoplasms can be seen in more than one salivary gland. The most common tumour is Warthin’s tumour. Multiple primary pleomorphic adenomas are extremely rare. Most of them are in the major salivary glands. The author reports the first case of simultaneous pleomorphic adenomas in the parotid gland and minor salivary gland at the parapharyngeal space.

We report an unusual case of a mycotic external carotid artery aneurysm presenting in a nine-month-old infant. She presented with coryzal-like symptoms and oropharyngeal haemorrhage. This was thought initially to be due to acute tonsillitis. There was significant haemorrhage and reversible hypovolaemic arrest. A contrast computerised tomography scan (CT) confirmed the diagnosis of a mycotic external carotid artery aneurysm. This was subsequently successfully treated by percutaneous embolization with microcoil insertion.

This paper describes the case of a 41-year-old female with tuberous sclerosis who persented with a large tongue-base hamartoma. The surgical management of the patient was complicated by the presence of a large thyroid goitre. Awake fibre-optic intubation, thyroidectomy then tracheostomy were necessary before the tongue-base hamartoma could be safely resected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a tongue-base hamartoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis.

The case of an 18-year-old patient who developed critical upper airway compromise after central tongue piercing is presented. Otolaryngologists must be aware of the many potential complications of tongue piercing and their management.

We present a case of neurofibroma of the nasal cavity treated by endoscopic surgery. A 71-year-old female had complained of left-sided nasal obstruction for the past four years. Anterior rhinoscopy, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a tumour involving the left nasal cavity. Histological and immunohistochemical examination showed the tumour to be a neurofibroma. The tumour was resected with endoscopic surgery. Neurofibroma arising in the area of the nose and paranasal sinuses is rare. We discuss the clinical and pathological characters of neurofibroma arising in the nasal cavity.

Post-operative neck complaints are not an uncommon finding following adenotonsillectomy. However, non-traumatic subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint (Grisel's syndrome) should be considered in cases of persistent neck pain and stiffness. An early diagnosis and adequate treatment of this rare condition is mandatory to prevent potentially serious complications. We describe three cases with persistent torticollis in the post-operative period, discuss the pathogenesis and evaluate the clinical management of these patients.

Any process involving either the vagus nerve, its recurrent laryngeal branch or the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve may cause paralysis of the vocal fold. The most common cause is neoplasm. Clinically, the patients often present with a hoarse, breathy voice as well as symptoms of aspiration. The following represents a unique case of unilateral vocal fold paralysis and dysphagia caused by a degenerative disease of the cervical spine, resluting in extrinsic compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

We present a case of malakoplakia presenting as a lesion in the oropharynx of an elderly smoker. In this case a clinical diagnosis of carcinoma of the pharynx was made, biopsy revealed the nature of the lesion and management was radically altered.

We report a case of sensory deprivation that occurred as a consequence of progressive head and neck lymphoedema, following combined surgery and radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma. The management of head and neck lymphoedema is discussed and measures are suggested for improving the sensory deprivation experienced by the worst affected patients.

A case of chronic, fluctuating plasma cell gingivostomatitis that progressed despite chemotherapy and surgery is reported. This is the first case reported of treatment with radiation therapy, and one of the few cases reported where the infiltrate has reached the larynx. After receiving low dose radiation therapy, via a conformal technique encompassing the respiratory mucosal lining from the base of tongue to carina, there has been symptomatic improvement.

A rare case of upper airway obstruction due to an extramedullary plasmacytoma of the larynx in a patient with long-standing IgD myeloma is presented. Reports of patients with extramedullary plasmacytomas eventually developing multiple myeloma are common, however, the converse appears to be an extremely rare event. Attention is drawn to the problem of acquiring adequate tissue for diagnostic purposes as well as the use of immunohistochemical staining techniques. The patient required an urgent tracheostomy and was treated with radiotherapy.

Orbital emphysema without evidence of any significant trauma is a rare occurrence. A case is reported here of bilateral subcutaneous emphysema of the orbital, in the absence of facial skeleton trauma, in a healthy adult male following nose blowing. It assumes importance because of potential complications such as loss of vision due to pressure effects and infection. Lamina papyracea is the most common site of bony defect and point of air entry into the orbit. Spontaneous resolution in around two weeks is usual.

Primary mucosal malignant melanomas are rare. They appear late in life and their prognosis is grave. Although there is no consensus on therapy, wide surgical resection followed by radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are treatment modalities. In this report we present a case of widespread primary mucosal malignant melanoma located in the pharynx. After immunotherapy (four cycles of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha) and chemotherapy (four cycles of cisplatin and dacarbazine) has been applied as primary therapy for suppression of the mass, transoral total pharyngeal resection was performed. After surgery three cycles of immunotherapy and three cycles of chemotherapy were administered followed by radiotherapy (total dose of 6600 cGy). An additional three cycles of immunotherapy and chemotherapy were administered. Although no local recurrence was observed during the 14 months of follow-up after the completion of radiotherapy, cranial and lung metastasis were detected in the 12th month.

A rare case of supraglottitis complicated by mediastinitis is presented. Despite aggressive treatment with broadspectrum intravenous antibiotics, the patient persisted to have generalized supraglottitis. Subsequent computed tomography (CT) scanning revealed that she had developed a frank fluid collection starting at the suprasternal notch, extending retrosternally into the superior mediastinum. She recovered with conservative management and did not require aggressive mediastinal drainage as advocated by the literature.

Parotid gland tuberculosis is still a rare entity and has mostly been diagnosed after parotidectomy. We present five cases which were diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and managed medically avoiding surgical intervention.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1) or Von Recklinghausen’s disease is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple skin cafe´-au-lait lesions and multiple neurofibromas. In the head and neck neurofibromas have a predilection to arise in th deep planes of the neck. Surgical management is nearly always required for functional or cosmetic reasons or to exclude the possibility of malignant transformation. We present four cases of neurofibroma of the head and neck and illustrate the difficulties inherent in managing this condition, particularly the age range in which it may occur, the risk of malignant transformation, the possibility of abnormal bleeding and the morbidity that may be associated with the surgical resection. The role of magnetic resonance (MR) scan in the assessment and monitoring of these lesions is highlighted. We also report a unique association of a pharyngeal pouch with NF 1 in a young (25-year-old) patient.