Human rights — Arrest and detention — Search of homes — Disappeared persons — Right to life — Summary or arbitrary executions — Torture and ill-treatment — Paramilitary forces — Responsibility of States — Security of persons — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

International tribunals — Procedure — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Optional Protocol to International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Communication alleging violations of Covenant — Burden of proof — Sufficiency of State party’s reply — Duty to investigate disappearances and killings — Duty to investigate allegations of torture

Human rights — Military service — Conscientious objection — Review of conviction and sentence — Right to appeal — Discrimination — Distinction between military and civilian regimes — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

International tribunals — Procedure — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Optional Protocol to International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Communication alleging violations of Covenant — Inadmissibility ratione materiae

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Whether Court must satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits before indicating provisional measures — Nature of interlocutory proceedings — Role of Court — Purpose of provisional measures — Preservation of rights pending decision on the merits — Whether necessary for Party requesting provisional measures to establish prima facie case that rights in question exist — Protection of disputed rights — Whether Party requesting provisional measures should give cross-undertaking to compensate if other Party successful on the merits — Relevance of remedies which might be granted on the merits — Whether relevant that Party resisting request for provisional measures contends that restitution would not be an appropriate remedy

Sea — Straits — Rights of passage — Whether right of passage through straits extends to structures more than 65 metres in height — Whether such structures constitute ships — Drill ships and oil rigs — Rights of passage for Finnish drill ships and oil rigs through Danish straits — Great Belt — Proposed bridge over Great Belt — Whether an infringement of Finnish rights of passage — Treaty of Copenhagen, 1857 — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea, 1958 — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Customary international law

Air — Crimes against aircraft — Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Whether applicable to allegations of State terrorism — System of aut dedere aut punire — Lockerbie bombing

Extradition — General principles — Whether State under a duty to extradite in the absence of an extradition treaty — Anti-terrorist conventions — Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Extradition provisions — Whether creating duty to extradite — Whether State required to extradite own nationals

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Grounds for indication of provisional measures — Requirement that Court’s jurisdiction be established prima facie — Protection of the rights claimed by the Applicant — Whether rights illusory — Whether measures may be indicated solely to prevent extension or aggravation of dispute — Indication of provisional measures by Court proprio motu — Relationship between Court and Security Council — Matter before both Court and Security Council — Duties of both organs — Security Council adopting binding resolution in respect of matter pending before Court — Whether Court possessing powers of judicial review — Whether resolution to be presumed valid at provisional measures stage — Procedure — Court conducting hearings on request for provisional measures — Security Council adopting binding resolution after close of hearings but before Court rules on request

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Bomb exploding on airliner — Jurisdiction of State over whose territory explosion occurred — Jurisdiction of State in which aircraft registered — Suspects located in third State — Suspects nationals of third State — Whether third State entitled to exercise jurisdiction

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers to maintain international peace and security — United Nations Charter, 1945, Chapter VII — Power to characterize situation as a threat to international peace and security — Acts of terrorism — Power to require State to take specified actions — Demand for surrender of terrorist suspects — Whether within powers of the Council — Limits on the powers of the Council — Whether Council required to observe rules of general international law — Whether International Court of Justice entitled to determine validity of Security Council resolutions — Binding nature of Security Council resolutions — United Nations Charter, Article 25 — Which resolutions of Council are binding — Difference between resolutions adopted under Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the Charter — Effect of binding resolution on rights and obligations arising under other international agreements and under customary law — United Nations Charter, Article 103 — Relationship between Security Council and International Court of Justice

Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Position and functions — Failure of sending State to pay salaries of its diplomats — Diplomats unable to support themselves and claiming social security in receiving State — Whether dependence of diplomats on social security in receiving State compromising independent performance of diplomatic functions — Whether payment of social security by receiving State in such circumstances violating Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, or rules of customary international law — Means available to receiving State for obtaining recall of diplomats by sending State in such circumstances — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Article 9

Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Position and functions — Position of diplomats during civil war in sending State — Lack of effective government in sending State — Non-payment of salaries of diplomats — Whether diplomats required to renounce diplomatic status

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Exemption from social security provisions in receiving State — Scope of exemption — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 33 — Whether excluding right to claim social security in receiving State — Whether diplomat required to renounce diplomatic status prior to claiming social security

Treaties — Interpretation — Ordinary meaning — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Article 31(1) — Multilateral treaties — Authority of different texts — Article 33(1) of Convention — Whether permissible to use text in which the Treaty is not authentic — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Governments — Recognition of governments — Overthrow of Government of Somalia — International conference nominates provisional president — Interim government — Whether legitimate successor government — Whether entitled to State property — Money paid into court — Interim government instructs solicitors to obtain payment out — Whether solicitors having authority to act on behalf of Republic of Somalia

Recognition — Effect of recognition — Recognition of governments — United Kingdom policy of not recognizing governments — Effects — Dispute over whether regime is government — Approach of English courts — Whether interim regime constitutional successor government or insurgent regime — Whether regime has effective control of territory — Whether any dealings with United Kingdom Government — Whether receiving any international recognition — The law of England